Unit N- NutritionUnit N- Nutrition

Allied Health IAllied Health I

NutritionNutritionNutrients are:Nutrients are:

waterwater minerals minerals

carbohydratescarbohydrates vitamins vitamins

lipidslipids fiber fiber

proteinsproteins

WaterWaterEssential nutrientEssential nutrient

55-65% body weight55-65% body weight

Body loses water Body loses water through evaporation, through evaporation, excretion, and excretion, and respiration.respiration.

Water is the only Water is the only nutrient we sense a nutrient we sense a need for – thirst. need for – thirst.

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesMonosaccharide= simple sugar= glucose Monosaccharide= simple sugar= glucose Disaccharides= double sugarDisaccharides= double sugarPolysaccharides= complex sugarPolysaccharides= complex sugar Main source of energy for the body.Main source of energy for the body.Excess carbohydrates converted to fat.Excess carbohydrates converted to fat.Calorie - unit that measures the amount of energy Calorie - unit that measures the amount of energy contained within the chemical bonds of different contained within the chemical bonds of different foods. foods. Empty calories- found in foods like candy, cake, Empty calories- found in foods like candy, cake, cookies that have no nutritional value.cookies that have no nutritional value.Complex carbohydrates containing starch and Complex carbohydrates containing starch and cellulose are healthier- they supply cellulose are healthier- they supply ROUGHAGE- ROUGHAGE- the indigestible part of food.the indigestible part of food.

LipidsLipids

Source of energy- twice as many Source of energy- twice as many calories as the same amount of calories as the same amount of carbohydrates or protein.carbohydrates or protein.

Stored fat provides energy during Stored fat provides energy during emergencies.emergencies.

Body fat cushions internal organs.Body fat cushions internal organs.

Body fat insulates against the cold.Body fat insulates against the cold.

Fats carry fat-soluble vitamins.Fats carry fat-soluble vitamins.

CholesterolCholesterolFat in animal products like meat, cheese, Fat in animal products like meat, cheese, eggseggsExcess cholesterol in the body will start to Excess cholesterol in the body will start to build up inside the artery walls causing build up inside the artery walls causing arteriosclerosis.arteriosclerosis.Recommended blood level under 200 mg/dlRecommended blood level under 200 mg/dlHDL- High Density Lipoprotein- “good HDL- High Density Lipoprotein- “good cholesterol”- removes excess cholesterol cholesterol”- removes excess cholesterol from cells and carries it back to liver to be from cells and carries it back to liver to be broken down/eliminated.broken down/eliminated.LDL- Low Density Lipoprotein- carry fat to LDL- Low Density Lipoprotein- carry fat to cells – “bad cholesterol”cells – “bad cholesterol”

ProteinsProteins

Many Function:Many Function:

1.1. EnzymesEnzymes

2.2. Source of energySource of energy

3. Muscles, hormones, clotting, antibodies all 3. Muscles, hormones, clotting, antibodies all depend on proteinsdepend on proteins

Amino Acids - building blocks of proteinAmino Acids - building blocks of protein

Proteins that contain all amino acids are Proteins that contain all amino acids are Complete Proteins -Complete Proteins - milk, eggs, meat milk, eggs, meat

Proteins…Proteins…

Proteins that do not contain Proteins that do not contain all amino acids are all amino acids are incomplete proteins-incomplete proteins- vegetables, beans, wheatvegetables, beans, wheatCant store excess amino Cant store excess amino acids- excreted as ureaacids- excreted as ureaAdults in US eat too much Adults in US eat too much protein - puts extra burden protein - puts extra burden on liver and kidney which on liver and kidney which must eliminate urea from must eliminate urea from bodybody

CommercialCommercial

Minerals and Trace ElementsMinerals and Trace Elements

Mineral- from inorganic compounds in Mineral- from inorganic compounds in food, many necessary for human growth food, many necessary for human growth and maintenanceand maintenanceMost important are: sodium, potassium,Most important are: sodium, potassium, calcium (help form teeth), calcium (help form teeth), ironironTrace elements- present in very small Trace elements- present in very small amounts, toxic levels are close to healthy amounts, toxic levels are close to healthy levelslevelsMost minerals present in average adult Most minerals present in average adult dietdiet

Minerals and Trace ElementsMinerals and Trace Elements

Fluorine - in drinking water, needed for Fluorine - in drinking water, needed for bones and teethbones and teeth

Iodine - in shellfish and iodized salt, Iodine - in shellfish and iodized salt, needed to make thyroid hormoneneeded to make thyroid hormone

Iron - in liver, lean meats, needed to make Iron - in liver, lean meats, needed to make hemoglobinhemoglobin

VitaminsVitaminsVitamin- biologically active Vitamin- biologically active organic compoundorganic compoundFunction as coenzyme for Function as coenzyme for normal health and growth, normal health and growth, some behave like hormonessome behave like hormonesA,D,E, and K- fat soluble - A,D,E, and K- fat soluble - cancan be stored in body be stored in bodyB vitamins and vitamin C are B vitamins and vitamin C are water soluble - can’t be water soluble - can’t be stored - excretedstored - excreted

FiberFiberFound in plant foods Found in plant foods like whole-grain breads, like whole-grain breads, cereals, beans and cereals, beans and peas, other vegetables peas, other vegetables and fruit.and fruit.Eating a variety of plant Eating a variety of plant foodfood important for important for proper bowel functionproper bowel function, , may lower the risk of may lower the risk of heart disease and heart disease and some cancers.some cancers.

