Unit III. Biological Bases of Behavior 1 Victim of Nail-Gun Accident Survives a Delicate Operation LA Times May 6, 2004 Isidro Mejia – Isidro Mejia – Stumbled

Unit III. Biological Bases of Unit III. Biological Bases of BehaviorBehavior

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Victim of Nail-Gun Accident Survives a Victim of Nail-Gun Accident Survives a

Delicate OperationDelicate Operation LA Times May 6, 2004LA Times May 6, 2004

Isidro Mejia – Isidro Mejia – Stumbled on scaffoldingStumbled on scaffolding Fell on co-worker using a Fell on co-worker using a

nail gunnail gun Dr. Rafael QuinonezDr. Rafael Quinonez

Several days of operationsSeveral days of operations With X-rays and a camera With X-rays and a camera

scopescope Found the head of each Found the head of each

nail and gently removed nail and gently removed themthem

RecoveryRecovery Lost most his of English-Lost most his of English-

speaking skillsspeaking skills Full, if gradual, recovery Full, if gradual, recovery

predictedpredicted

III. Biological Bases of III. Biological Bases of BehaviorBehavior

College Board - “Acorn Book” College Board - “Acorn Book”

Course DescriptionCourse Description

8-10%8-10%


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Summary OutlineSummary Outline

A. Physiological TechniquesA. Physiological Techniques B. Neuro-anatomyB. Neuro-anatomy C. Functional OrganizationC. Functional Organization D. Neural TransmissionD. Neural Transmission E. Endocrine SystemE. Endocrine System F. GeneticsF. Genetics


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A. Physiological TechniquesA. Physiological Techniques

Electrical Stimulation of the Brain Electrical Stimulation of the Brain (ESB)(ESB)

LesioningLesioningalso brain injury casesalso brain injury cases

Electrical Recordings - EEGElectrical Recordings - EEGBrain Imaging ProceduresBrain Imaging Procedures

CT ScanCT ScanPET ScansPET ScansMRI Scan MRI Scan

How can we teach about How can we teach about physiological techniquesphysiological techniques

Brainstorming and SharingBrainstorming and SharingWhy is it important to cover this area?Why is it important to cover this area?What’s important for the student to What’s important for the student to

comprehend?comprehend?Potential activities?Potential activities?


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B. NeuroanatomyB. Neuroanatomy

Brain Structure and FunctionBrain Structure and Function




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Activities NeuroanatomyActivities Neuroanatomy

Brain Structure and FunctionBrain Structure and Function

Making Brain our of Play-doMaking Brain our of Play-doMaking neuron modelsMaking neuron models

Study Chart to Aid Learning About Brain Study Chart to Aid Learning About Brain StructureStructure

Martin AndersonMartin Anderson


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Human / Cat / RatHuman / Cat / Rat


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Right Brain v. Left BrainRight Brain v. Left Brain

Opposite side body Opposite side body controlcontrol

Functional differencesFunctional differences Split brain researchSplit brain research

Split visual fieldSplit visual field Split sensory fieldsSplit sensory fields Language differencesLanguage differences Role of corpus Role of corpus

callosumcallosum

Misuses of conceptMisuses of conceptUnit III. Biological Bases of Unit III. Biological Bases of BehaviorBehavior

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C. Functional Organization C. Functional Organization of Nervous Systemof Nervous System

Nervous System

Central NS

Peripheral

Somatic AutonomicBrainSpinal

Cord

Sympathetic Parasympathetic




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Central Nervous System ActivityCentral Nervous System Activity

Simple Cognitive MappingSimple Cognitive MappingStudents tend to pass over this diagramStudents tend to pass over this diagramThis activity is a quick and easy way to This activity is a quick and easy way to

understand and review the chartunderstand and review the chartStudents make a blank diagramStudents make a blank diagramStudents make post it notes of terms Students make post it notes of terms

that go onto the diagramthat go onto the diagram


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D. Neural TransmissionD. Neural Transmission

