UNIT - I INTROD UCTION

1. Definition of Economics. 2. Types of economics system, their merits and demerits. 3. Defence as Development

UNIT - II DEFENCE BUDGET

1. Concept of finance revenue, expenditure. 2. Budgetary process, national income and gross national product. 3. Analysis of India, s budget.

NATCNEL SECURIY E INDIA

UNIT I : CONCERPT OF SECURITY

Meaning and dlinition: National saurity or netional delense

hation

sTha Seurity and delense o a haion

State fniudin i itizens ELono my

a

and and fnstitution, which s Tegaided as a

duty iginol govenment

Oriqinally

obeaived as Protecion

against miltaw attat, national sauri ty

alsd

seul ty

include

i nc widoly understood to

inlude aluò

non militay dimensions . induding the sourity

rom tarrorism,

minioisation ot crime.

inudinq 1e seuTIt

o crime

8e urty» environm-

e conomic seuriyenerqj

S2urity envizonm-

-ental 4eurri ty. ood 6eirity yber sauurity

etesimilariy nationa 82urits Tis

ionA fnude in ddditton to the dttions a

ofher nation 8tates, ation by violent

non- tata ators by Darotic cartels.

by violent

and aluo

ond multinationau orporatidn

and auo

toe chett baural disastor.

overnmant rely on a anga

asuros indudinq politial, euoDomic

and and militay poue. as ueu as diplomay

tosalaquald The Saurity o a nation

state They may alo at to build tha to to builJd the

and

Conditdh 6curity reqionally and

|intornationatly by Teducind transnational

Coue ot fns euurty Suth as climate as climate

chang o. Qpnomie inDq uni y, politiuoal

oztluiior and nuttea prolife ration

EEINTLON:

The oncopt of national seturity

remains ambiquow

haying ovolved

Simplor doinition uuhich emphasis ed

roedom Tom militar

Tbroat and rom

politica coeTCidn Among The many deinitior

ovolved

Tbrent and rom

Proposed to date aTe Thd ollooing which

shouu how the Concopt has erolved has erolved

laltor ippmann's Aeioitio A naton has &eurity w hen it does

not hae to &atTLtice it leqitimate its

intorestu to a oid war, and 'is ableif

chalenqed to maintain Tham by LLLaA.

Arnold lolfars cginition: National s'aurity obi octivaly means

the absernca q threat todquired valuas

and &ubjoutivoly he obsone oeas

that uth valulos uwill be attaked

O8TECTIVES OE NATRNAL SECORITY:

Tha dbje ttivas onoti onal 6oumity

Ore: pTOtocting BordeT

protouiný pooplas

prototind

tha proparty

Protaing the Tnstittution

TSRO

protetin the onstitution.

Preteting Border

Protautinq our

bordeTs 7om the

woapo hA drugs

illegal movement

oweapos. drugs

contraband and people ,

uhile prbmoting prbmottng

uawu trada

and traveli

esential

seurity economic prosparit- and

traue!i eMentiaal

to howa land

and national

S0verei qn h

Thdias 4st ina o dolence a

CTitica ink in its national seuri hy ,

Indias

S.000 km bordera

tDuth seven neiqhbourin

Counties; Aghanis tan pakistan , Nepal

Bhutan, china Banqlodeth Myanmor

Border reqion& have theiu own Jlocal

dynamicsotar shaped by subnationai

and retiqious fdentiies that do not

necassaiy aliqn neaty with political

border.reli�ious dentites that do not

necomarily' aluqn Some aluo &eve as

AlouTisbing DrTidors torillegal Smuqqling

Toth nology pla go0ds and hurman

an important Tole t betta proteiting

borders. but in soma Cnses it has made has made

borderT reqions do Dot 7ecaive the fuw te

attention the Indian Mainstream excpt

uben border tcnsicr arise uarding the eordert:

Cquardinq the borders is undertaken

by tfoe vaious bordor quauding torros.

The Tasponsibility for ta Indià- paristan

and ndia- Banqladesh border lios wit Bs

ARor t6e Indta- Myanmar Borders 4

the the India - china bordar and ssB tor fhe

Borders India- Nepa

and India- Bhutan Bordas.

Borde7

T additicn to tbi, the contral border

eLo and stom bas over &o0o

ofii alu iuals on Bodar6euuri ty coaut

miqration and aulitate The detoction

ot Thoso already staying in Indin.

The qovernmant alio undertook

The tonstrudiun oIep in drder to provide

better aulities or the illegal movemcnt

peopla and good auro tha border.

