Unit IIIUnit IIIPart 4Part 4

Post-War AmericaPost-War America

The Revolution Within The Revolution Within AmericaAmerica

LOYALISTSLOYALISTS Were looked upon as traitorsWere looked upon as traitors Generally belonged to the wealthier Generally belonged to the wealthier

classesclasses Were barred from teaching, legal, Were barred from teaching, legal,

medical professionsmedical professions Had to take oaths of loyalty to voteHad to take oaths of loyalty to vote Some banished, tarred and feathered, Some banished, tarred and feathered,

killed by mobskilled by mobs

LoyalistsLoyalists

Some went to CanadaSome went to Canada Some went to BritainSome went to Britain

They will NOT be compensated for their They will NOT be compensated for their losses in spite of what the Treaty of Paris losses in spite of what the Treaty of Paris saidsaid

BUT BUT other than the loyalists, there was no other than the loyalists, there was no revolution in America (no class warfare)revolution in America (no class warfare)

IndiansIndians Some uprisingsSome uprisings Some fought with the BritishSome fought with the British More disunity among tribesMore disunity among tribes

Colonial resentment because some DID Colonial resentment because some DID fight for the Britishfight for the British

Some (Jefferson) paternalistic toward Some (Jefferson) paternalistic toward nativesnatives

Called them “noble Savages” Called them “noble Savages” (Columbus) (Columbus)

Women: War had no Women: War had no ImpactImpact

Some ran things at home very wellSome ran things at home very well Others lost the farmOthers lost the farm Some were camp followersSome were camp followers Some in combatSome in combat Judith Murray Judith Murray worked for more worked for more

educational opportunities for womeneducational opportunities for women Abigail Adams: Remember the Abigail Adams: Remember the

ladiesladies Overall: no real changeOverall: no real change

SlavesSlaves

1782 Virginia Law: slave owners 1782 Virginia Law: slave owners COULD free their slaves if they wishedCOULD free their slaves if they wished

The Revolutionary War = END OF The Revolutionary War = END OF SLAVERY IN THE NORTHSLAVERY IN THE NORTH

Most through Most through Compensated Compensated EmancipationEmancipation

1783 Mass. Supreme Ct. under the new 1783 Mass. Supreme Ct. under the new State Constitution: ownership of State Constitution: ownership of human beings was illegalhuman beings was illegal

Who Suffered as a Result of Who Suffered as a Result of the War?the War?

The Anglican Church (Loyalists)The Anglican Church (Loyalists) Anyone on a fixed salaryAnyone on a fixed salary Town Wage earnersTown Wage earners Continental SoldiersContinental Soldiers Creditors: went into hiding to avoid being Creditors: went into hiding to avoid being

paid back with worthless currencypaid back with worthless currency Some states had wage and price controlsSome states had wage and price controls By 1777 Continental Congress had wage By 1777 Continental Congress had wage

and price controlsand price controls

Who Profited from the Who Profited from the War?War?

The Catholic Church due to the The Catholic Church due to the French allianceFrench alliance

Farmers: produce was in demandFarmers: produce was in demand Merchants and PrivateersMerchants and Privateers

OverallOverall

Other than oppressed Loyalists, Other than oppressed Loyalists, internal revolution was non violentinternal revolution was non violent

Lack of class distinction in AmericaLack of class distinction in America No class of oppressed peasantsNo class of oppressed peasants Wide distribution of propertyWide distribution of property

Influence of the Influence of the RevolutionRevolution

Gave hope to oppressed in EuropeGave hope to oppressed in Europe Endangered monarchies everywhereEndangered monarchies everywhere Endangered privileged classes Endangered privileged classes

everywhereeverywhere French Revolution 1789French Revolution 1789 Growth of American NationalismGrowth of American Nationalism Lack of British trade inspired more Lack of British trade inspired more

American manufacturingAmerican manufacturing

Influence of the Influence of the RevolutionRevolution

Discredited George IIIDiscredited George III Parliament took steps to limit monarch’s Parliament took steps to limit monarch’s

powerpower Britain’s other colonies given more self-Britain’s other colonies given more self-

governmentgovernment Catherine the Great: Rather than have Catherine the Great: Rather than have

granted America her independence as my granted America her independence as my brother monarch, King George has done, brother monarch, King George has done, I would have fired a pistol at my own I would have fired a pistol at my own head!head!