Neuronal StructureNeuronal Structure

Glia – The Support Glia – The Support SystemSystem

Action PotentialAction Potential All-or-none All-or-none

ResponseResponse Refractory PeriodRefractory Period Electrical Electrical

Transmission Transmission (Positive and (Positive and Negative Ions)Negative Ions)

ActivitiesActivities

Chain Reaction Time Chain Reaction Time Wertheimer/ Boring (APA Activities Handbook 1 – Activity Wertheimer/ Boring (APA Activities Handbook 1 – Activity

84)84) Using class to measure simple and choice reaction timesUsing class to measure simple and choice reaction times

Right hand / Opposite handRight hand / Opposite hand Conduction of a Neuronal ImpulseConduction of a Neuronal Impulse

Kasschau (APA Activities Handbook 1 – Activity 84)Kasschau (APA Activities Handbook 1 – Activity 84) Several rows / message goes forward and to left or Several rows / message goes forward and to left or

rightright How Fast are Your Nerves?How Fast are Your Nerves?

Catching a falling meter stick under varied conditionsCatching a falling meter stick under varied conditions Preferred hand v. opposite handPreferred hand v. opposite hand Sight / Sound / TouchSight / Sound / Touch


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Basic Parts of a NeuronBasic Parts of a Neuron AxonsAxons DendritesDendrites

Dendritic SpinesDendritic Spines Cell BodyCell Body Terminal BranchesTerminal Branches


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Importance of dendritic spinesImportance of dendritic spines

Increased amount Increased amount of receptor sitesof receptor sites

Changes occur in Changes occur in the brains of the brains of individuals with individuals with cognitive cognitive impairmentsimpairments

Spine number is Spine number is sensitive to the sensitive to the quality of the quality of the environment during environment during early developmentearly development


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Classification of NeuronsClassification of Neurons

Based on Number Based on Number of Neurites (Axons of Neurites (Axons and Dendrites_and Dendrites_ UnipolarUnipolar BipolarBipolar MultipolarMultipolar

Based on DendritesBased on Dendrites (Shape of the (Shape of the

dendritic tree)dendritic tree) Stellate cells (star-Stellate cells (star-

shaped)shaped) Pyramidal cellsPyramidal cells


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Classification of NeuronsClassification of Neurons

Based on Based on ConnectionsConnections Sensory NeuronsSensory Neurons

Dendrites on surface Dendrites on surface areas such as eye areas such as eye and skinand skin

Motor NeuronsMotor Neurons Axons form synapses Axons form synapses

with muscleswith muscles InterneuronsInterneurons

Only connect with Only connect with other neuronsother neurons

Based on Axon Based on Axon LengthLength

Golgi Type I Golgi Type I NeuronsNeurons Projection neuronsProjection neurons ExtendExtend

Golgi Type II Golgi Type II NeuronsNeurons Local circuit Local circuit

neuronsneuronsUnit III. Biological Bases of Unit III. Biological Bases of BehaviorBehavior

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Classification Based on Classification Based on NeurontransmitterNeurontransmitter

Amino acid and amine transmitters Amino acid and amine transmitters Generally each stored in and released Generally each stored in and released

by separate sets of neuronsby separate sets of neuronsCholoneric NeuronsCholoneric Neurons

Release acytelcholine (Ach) at their Release acytelcholine (Ach) at their synapsessynapses

Includes all motor neurons in the spinal Includes all motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stemcord and brain stem


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Norepinephrine systemNorepinephrine system

Locus coeruleus Locus coeruleus in the in the ponspons (one on (one on each side)each side) Innervates almost every area of the brainInnervates almost every area of the brainOne neuron can make more than 250,000 One neuron can make more than 250,000

synapses (it can have one axon branch in synapses (it can have one axon branch in the cerebral cortex and another in the the cerebral cortex and another in the cerebellar cortex)cerebellar cortex)

Involved in attention, arousal, sleep-wake Involved in attention, arousal, sleep-wake cycles, learning, memory, anxiety, pain, cycles, learning, memory, anxiety, pain, mood, and brain metabolism.mood, and brain metabolism.