Protecting peopla: Human 6eurity advocotes now

bighligbt tbe comploittes o ouTL&

in insaurmty among human populations in

vasiou ituatios and ocation Thy

raspond to csuial ueris like "lbaB mare

peoplo ea&auTe? in a muth more onvinung

mannar. The basiu o human 6awrity ale

primauly ernsured by Deating Common aspiration

that pdople cherish the mbst Thase iroelude

oodor tha amily adeouata shettor, qood

heauthshooling or the childron protatio

aspiration

Tom violene,

Throat to people 's riqht and saloty- t6ei

ability that is to live a e re foas

and Toedom ro pervauive

Thy aTque That thase non- traditional

Th o Sauurity parametoTA aLtually detar mine the

&tota o human and tben naiona auri ty

However, in thu situation the tato-&ouety

relationship i epaaated rom "

Internationa

he

Telation" and te dom estic ealm belome

roore exililui Ve to human &2uusi ty.

TO MOunage tha bordaTA eltcctivels

Suvellante cortied out in the oYm

oTeqular patok by te bordars

quadihq personnal h addition. ewela

eeutronie dweillante oquiproen t uth u

night ision d evicos. bandhold

tbeTmal TbeTmal

imageTA, bottlefield &uweillane Tadas

diretions findaT Unatten ded ound tele siopes a

ound

Sensdrs and high - pcwered tele siopes an

wed by the border quasdinq fores ae

orce multiplie orqraate7

duuwillance. &uwellane.

Kequlation d the Border

Ettetive requlation c borde

trade2

involves aulitation o cqtiimata trade

and travel and Simultaneou

preven tion

oillega) miqrahon, smugqlinq and

frItration onsurqanb and terrorist

prevehhon

Building baTries to pre/ent illeqal inqrau

and edres ot peopla and qood u an eHcutie

noaan o roqulation that is eroployed

at the bordets .

ill eqal inqrau

efectie

Anothe7 metod employed loy the

qoverhment to nqular the bordar is the

pioparation oa ratonal Teqistar and

iuona tt Muuti- purposa Natonal tdentit

Cards. Thie uould bolp to provant ill2gad

South asia has beers a threat er o major

Seuuity (onam and Vutnerabilitios at

Tha qiond ader al and loral ew elu The

natue and contont o Th as a sauty ase

diveTAa and mastty elata to non- traditiom

paradiqm Toey trude political demand

puTAuOd through tarrorism and ins urqenu4

ore ad und voluntay miqration Tesuting

o oud- political Veon tet; envlropmenia

displacament CaLucd by naturol din uter dis outer

and dovaloproent projalt Os weu a poverty povertyy

suwcides Au Base

Stawation , and arar &uicide Al thasa

fasue

have orient ed national aurity sue

mora to ectarnal

parametan4.

ond tgnOrad

i'nterna dynamiu In the proce , dtig or

inee uuity ha often baon n cqlectad

nam

saUTiicod by t»a state

in the name

Thus

Jarqer militay

seuuity n tarest Thu

agenda

negle ctad

in terest

human seuui ty as an

ntarnal agenda

a national aqonda and militauy &huity

a a hatonal agonda.

distint tatmont

ntarnal an

Subjet Thamk alwes fo tuLo distint tatmonte

b b the same stata.

ISROANR NATLONAL SEUEITY Driven by the vteion o Prolas0T

vikram A sara bhai and nurturad by prof

Dbauan Thrust on perat &ystam ISRO

has made iqni {icanme P*oqren in au

TontteTA spate FsLV and GrSLV haue

emerqcd asletibla multipurprsa and

eiabte lauth vehicd es in 1 ton and 2ton

clas qcostationasy Trasjar prbit (lG1TD)

capabilty respectivety Toe new 1SLV T

under development ubld take this

Copability to 4 ton in a couple o years:

4 cla fn INSAT

The communication

<tallitas in INsAT 4 clau

aTe state o the art s atellitas uith upon with upon

Development

in sienti4ic Sat ellit os and exploving Outerton O1TO and 6 kul powa Ouuter

Spate wit chand rayan -I and ASTeaSAT

rom hava brougb uorld uude 7eLognition rom

suentie cbm munity The remota&esinq

anicultura Plahniq

and it application into

uLatar management

lood'mapping ete

have have brought Tndia fnto No: slot in uing

Spate matib wt to te best in tha uuorld

The ivilian spato

proqramma Tndia

ed by ISRO has brought us to tfoaorotron

NO: slot in usinq

best in tha2 LDrld.