New State Governments New State Governments and Constitutions (not and Constitutions (not

Conn. And RI)Conn. And RI) Drawn up by state Constitutional Drawn up by state Constitutional

Conventions; not by state legislaturesConventions; not by state legislatures Included Locke’s ideas:Included Locke’s ideas:

Governments should serve the peopleGovernments should serve the people Distrust of a strong executive (most Distrust of a strong executive (most

governors in for one year termsgovernors in for one year terms Right to vote depended on property Right to vote depended on property

ownershipownership More restrictions for holding office More restrictions for holding office

New National HeroesNew National Heroes

Washington, Jefferson, FranklinWashington, Jefferson, Franklin John Paul JonesJohn Paul Jones Francis Marion, Nathan HaleFrancis Marion, Nathan Hale New Patriotic songsNew Patriotic songs John Trumbull: Patriotic painterJohn Trumbull: Patriotic painter Noah Webster: unique American SpellerNoah Webster: unique American Speller John M’Cullock: first American History John M’Cullock: first American History

BookBook Morse: American Geography BookMorse: American Geography Book Kings College renamed ColumbiaKings College renamed Columbia

The Articles of The Articles of ConfederationConfederation1781-1789 1781-1789

As early as 1775 Benjamin Franklin As early as 1775 Benjamin Franklin proposed The Articles of proposed The Articles of Confederation and perpetual UnionConfederation and perpetual Union

It was rejected by several colonies It was rejected by several colonies and the Second CCand the Second CC

June 1776: Second CC established a June 1776: Second CC established a committee of 13 to draft a committee of 13 to draft a constitutionconstitution

Leaders: Dickenson, J. Adams, Leaders: Dickenson, J. Adams, Rutledge, Sherman, LivingstonRutledge, Sherman, Livingston

The Articles completed in The Articles completed in one monthone month

Borrowed some from Franklin’s planBorrowed some from Franklin’s plan Would go into effect when all 13 Would go into effect when all 13

states signed onstates signed on

Large states did not like the one-Large states did not like the one-house legislaturehouse legislature

Small states feared being Small states feared being overwhelmed by states with western overwhelmed by states with western land claimsland claims

By 1779 Twelve states had By 1779 Twelve states had signed onsigned on

Maryland held out for two yearsMaryland held out for two years Wanted the states with western Wanted the states with western

claims to give up the claims to the claims to give up the claims to the federal governmentfederal government

When they did, Maryland signed onWhen they did, Maryland signed on

Structure of the ArticlesStructure of the Articles

No Executive BranchNo Executive Branch: : Representatives feared a strong Representatives feared a strong central government (like Britain)central government (like Britain)

No Judicial BranchNo Judicial Branch: so no final : so no final authority if State Supreme Courts authority if State Supreme Courts disagreeddisagreed

Unicameral LegislatureUnicameral Legislature: One : One representative from each state (so the representative from each state (so the small states were over represented)small states were over represented)

Powers of the LegislaturePowers of the Legislature To wage war and PeaceTo wage war and Peace To make treaties and alliances (commercial To make treaties and alliances (commercial

too)too) To establish a postal systemTo establish a postal system To handle Indian RelationsTo handle Indian Relations To coin money To coin money To establish standard weights and measuresTo establish standard weights and measures States respected each others’ public acts: States respected each others’ public acts:

wills, licenses, no passports between states wills, licenses, no passports between states neededneeded

BUT…Powers were empty BUT…Powers were empty becausebecause

There was no power to tax or draft There was no power to tax or draft troopstroops!!

How could the government make war How could the government make war or enforce treaties?or enforce treaties?

How could the government buy Indian How could the government buy Indian land or take it from them?land or take it from them?

How do we pay postal workers?How do we pay postal workers? Disaster!Disaster!