Nutrition LabelingNutrition Labeling

FDA requires nutrition FDA requires nutrition labeling for most labeling for most foodsfoodsIncludes information Includes information on calories, nutrient on calories, nutrient contentscontentsIncludes Includes recommended daily recommended daily allowances (RDA) of allowances (RDA) of nutrients - nutrients - based on a based on a 2000 cal. diet2000 cal. diet

Diet TherapyDiet TherapyRegular DietRegular Diet Balanced diet- no restrictionsBalanced diet- no restrictions

Liquid DietLiquid Diet Clear or full liquids Clear or full liquids (Jello)(Jello)

Used after surgery or heart attackUsed after surgery or heart attack

For patients with digestive problems or For patients with digestive problems or before x-rays of digestive tractbefore x-rays of digestive tract

Low-CholesterolLow-Cholesterol For patients with atherosclerosis and heart For patients with atherosclerosis and heart diseasedisease

Restrict foods high in saturated fat such as Restrict foods high in saturated fat such as beef, liver, pork, lamb, egg yolk, cream beef, liver, pork, lamb, egg yolk, cream cheese, shellfish, and whole milk cheese, shellfish, and whole milk (May eat (May eat grains on this diet)grains on this diet)

Bland DietBland Diet Easily digested foods that don’t irritate Easily digested foods that don’t irritate digestive tractdigestive tract

Avoid fried foods, spices, raw fruits and vegs, Avoid fried foods, spices, raw fruits and vegs, coffee or tea, alcoholic and carbonated coffee or tea, alcoholic and carbonated beveragesbeverages

For patients with ulcers or GI diseaseFor patients with ulcers or GI disease

GuidelinesGuidelinesEat a variety of foodsEat a variety of foodsMaintain desirable weightMaintain desirable weightAvoid too much fat, saturated fat Avoid too much fat, saturated fat (animal fat) and cholesterol(animal fat) and cholesterolEat foods with adequate starch and Eat foods with adequate starch and fiber fiber (roughage)(roughage)Avoid too much sugarAvoid too much sugarAvoid too much sodiumAvoid too much sodiumDon’t drink alcoholDon’t drink alcohol

MetabolismMetabolism

Use of food Use of food nutrients by nutrients by the body to the body to produce produce energy.energy.

Basal Metabolic RateBasal Metabolic Rate

Amount of Amount of energy needed energy needed to maintain life to maintain life when the body when the body is at rest.is at rest.

Recommended Dietary Recommended Dietary AllowancesAllowances

(RDA) (RDA) Recommended Recommended Dietary allowancesDietary allowances– Chart that lists Chart that lists

recommended intake recommended intake of vitamins and of vitamins and minerals.minerals.

Food Guide PyramidFood Guide PyramidThe food guide pyramid was redesigned in 2005. The food guide pyramid was redesigned in 2005. A rainbow of colored, vertical stripes represent A rainbow of colored, vertical stripes represent the five food groups, as well as fats and oils.the five food groups, as well as fats and oils.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) changed the pyramid because they wanted to do changed the pyramid because they wanted to do a better job of telling Americans how to be a better job of telling Americans how to be healthy. They healthy. They guy climbing the staircaseguy climbing the staircase up the up the side of the pyramid shows side of the pyramid shows how important it is to how important it is to exercise and be active.exercise and be active.

Food Guide PyramidFood Guide Pyramid

Orange - grainsOrange - grainsGreen- VegetablesGreen- VegetablesRed- fruitsRed- fruitsBlue- milk and dairy Blue- milk and dairy productsproductsPurple - meat, beans, Purple - meat, beans, fish, and nutsfish, and nuts (consume the least (consume the least amt. from this group)amt. from this group)Yellow - oilsYellow - oils

Eating DisordersEating DisordersAnorexia- loss of appetite – sometimes Anorexia- loss of appetite – sometimes intentionalintentionalMalnutrition- state of poor nutrition due Malnutrition- state of poor nutrition due to diet or illness.to diet or illness.Fluorine Deficiency- tooth decay.Fluorine Deficiency- tooth decay.Iodine Deficiency- goiter (enlarged Iodine Deficiency- goiter (enlarged thyroid)thyroid)Iron Deficiency- anemiaIron Deficiency- anemia

Eating DisordersEating Disorders

ObesityObesity– Most common nutritional Most common nutritional

diseasedisease– Weighs 15% more than Weighs 15% more than

optimal body weight for optimal body weight for gender, height, and bone gender, height, and bone structurestructure

– Obesity affects physical Obesity affects physical and mental health.and mental health.

– Causes- taking in more Causes- taking in more calories than are burned.calories than are burned.

Anorexia NervosaAnorexia Nervosa

Serious mental disorder, Serious mental disorder, mostly in teenage mostly in teenage females (in athletes- female gymnast are females (in athletes- female gymnast are common to have it)common to have it)Criteria for diagnosis:Criteria for diagnosis:– Intense fear of becoming obeseIntense fear of becoming obese that does not go that does not go

away with weight lossaway with weight loss– Distorted body image (feels fat even when Distorted body image (feels fat even when

emaciated)emaciated)– Weight loss of at least 25% of original body Weight loss of at least 25% of original body

weightweight– Refusal to maintain minimal normal weightRefusal to maintain minimal normal weight– No know physical illnessNo know physical illness– Amenorrhea- absence of monthly periodsAmenorrhea- absence of monthly periods

BulimiaBulimiaEpisodic binge eating Episodic binge eating followed byfollowed by PURGING (vomiting PURGING (vomiting and laxative abuse)and laxative abuse)

Usually women, older Usually women, older than teensthan teens