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Key Terms Review1. Create a concept map that links all of the

terms in the list below. Give examples, whereapplicable, of the various terms.

• cell• organelle• diffusion• concentration• mitosis• prophase• anaphase• regeneration• differentiation• meristematic cells• tissue• red blood cells• meristamatic tissue• stomate• mesophyll• xylem• phloem• organ• capillaries• organ system• absorption• homeostasis• interdependent• medical imaging • public health strategies• immunization• DNA screening

Key Concepts Review

Cells are the basic unit of life and oftencombine with other cells to form tissues.

2. Two basic life functions of cells include wasteremoval and exchange of gases. Use yourknowledge of cell organelles to explain howthe cell accomplishes these tasks.

3. Classify the cells below as plant or animalcells, and explain your thinking.

4. Define the term “electron micrograph.” Explainhow an electron micrograph is taken.

5. Describe the sequence of events that occur inthe cell cycle.

6. Explain how mitosis ensures geneticcontinuity from cell to cell in an organism.

7. Explain the importance of mitosis for thegrowth of cells and the repair of tissues.

8. Describe each of the various stages in mitosis.

9. How do cancer cells differ from normal cells?Give three differences.

10. Describe the structure and function ofmeristematic tissue in a plant.

11. A tissue is a group of cells that work togetherto perform a function. Use an example from aplant and an animal to illustrate thatdefinition.

An organ consists of groups of tissuesand works with other organs to formorgan systems.

12. (a) Give an example of the tissues found ina plant organ.

(b) How do the tissues help the organfunction? k

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Knowledge and understanding Thinking and investigation

Communication Applicationac

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13. (a) Give an example of the tissues found inan animal organ.

(b) How do the tissues help the organfunction?

14. An organ system is a group of organs thatwork together to perform a function. Use anexample from an animal and a plant toillustrate that definition.

15. Describe how the integumentary systemresponds to various changes in theenvironment.

16. Compare the digestive systems in a person, anearthworm, a fish, and a frog.

17. Explain the role of the diaphragm in theprocess of inhalation and exhalation.

18. (a) Describe the structure of the heart.

(b) Explain how its structure enables theheart to pump blood effectively.

19. The skin is an organ that is made of severaltissues.

(a) What are the functions of the skin?

(b) Explain how the tissues interact togetherto enable the organ to perform itsrequired functions.

20. What role do the kidneys play in maintaininghomeostasis in the body?

Advances in biological technologieshave an impact on individuals andsociety.

21. Why is the MRI scan such a populardiagnostic tool?

22. How is ultrasound used in the process ofamniocentesis?

23. Use an example to help explain how a vaccinecan be used to prevent or control thedevelopment of disease.

24. Describe how lifestyle choices can affect yourhealth.

25. Describe some of the effects of tobacco smokeon the systems of the human body.

26. Describe some simple lifestyle changes thatOntarians can make to lessen the threat ofacquiring West Nile virus.

27. Explain how gene therapy may be used totreat or prevent disease.

28. Describe three types of cloning.

29. Use an example to explain the meaning of theterm “transgenic crop.”

30. Use two examples to explain the meaning ofthe term “reproductive technologies.”

Connect Your Understanding 31. Using a city as an analogy for a cell, suggest

aspects of a city that perform a functionsimilar to the function performed by anorganelle in a cell.

32. Explain why knowledge about the cell cycle isimportant to cancer research.

33. Describe some factors that may influence therate of mitosis in an organism.

34. Explain why you would expect muscle cells tohave a large number of mitochondria.

35. Describe how the interaction between thevascular tissue and the ground tissue isnecessary for the survival of a plant.

36. Create a mind map to show relationshipsbetween the following terms: cell, tissue,organ, organ system, and organism. t

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37. Write a short paragraph to show therelationships between the followingstructures and processes involved in thetransport of materials and gas exchange inplants: roots, root hairs, root epidermis,xylem, phloem, stomate, ground tissue, andtranspiration.

38. Why are cell division and cell specializationimportant for creating new organs in afetus?

39. Use the terms diffusion, concentration, redblood cells, and capillaries in a paragraph todescribe how gas exchange occurs in thealveoli.

40. Why does your heart rate slow down whenyou sleep?

41. Describe how the interaction between thehuman respiratory system and the circulatorysystem ensures survival.

42. Explain why your breathing rate may behigher when you exercise.

43. Explain why a circulatory system is anecessity for complex multicellularorganisms.

44. Using a factory as an analogy for anorganism, suggest aspects of the factory thatperform a function similar to a functionprovided by an organ system.

45. When you exercise vigorously, your bodytemperature increases and you may begin tosweat. After rest, your body temperaturereturns to the normal temperature. Use yourunderstanding of homeostasis to explain howyour body reacts.

46. If you take medication to control your heartfrom beating too quickly and you exerciseheavily, what side effects could occur?

47. In the Canadian Arctic, the Inuit people alongthe coast used to eat beluga whale skinbecause it was rich in vitamin D.

(a) Why would this be necessary?

(b) In recent years, it has been found that thelevel of cumulative toxins in beluga whaleskin has risen to toxic levels. Whatimplications would this have on thesepeople?

48. Write a paragraph to explain how the abilityof an organism to exchange gases with itsenvironment is linked to its ability tomaintain homeostasis.