Other problems…Other problems…

9 states were needed to pass laws so few 9 states were needed to pass laws so few passedpassed

Could not control interstate commerceCould not control interstate commerce Had no specie so no national currencyHad no specie so no national currency States had their own currencies so States had their own currencies so

interstate trade cam to a standstill since all interstate trade cam to a standstill since all $ of different values!$ of different values!

Could not even keep the peace at home Could not even keep the peace at home without a national army (no draft or $ to without a national army (no draft or $ to pay soldiers)pay soldiers)

Foreign Affairs under the Foreign Affairs under the ArticlesArticles

We did not want to become involved in We did not want to become involved in European problems BUTEuropean problems BUT

We needed foreign tradeWe needed foreign trade Treaties were needed to make boundaries Treaties were needed to make boundaries

with Spanish Florida and British Canadawith Spanish Florida and British Canada Congress could not make binding Congress could not make binding

commercial treaties because it could not commercial treaties because it could not control interstate commercecontrol interstate commerce

Congress could not enforce treaties with Congress could not enforce treaties with other countries without an armyother countries without an army

BritainBritain

Both America and England violated the Treaty of Both America and England violated the Treaty of ParisParis

Brits did not compensate slave ownersBrits did not compensate slave owners Brits would not vacate the forts in America and Brits would not vacate the forts in America and

even built new ones!even built new ones! We could not MAKE them leave without an armyWe could not MAKE them leave without an army Brits would not trade with us…planned a trade Brits would not trade with us…planned a trade

war…we were banned from the British West Indies!war…we were banned from the British West Indies! Brits would not even see John Adams (our Brits would not even see John Adams (our

ambassador)ambassador) We could only enter British ports with ships from We could only enter British ports with ships from

home stateshome states

SpainSpain

Spanish felt threatened by our extended Spanish felt threatened by our extended boundaries (the West and Spanish Florida)boundaries (the West and Spanish Florida)

They armed the Indians against usThey armed the Indians against us We really needed the We really needed the Right of Deposit Right of Deposit at the at the

mouth of New Orleans for our western mouth of New Orleans for our western tradetrade

Jay-Gardoqui TreatyJay-Gardoqui Treaty: Spain would let us : Spain would let us trade with the Spanish West Indies if we trade with the Spanish West Indies if we gave up our claim to the Right of Depositgave up our claim to the Right of Deposit

We did NOT ratify treaty. Would have We did NOT ratify treaty. Would have sacrificed the West for the sake of New sacrificed the West for the sake of New England tradeEngland trade

FranceFrance

We could not pay them backWe could not pay them back Was embarrassing (especially to Was embarrassing (especially to

Jefferson…our ambassador)Jefferson…our ambassador) Our lack of payment probably DID Our lack of payment probably DID

contribute to the French Revolutioncontribute to the French Revolution They did not enjoy much of our tradeThey did not enjoy much of our trade We were trading with Brits by 1789 We were trading with Brits by 1789

like there had never been a warlike there had never been a war

The Barbary Pirates!The Barbary Pirates!

Remember: to err is human. To Remember: to err is human. To AARRGH is Pirate.AARRGH is Pirate.

The US could not pay tribute to pirates The US could not pay tribute to pirates on the coast of North Africaon the coast of North Africa

While we were British colonies, the While we were British colonies, the Brits paid the tribute for usBrits paid the tribute for us

Americans who were caught trading in Americans who were caught trading in Mediterranean were kidnapped and Mediterranean were kidnapped and held for ransom which we could not held for ransom which we could not pay…embarrassing!pay…embarrassing!

We had no navy!We had no navy!

