UNIT ONE Asia South Asia 9 - Amazon S3...live? • How do governments change? • What makes a culture unique? CHAPTER 1 Central Asia, the Caucasus, and

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UNIT ONE

Reference Atlas Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA1World: Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA2World: Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA4North America: Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA6North America: Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA7United States: Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA8United States: Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA10Canada: Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA12Middle America: Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . RA14South America: Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA16South America: Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA17Europe: Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA18

Europe: Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA20Africa: Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA22Africa: Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA23Middle East: Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA24Asia: Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA26Asia: Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA28Oceania: Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA30World Time Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA32Polar Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA34A World of Extremes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA35Geographic Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA36

Scavenger Hunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .RA38

Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

CONTENTS

South Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9LESSON 1 Physical Geography of

South Asia � � � � � � � � � � � � � 12

LESSON 2 History of South Asia � � �18

LESSON 3 Life in South Asia . . . . . . 24Thinking Like a Geographer Place Names . . . 27

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSHow does geography influence the way people live? • How do governments change? • What makes a culture unique?

CHAPTER 1Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Siberian Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

LESSON 1 Physical Geography of the Regions � � � � � � � � � � � 36

LESSON 2 History of the Regions � � � 42

LESSON 3 Life in the Regions . . . . . 48Thinking Like a Geographer

World Time Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSHow does geography influence the way people live? • How do governments change?CHAPTER 2

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Early China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123LESSON 1 The Birth of Chinese

Civilization . . . . . . . . . . . 126Thinking Like a Historian

Analyzing Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

LESSON 2 Society and Culture in Ancient China . . . . . . . 134

Connections to Today Confucianism in Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

LESSON 3 The Qin and the Han Dynasties . . . . . . . . .140

Connections to Today The Great Wall . . . . 141Biography Ban Zhao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Then and Now Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSWhat makes a culture unique? • How do new ideas change the way people live? • How do governments change?

Ancient India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59LESSON 1 Early Civilizations . . . . . . 62Thinking Like a Historian

Researching on the Internet . . . . . . . . . . 66

LESSON 2 Religions of Ancient India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Connections to Today Hindu Beliefs . . . . . . 73

LESSON 3 The Mauryan Empire . . . 79Connections to Today Math Poems . . . . . . 85

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSHow does geography influence the way people live? • How do religions develop? • What makes a culture unique?

CHAPTER 5

East Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89LESSON 1 Physical Geography of

East Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Thinking Like a Geographer Rice . . . . . . . . 96

LESSON 2 History of East Asia . . . 100Think Again The Great Wall of China . . . . 101

LESSON 3 Life in East Asia . . . . . . 108Global Connections The Fury of a Tsunami . 116

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSHow does geography influence the way people live? • What makes a culture unique? • How do cultures spread? • Why do people trade? • How does technology change the way people live?

CHAPTER 4

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Civilizations of Korea, Japan, and Southeast Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187

LESSON 1 Korea: History and Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Then and Now Observatories . . . . . . . . . . 192

LESSON 2 Early Japan . . . . . . . . . . 196

LESSON 3 Medieval Japan . . . . . . 200Biography Murasaki Shikibu . . . . . . . . . . 206

LESSON 4 Southeast Asia: History and Culture . . . . 208

Connections to Today Saving Angkor Wat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSWhy do people form governments? •How does geography influence the way people live? •What makes a culture unique?

Imperial China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151LESSON 1 China Reunites . . . . . . . .154Connections to Today

Three Gorges Dam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Biography Empress Wu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156Connections to Today Civil Service

Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

LESSON 2 Chinese Society . . . . . . 162Thinking Like a Historian Drawing

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

LESSON 3 The Mongols in China . 169Biography Genghis Khan . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172The World’s Literature Monkey . . . . . . . . 176

LESSON 4 The Ming Dynasty . . . . .178

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSHow does geography affect the way people live? •How do new ideas change the way people live? •What are the characteristics of a leader?CHAPTER 6

CHAPTER 7

Southeast Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217LESSON 1 Physical Geography of

Southeast Asia . . . . . . . 220Think Again Hurricanes, Typhoons, and

Cyclones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

LESSON 2 History of Southeast Asia . . . . . . . 226

LESSON 3 Life in Southeast Asia . . . 234

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSHow does geography influence the way people live? • What makes a culture unique? • Why does conflict develop?

CHAPTER 8

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UNIT TWO Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

Australia and New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251LESSON 1 Physical Geography . . . 254

LESSON 2 History of the Region . 262

LESSON 3 Life in Australia and New Zealand . . . . . . . . 270

Global Connections Unfriendly Invaders . . 278

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSHow does geography influence the way people live? • Why does conflict develop? • What makes a culture unique?