The

in thi asna

The capability o pace Technology

bow eveT has not bedn uuy erploited'

for National auw ty Tis partty

due t

ta at that ISRO s mandata or

vilian applications .

s0u al proqramme

and Nattonal development and part

due tD Jock o tnsti tutiona wechanism to

to ink that 4ettity an all int oqratod

approath O e xt oxnal «auuity hau bbon

Armed orceA Cant ic Thore iulrno modbantam

f'n the count Y to Connet the intornal the interno

&eui hy aq on ie ik o NSO to tha auity

linked tothnoloqy availablo in tha Lourtry

1fe a uult

the

OT abroad Jt i in Tfhis ont oxt that Nationbl that

Nationbl

Secuity Advisory Boad ( NsAB) ha sugqartad

Tothnold

ugqar tad

CTe atidn oo Nåtiona) soutity Tochnoldhy

Directorata under

tha N.SA. tha N.SA.

ELEMENTS QFE NATIDNAL SEc ORITY'

Tangibla Elemant ( GRIPs)

LIntangible Elemant (CLIMB)

Tangible Elemenu

Geoqraphy Natural Rasourca

Induutrial dvelopment

population

* political 8truttura

Sciene e Tocbnolo

Militau

Intanqibla Elonmente

Chara tar o Naton

Laaderahip Ideoloqica elament

Morala /piploma Balano

(1

Delinition f Tangible element

Tangibla element re}eTA to

Elemcnts that hau a physicol orm and

Substance and s not fntangible That uuhich

may be elt 0r toucbed.

and

Tntangtble: Intanqible roeT to inapable o

otouth

Thinqs

inapabla o

being perceiv od by tha sensee touth

as inco7poreal

or immatorial thinqs

eas to the

impalpable not delina or

cleai to the

mind

tecqraphy and Natfonal seurity

Spata has bean an dong ssantia

tooltor thinkinq uticolly and communicatrq

clear uhen t omas to 'nationa &auurity

deislon- maring The Inoport ano oentul

Maps and gedqrophic tommunicating

cleary when t omes to natronad are ony

qrouinq in aD era u baLD qlobal challenge

and rar'euwodqroat power dompotitton.

Strataqstu and diplom ab would benei tr

roo qdinfng qreatar insight fnto The ulay

geoqrbphic înfor mation shapa national

euiity undertanding This tmpat an help produce

reLomm en dationsor how Anoericar

fn

deision makinq, Moropver

Strateqisb can more etetive Thine In

Space The took and rOsou durcas neaded to

el avata the spatia thinking Thosa

charqod oith onducting Aoerico orelgn

poliy and curing the hotionod interat

are au aralloble. 'unorturnatoy American

Strataqist are urrents not maeing uu

Use gpqrophlc TormatH on, inhi bitin

the poliu malinq proco a well au he

govemmeht ability o CommuniLata qlobof

poliy pespite hationod sccurity deision -

makeTs having unpraLolented OLLe to

coqraphic Inomation and toos wfth

uhfch to visualize the uDrld, this i not

The golden ago spatial Thinefng in nattoro

Sauulty poltuyinalang The chaluengos cor ronttr

the national eui fy Coopunity Teire he Ord

l2oning new uuay" Spattal toinkinq Qrd

rel aanthg old on e - on a qldbal duula

The abi lity to "tink "fn pate " ta mCTe "fs

Than mera nauiqatidn map reading, or

qeographic Wtbrau 0

Tha bauic assimption

id Out in Rfchaid "News tadt Stud toinkirg

in tima uuhich exploras hou olaustdn-

hoalkers con make better we a histony. af blstony.

ar 9ermana to this type o tinEinq

Tha st asumption s thdt bsy deision -

maker and tbeù aduiseTa are' pres entad iversity

Th

with aa tromendous oruontHt4 and etiversity

oinorm ation euey day THus, uuhen ft

Endividualu

cooes to thinkirng in' 4pate, suth Endfviduou

co nsume ony a 4mall amount o thbe

thetn. 009Taphic inormaion au ailablo t

tDetn.