The WestThe West

First hunters and trappersFirst hunters and trappers Then temporary homesteadsThen temporary homesteads Finally permanent settlers: Saloons, Finally permanent settlers: Saloons,

Brothels then schools, churches Brothels then schools, churches millsmills

By 1790 120,000 were west of the By 1790 120,000 were west of the Appalachians Appalachians

Western ProblemsWestern Problems

Starvation, disease, temperature extremesStarvation, disease, temperature extremes British in forts, Indians, right of deposit British in forts, Indians, right of deposit

neededneeded No money to move Brits, fight Indians (or No money to move Brits, fight Indians (or

buy their land) to MAKE Spain give up the buy their land) to MAKE Spain give up the right of depositright of deposit

Absentee landowners (speculators)Absentee landowners (speculators) Some talk of successionSome talk of succession

BUT Articles did take BUT Articles did take care ofcare of

Land survey and sale with The Land survey and sale with The Land Land Ordinance of 1785Ordinance of 1785

And the political development of And the political development of Western land with Western land with the Northwest the Northwest OrdinanceOrdinance

The Land Ordinance of The Land Ordinance of 17851785

Provided for land survey and sale (the Provided for land survey and sale (the only $ that the Articles were bringing only $ that the Articles were bringing into the federal treasury)into the federal treasury)

Land to be measured first and then soldLand to be measured first and then sold Adopted the New England methodAdopted the New England method Land was divided into 6 square miles Land was divided into 6 square miles

called townships then redivided into 36 called townships then redivided into 36 sectionssections

Land Ordinance of 1785Land Ordinance of 1785

Four sections reserved as federal land Four sections reserved as federal land BUT one of those could be sold to BUT one of those could be sold to provide for a schoolprovide for a school

Other 32 sections were redivided and Other 32 sections were redivided and sold for $1 an acre and you had to buy sold for $1 an acre and you had to buy at least 640 acres (pricey)at least 640 acres (pricey)

Most of the best of it went to land Most of the best of it went to land speculatorsspeculators

The land belonged to the The land belonged to the Indians!Indians!

Some Indians signed agreements willingly, Some Indians signed agreements willingly, some were coerced, some foughtsome were coerced, some fought

Don’t forget…Spanish AND British were Don’t forget…Spanish AND British were giving Indians weapons to use against usgiving Indians weapons to use against us

General St. Clair General St. Clair was fighting Indians in was fighting Indians in the NW territory unsuccessfully…could not the NW territory unsuccessfully…could not pay army and no $ for ammo, horses, etc.pay army and no $ for ammo, horses, etc.

The Northwest The Northwest Ordinance (1787)Ordinance (1787)

Provided for the political development of Provided for the political development of the land between the Ohio River, the the land between the Ohio River, the Great Lakes and the MississippiGreat Lakes and the Mississippi

No fewer than 3 states but no more than No fewer than 3 states but no more than 55

When the white male population reached When the white male population reached 5,000 a territorial government could be 5,000 a territorial government could be set up: people could elect a legislature set up: people could elect a legislature but the federal government would provide but the federal government would provide for a governor and a secretary and 3 for a governor and a secretary and 3 judgesjudges

The Northwest TerritoryThe Northwest Territory

When the population reached 60,000 When the population reached 60,000 the territory could apply to become a the territory could apply to become a state if…state if…

… … the state constitution guaranteed the state constitution guaranteed freedom of speech, freedom of religion freedom of speech, freedom of religion and if the constitution forbade slaveryand if the constitution forbade slavery

NOTE: NOTE: the NW Ordinance was the first the NW Ordinance was the first federal legislation that forbade slavery.federal legislation that forbade slavery.

The Articles failed to The Articles failed to handle domestic problems:handle domestic problems:

Boundary disputesBoundary disputes: Conn v Penn, : Conn v Penn, Mass. v NY v NHMass. v NY v NH

Oyster Wars Oyster Wars : Virginia and Maryland : Virginia and Maryland The governors were in row boats The governors were in row boats shooting at each other!shooting at each other!

Currencies of statesCurrencies of states were different so were different so little tradelittle trade

Inflation and DebtInflation and Debt Money flowed out of the country for Money flowed out of the country for

finished goodsfinished goods Huge debt to foreigners, citizens and Huge debt to foreigners, citizens and

soldierssoldiers Many lobbied for Many lobbied for import dutiesimport duties: Hamilton, : Hamilton,

Madison, Morris but too much oppositionMadison, Morris but too much opposition State taxes were heavyState taxes were heavy Soldiers who WERE NOT PAID returned to Soldiers who WERE NOT PAID returned to

their farms and lost them because they their farms and lost them because they could not pay the state taxescould not pay the state taxes