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Seratonin systemSeratonin system Mostly clustered in the nine Mostly clustered in the nine raphe nucleiraphe nuclei

Lie to either side of the midline of the brain stemLie to either side of the midline of the brain stem Each nucleus projects to different parts of the brainEach nucleus projects to different parts of the brain

Those in the medulla innervate the spinal cordThose in the medulla innervate the spinal cord Modulate pain-related sensory signalsModulate pain-related sensory signals

Those in the pons and midbrain innervate most Those in the pons and midbrain innervate most of the brain (as the of the brain (as the Locus coeruleus Locus coeruleus neurons do)neurons do)

Part of the ascending reticular activation systemPart of the ascending reticular activation systemImplicated in mood and emotional behaviorImplicated in mood and emotional behavior


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Dopamine systemDopamine system Substantia nigraSubstantia nigra

Produce and distribute Produce and distribute dopaminedopamine

Facilitate the initiation of Facilitate the initiation of voluntary movementsvoluntary movements

Degeneration of these Degeneration of these cells produces cells produces Parkinson’s DiseaseParkinson’s Disease

Ventral tegmental areaVentral tegmental area Produce and distribute Produce and distribute

dopaminedopamine Innervates a part of the Innervates a part of the

frontal cortex and parts frontal cortex and parts of the limbic systemof the limbic system

Involved in a “reward Involved in a “reward system that assigns system that assigns values to certain values to certain adaptive behaviorsadaptive behaviors

Implicated in psychiatric Implicated in psychiatric disordersdisorders


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Glia support neuronal functions.Glia support neuronal functions.

Most glia are Most glia are astrocytes which astrocytes which fill the spaces fill the spaces between neuronsbetween neurons

Glia envelop Glia envelop synaptic junctions synaptic junctions restricting the flow restricting the flow of of neurotransmittersneurotransmitters


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Myelinating GliaMyelinating Glia

Insulate axonsInsulate axons

Help speed Help speed transmissiontransmission

Interrupted by Interrupted by nodes of Ranviernodes of Ranvier


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NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters(See handout – Major Neurotransmitter (See handout – Major Neurotransmitter

ChartChart AminesAmines

AcetylcholineAcetylcholine DopamineDopamine NorepinephrineNorepinephrine SerotoninSerotonin

Amino AcidsAmino Acids GABAGABA GlutamatesGlutamates

PeptidesPeptides CCKCCK Endorphins Endorphins

((Enkephalins)Enkephalins) Substance PSubstance P

SynapseSynapse

Synaptic SitesSynaptic Sites


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E. Endocrine SystemE. Endocrine System Endocrine (glands)Endocrine (glands)

Exocrine (ducts)Exocrine (ducts)

HormonesHormones

Adrenal GlandsAdrenal Glands Epinephrine, Epinephrine,

norepinephrinenorepinephrine Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland

ThyroxineThyroxine Pituitary GlandPituitary Gland

ACTH - adrenocorticotropic ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormonehormone

Pancreas Pancreas Insulin, glucagonInsulin, glucagon

Testes, OvariesTestes, Ovaries Testosterone, estrogenTestosterone, estrogen


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F. GeneticsF. Genetics

Dominant TraitsDominant Traits Recessive TraitsRecessive Traits GenotypesGenotypes

Possible gene combinationsPossible gene combinations

PhenotypesPhenotypes Observable resultObservable result

Chromosomes and Chromosomal Abnormalities Chromosomes and Chromosomal Abnormalities (23/23)(23/23)

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

How Different are We?How Different are We?


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PHENOTYPE QUESTIONNAIRE

Non -blue eyes Blue eyes

Straight hair Non-straight hair

Free earlobes Attached earlobes

Bent little finger Straight little finger

PTC taster Non-PTC taster

Widow’s Peak Straight hair line

Phenotype ChartPhenotype Chart


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Documents

Unit III. Biological Bases of Behavior 1 Victim of Nail-Gun Accident Survives a Delicate Operation LA Times May 6, 2004 Isidro Mejia – Isidro Mejia – Stumbled