49. Alcohol acts as a depressant to the function ofthe central nervous system. Caffeine is astimulant that acts to increase the activity ofthe central nervous system. How cancombining alcohol and caffeine influence thebody’s ability to function efficiently?

50. Alcohol in the bloodstream acts as adepressant on the central nervous system. Ifsomeone with alcohol in the bloodstreamwere injured in an accident, how couldalcohol affect that person’s ability to survivethe injuries caused by the accident?

51. Write a paragraph that outlines five ways inwhich radiographs are used to provideinformation about personal health.

52. Compare the kind of diagnostic informationprovided through the use of ultrasound withthe information provided by X-rays.

53. Describe three different public healthstrategies that are related to systems biology.

54. How can transgenic animals be used in thestudy and treatment of disease?

55. Describe two ethical issues related to the useof reproductive technologies.

60. Assess the importance of childhoodimmunizations such as MMR. t

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61. Vaccinations are given to babies and youngchildren to prevent deadly diseases. However,some parents choose not to vaccinate theirchildren. Assume that you know the parent ofa new baby. What information about thevaccination would that parent need to knowto make a wise decision about whether tovaccinate the baby?

Skill Practice 62. Identify the phases of mitosis shown in the

photo below.

63. Complete a Venn diagram that compares plantcells with animal cells.

64. Examine the following photo of cells.

(a) Identify two cell structures that arevisible.

(b) Describe the function of each part.

(c) Classify these cells as plant or animalcells, and explain your thinking.

65. Name the organs in the human digestivesystem (shown below).

66. Name the structures in the fish shown below.

Revisit the Big Ideas and FundamentalConcepts 67. Explain why biologists describe the following

list as a biological hierarchy: cell, tissue,organ, organ system, and organism. a

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68. Write a paragraph in which you explain howthe root system and the shoot system worktogether in the process of photosynthesis.

69. Although mitosis ensures that all cells havethe same genetic information, differentiatedcells have unique structures and functions.Explain how this works.

70. Explain how mitosis provides for growth andrepair of tissues.

71. Show the importance of the cell cycle bydescribing the key events in the cycle.

72. “Plants use specialized cells and processes toperform on a larger scale the same functionsthat a single cell performs alone.” Useexamples to illustrate the meaning of thisstatement. Use the mangrove tree shownbelow as an example in your answer.

73. Use an example to illustrate the meaning ofthe term “homeostasis.”

74. Explain the primary functions of thecirculatory system and the respiratory system,and then show how these two systemsinteract within the organism.

75. Use an example to show why the interactionsof different systems within an organism arenecessary for the survival of the organism.

76. Write a paragraph that describes how oxygenreaches each cell of the body. Be sure to userelevant terminology including arteries,concentration, diffusion, capillaries, and redblood cells.

77. Write a paragraph that describes how thefollowing tissues interact to carry outphotosynthesis in a plant: mesophyll, phloem,xylem, and stomata.

78. Explain how cancer can affect cells.

79. How have developments in imagingtechnology contributed to our currentunderstanding of cell parts and function?Give an example in your answer.

80. The following factors are thought to impactthe health of Ontarians: rates of cancer,vaccinations, and Sun protection behaviours.Choose one of these factors, and explain howpublic health programs or initiatives areattempting to encourage and support healthyliving practices.

81. Developments in medicine and technologyhave social and ethical implications. Showyour understanding of that statement bycreating a PMI organizer (plus, minus, pointsof interest) for one of the followingsituations: • DNA screening • stem cell research• organ transplantation• cloning• cancer screening

82. How are medical imaging technologies usedin the diagnosis and treatment of heartdisease?

83. In this unit, you learned about howtechnological developments have improvedour understanding of cells, tissues, organs,and organ systems. Think about your ownexperiences, and describe one example inwhich technology has played an importantpart in maintaining your own health. a

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84. The following photo shows two piglets from atransgenic pig. The piglets contain a proteinthat glows fluorescent green. Predict threeways in which you think that transgenicorganisms will be used in the future.

Science, Technology, Society,and the Environment

85. Select one medical development that youlearned about in the unit. Evaluate theimportance of this development byconsidering its impact on society.

86. In March 2009, President Obama lifted theUnited States ban on funding stem cellresearch. This means that researchers, suchas Irina Elcheva shown below, can culture stem cells for research. What are the ethicalarguments for and against stem cell research?

87. Choose one topic from the following list oftechnological developments. Write aparagraph outlining some of the ethicalimplications associated with the use of thistechnological development. • transgenic techniques• cloning• stem cell research

88. In this unit, you learned about howtechnological developments are related tosystems biology. How important do you thinkthese technological developments are tosystems biology? Explain your answer.

Reflection89. In what two ways do you think what you

learned from this unit will affect your life inthe next year?

90. Describe one situation in which you havebeen influenced by your peers or the media tomake either a good or a bad choice about yourhealth.

91. In this unit, we have learned about manyissues related to the health of Ontarians. Hasyour learning prompted you to become moreinvolved in programs such as communityfund-raising for such causes as the CanadianCancer Society? Explain the reasoning foryour response.

92. As learners, we should be able to applylearning to our lives so that we can makepositive changes when necessary. In this unit,you have learned how to maintain the healthof your body systems. How healthy is yourlifestyle? Provide evidence to support yourassessment. c

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