Farmers were lost unless currency was Farmers were lost unless currency was inflatedinflated

Shays’s Rebellion 1786Shays’s Rebellion 1786

Was the last strawWas the last straw Proof that the government needed to Proof that the government needed to

be stronger to keep domestic peacebe stronger to keep domestic peace

Background: In Mass. The wealthy Background: In Mass. The wealthy took over state governmenttook over state government

Wanted to clear out state debtWanted to clear out state debt Really heavy taxes on farmers (who Really heavy taxes on farmers (who

had not been paid as soldiers)had not been paid as soldiers)

Daniel ShaysDaniel Shays

Had been a continental soldierHad been a continental soldier Lafayette awarded Shays his own jewel-Lafayette awarded Shays his own jewel-

encrusted sword for his valiant fighting!encrusted sword for his valiant fighting! His wife had somehow hung on to the His wife had somehow hung on to the

farmfarm Shays sold his sword for food Shays sold his sword for food Many farmers in Mass lost their farms Many farmers in Mass lost their farms

or were jailed because they could not or were jailed because they could not pay their taxes to the statepay their taxes to the state

Shays’s RebellionShays’s Rebellion

Shays and another 1,000 unhappy farmers Shays and another 1,000 unhappy farmers tried and failed to take the arsenal (Mass.)tried and failed to take the arsenal (Mass.)

Demanded: paper money (for inflation), Demanded: paper money (for inflation), tax relief, a moratorium on debts, and tax relief, a moratorium on debts, and wanted the state capital movedwanted the state capital moved

Mass. Militia was able to put down the Mass. Militia was able to put down the rebellion.rebellion.

The Federal government had no troopsThe Federal government had no troops

Too Much Democracy?Too Much Democracy?

Many of the wealthy, propertied people Many of the wealthy, propertied people thought that Shays Rebellion was proof thought that Shays Rebellion was proof of too much democracyof too much democracy

Believed that the Federal government Believed that the Federal government needed to be strongerneeded to be stronger

EVERYONE believed that at the very EVERYONE believed that at the very least, the Articles of Confederation least, the Articles of Confederation needed revisionneeded revision

BUT in the end we will form a brand BUT in the end we will form a brand new government under the Constitution new government under the Constitution that we have today. that we have today.

The Question:The Question:

The Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation provided for an effective provided for an effective government in the years government in the years 1781-1789.1781-1789.

Assess the validity of the Assess the validity of the above.above.

ThinkThink

Did the Articles of Confederation help Did the Articles of Confederation help us with our dealings with foreign us with our dealings with foreign countries and peoples?countries and peoples?

BritainBritain…forts and trade…forts and trade SpainSpain…right of deposit and Jay-…right of deposit and Jay-

Gardoque TreatyGardoque Treaty FranceFrance…debt…debt Barbary PiratesBarbary Pirates…tribute and ransome…tribute and ransome

Think Again:Think Again: Did the Articles of Confederation allow Did the Articles of Confederation allow

us to deal with domestic problems us to deal with domestic problems effectively?effectively?

IndiansIndians …General St. Clair …General St. Clair Economic issuesEconomic issues…currency issues…currency issues Post officePost office Shays’s RebellionShays’s Rebellion…too much democracy?…too much democracy? Interstate rivalryInterstate rivalry…boundaries and …boundaries and

Oyster WarsOyster Wars

Think AgainThink Again

Were the Articles of Confederation Were the Articles of Confederation flawed in their structure?flawed in their structure? No executive and judicialNo executive and judicial Unicameral legislatureUnicameral legislature Could not tax or draftCould not tax or draft Needed 9 state to pass lawsNeeded 9 state to pass laws Smaller states were over representedSmaller states were over represented

Okay…they were NOT Okay…they were NOT effective BUT effective BUT

What DID they do effectively?What DID they do effectively?

They provided for the survey and They provided for the survey and sale and political development of sale and political development of Western Lands:Western Lands: The Land Ordinance of 1785The Land Ordinance of 1785 The Northwest Ordinance (1787)The Northwest Ordinance (1787)