CHAPTER 9Oceania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

LESSON 1 Physical Geography of Oceania . . . . . . . . . . . 288

LESSON 2 History and People of Oceania . . . . . . . . . . 294

LESSON 3 Life in Oceania . . . . . . .300

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSHow does geography influence the way people live? • What makes a culture unique? • Why do people make economic choices?

CHAPTER 10



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Northern and Southern Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349LESSON 1 Physical Geography of

the Regions � � � � � � � � � � 352Thinking Like a Geographer The Sautso

Dam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

LESSON 2 History of the Regions � 358Thinking Like a Geographer

Eratosthenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360Think Again Vatican City . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362

LESSON 3 Life in Northern and Southern Europe . . . . . 364

Thinking Like a Geographer The Euskera Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

Global Connections Aging of Europe’s Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSHow do people adapt to their environment? • Why do civilizations rise and fall? • How do new ideas change the way people live?

Western Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317LESSON 1 Physical Geography of

Western Europe � � � � � � 320Think Again London Fog . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

LESSON 2 History of Western Europe � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 328

Thinking Like a Geographer The English Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

Think Again Johannes Gutenberg . . . . . . 331

LESSON 3 Life in Western Europe � 336What Do You Think? Is the European

Union an Effective Economic Union? . . . 344

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSHow does geography influence the way people live? • Why do civilizations rise and fall? • How do governments change?

UNIT THREE Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

CHAPTER 11

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The Ancient Greeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407LESSON 1 Rise of Greek

Civilization � � � � � � � � � � � �410Thinking Like a Historian Analyzing

Primary and Secondary Sources . . . . . . 413Connections to Today Coins . . . . . . . . . . . 415

LESSON 2 Sparta and Athens: City-State Rivals � � � � � � � 419

Biography Solon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424Connections to Today The Olympics . . . . . 425

LESSON 3 Greece and Persia � � � � 426Connections to Today Marathons . . . . . . . . 431

LESSON 4 Glory, War, and Decline 434Biography Aspasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSHow does geography influence the way people live? • Why do people form governments? • Why does conflict develop? • How do governments change?

Eastern Europe and Western Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379LESSON 1 Physical Geography � � � 382

LESSON 2 History of the Regions � 388

LESSON 3 Life in Eastern Europe and Western Russia � � � 396

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSHow does geography influence the way people live? • How do governments change?

CHAPTER 13

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Greek Civilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445LESSON 1 Greek Culture � � � � � � � � 448Then and Now Greek Theater . . . . . . . . . 453

LESSON 2 The Greek Mind � � � � � � 456Biography Plato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458

LESSON 3 Alexander’s Empire � � � � 466Thinking Like a Historian Researching

on the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

LESSON 4 Hellenistic Culture � � � � � 472Connections to Today Constant pi . . . . . . 476

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSWhat makes a culture unique? • How do new ideas change the way people live? • What are the characteristics of a leader?

Rome: Republic to Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .481LESSON 1 The Founding

of Rome � � � � � � � � � � � � � 484Thinking Like a Historian Analyzing

Primary and Secondary Sources . . . . . . 486

LESSON 2 Rome as a Republic � � � 490Connections to Today Hannibal’s

Elephants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497

LESSON 3 The End of the Republic � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 498

Connections to Today Crossing the Rubicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502

Biography Mark Antony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504Biography Cleopatra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504

LESSON 4 Rome Builds an Empire �506Then and Now Pompeii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508Connections to Today Roman Ingenuity . . 510

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSHow does geography influence the way people live? • How do governments change? • Why does conflict develop? • What are the characteristics of a leader?

CHAPTER 15

CHAPTER 16



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Roman Civilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .515LESSON 1 The Roman

Way of Life� � � � � � � � � � � �518Thinking Like a Historian Researching

on the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520Biography Livia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521Thinking Like a Historian Exchanging

Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522Then and Now Medical Technology . . . . . 523The World’s Literature Aeneid . . . . . . . . . 526

LESSON 2 Rome’s Decline � � � � � � 528Connections to Today Vandalism . . . . . . . 533What Do You Think? Did People

Benefit from Roman Rule? . . . . . . . . . . . 536

LESSON 3 The Byzantine Empire 538Biography Justinian I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540Biography Empress Theodora . . . . . . . . . 540

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSWhat makes a culture unique? • Why do civilizations rise and fall? • How does geography influence the way people live?CHAPTER 17





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UNIT ONE Asia South Asia 9 - Amazon S3...live? • How do governments change? • What makes a culture unique? CHAPTER 1 Central Asia, the Caucasus, and