Unit II Classical Civilizations

Early African Cultures/Traditional Society/Bantu Migrations7/2013

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Migration - A permanent move from one country or region to another

Push-Pull Factors - Factors that either push or pull people out of an area or pull them into an area.7/2013

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Causes of Migration

Environmental

Economic

Political7/2013

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Causes of Migration

Environmental

Positive (Pull) Negative (Push)

•Climate changes•Exhausted resources•Earthquakes•Volcanoes•Drought/famine

•Abundant land•New resources•Good climate

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Causes of Migration

Economic

Positive (Pull) Negative (Push)

•Unemployment•Slavery

•Employment opportunities

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Causes of Migration

Political

Positive (Pull) Negative (Push)

•Religious, ethnic, or political

persecution, war

•Political and/or religious freedom

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Effects of Migration• Redistribution of the population may change population density.

• Cultural blending of languages or ways of life may occur.

• Ideas and technologies may be shared.

• People’s quality of life may be improved as a result of moving.7/2013

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Effects of Migration• Clashes between groups may create unrest, persecution, or even war.

• Environmental conditions may change, causing famine or depleted natural resources.

• Employment opportunities may dry up, creating unemployment and poverty.

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How did Bantu speakers and the people they encountered react to one another?

• As Bantu speakers spread south into hunter-gatherers’ lands, territorial wars often broke out

• Bantu people exchanged ideas and intermarried with people they joined.

• Created new cultures with unique customs and traditions (newtechniques for agriculture, ironworking to forge tools, weapons from copper and iron, social and political organization)

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• Made up of 52 countries and up to 1,000 different languages.

• African rivers have many rapids & waterfalls (hydroelectricity) but poor for transportation andcommunication

• Smooth coastline with escarpments (lack of good harborsAnd trade becomes difficult).

• Mountains – Kilimanjaro (highest), Kenya, Atlas, andDrakensberg

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Tectonic plate - segment of Earth's crust: a segment of the Earth's crust that moves relative to other segments and ischaracterized by volcanic and seismic activity around its margins

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Our first evidence of tectonic motion is based on similar fossils and rock types on opposing sides of the ocean

Tectonic Plates

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British anthropologist Dr Louis S B Leakey (1903 - 1972) sits at a table with four skulls, including the skull of the

world's earliest known man. 7/2013

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Kilimanjaro MountainAfrican Rivers African Deserts

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Desertification

• Scarcity of fertile farmland, pastures for livestock challenge for many Africans today

• Farmers must plant crops in poor soil

• Herders have to graze animals in extremely dry regions

Environmental Challenges• Result: soil in these areas dries

out, natural grasses cannot grow

• Sahara, Sahel deserts expanding due to desertification, spread of desert like conditions

• Desertification contributes to cycles of drought, famine that plague many African countries today

Desert like Conditions

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Identify Cause and Effect

What causes desertification in Africa?

Answer(s): planting crops in poor soil and grazing animals in dry areas, causing soil to dry out even more.7/2013

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