inorroation The pros6uro o +f me

and lipited inorroatien

do not Jend them6elves to thinking cuticatly

or in the casa o Thinkah9 n 8pate, questionfrg

the qeng raphic randaTing they are

prosented with Tt is nevertbla posible t

athrova marghaj improvement în tht tane

fn tha C

Taphie 'nortoaton and

ba Nestadt

Natura Kesurce and Nationat seunity

The ability o natton to qrow

and dend tby ts Control!ed iB Jag

part by The arailabllity o natural rasourte

ations that do hot possas suticient

mineTa. anorg94 agiutura and udtos

resources uothfn thdii boundaies mut

oblain tham on the fnternational martot

uhore prices can be volatilo and&upplfas

unreltablo. In times nt LD al or part th f'naccasible

fnternationa marke may be fnacc euible

or and

critica)TesDUrta

unavailable or

fmport Minero) and eneTgH

aeLoUrco hawe

inte

beoma Inereasinqy ibpor tant

tho aduent ombhanlged

wartore. Even wa rOreEven

beoro that

houweuor other natural res dUTt« Qrooth

played an important

Tole fn the qrouoth

nationu A IThor 18 cantuTY :hip othe

fne fn Britsh Navy may hare required TUuired

4 O0,ODO boad eet o umbor.

much

uhich came 7om Britaihd

tolonla fin

NoTth America a

Colonles in

typicas &uburban home

fn the united 8tates F comparision

might ro oruira about 2000 boa1d oct boaid oot

umbaT, tiober and în Jator ttaaT Coal

and iron Tesourcs helpcd fn Britisb

Empira to betome a donina nt Drld

powa in the ITth, 13 'D Centur ie

uDrld

Enerq4 TOsouTcs The abilYty a

+be ogqTessive , to opand i territoy modon nations to dotand itsel 'or should

depend on a rali able S0ures oCnaig}

unti tha beginping the 20th c'entu

thts mcant dbal Athouqb wal remau an

foportant ancrQy Tesdutta That is uad to

eletri eity w ed in qenerate most the

Theunited state it has bean jofned fn

strateqic iopoTtanta by potrojeum and

nudea"ueu The uni't&d stat urrentuy

foport more than 3 billion barrels et oil

per yea om countTie Tanging rom

Saudi neigHbouung con ada and Meri tö Saudi

ATdbia, Niceria Trag and Angola Alfhoug

tho united sates ontaths sigotfcant

age petrolaum re4 eTVO they ard not lage

enougb to satishy tha nq- teTm dlernand

Iti n most COs also ndoro expensi re

to produte oil rom domectic reseTVoine

that Than to froport it rom Countri that

reovered aburdant and euilH

reDveTed

petroleum resDurces. The ederal qovernmor

mauntoun a Strateqic petroleum Reaeu

to help otset tfhe potontia) ottat o

an o Cmbargo Or otfber åupply intertuption-

havo (

Cndutriad doyelopment and Netiono

euuit The Induwtrial base as a wuhole ik

enparienuinq chanqe perbaps as he/a

be oTo uhile'ndlvi dual rm and proqra

wntinua to ris a and al'the over al U.s

national seuuuty marketplate wrestting

wth Tevolutionu n tethnolpgy heuw mod

aLanoreand uncertainty in eruything

rom fh labow pool to trad poliuy to V

budgetay resourLo

Mdny bellea that the fnduwtry i at

astrataqid inylaction point uuhere 1

utureLoh shdrpy change or battor or

tor uDT%e yet depite T toobination

importahta and uncertaih ty tha topic

tooreruenty opproathed fn a short teaD

manner too euontty delfned byy

osideration o asindle proqram

authorigation dousion ather than boad

trenou and to0rruenty di6 uusad i

too

mero bumpar Sticker term.

papulation aog Nationa seuiy

ouTA a tima orapid dnd pronounu

detmogephic chango Por hundrady 4

not thouands d ydou beore thbe Induiad

Rovo uthionthe paa 9lobal populaion

change weas hegligibla B &0me estiates estmatos

popu'ahon qTau by roughy i4 par

contuy betwecn tha yea loob and i7So.

At tent rate the kama poTpTo tionata

qrouth s auhievod fn leu thah eiqht eau

Over The past auo generatiok

demoqaphic thango ha 'not only radicolly

autered human humbe but hd protound

aHetted thei CooposlHon and qlobal

diutributon uhilo the role o ptpulation

fn uLrld ataus may secm ey- evid ant

ft relevañt to tbto pouwer and natona

arom obviou.

Technolqy and Natiooal seuuityy euuity s otar

AteT world wuai , Dean boolri d

hation

buit Hughes Aircrajt the haions

concartTaBon o tethnicn tolent

deroted to

rontieT militay tethnology

Based on the

atumuldtad by 1453

we uwera ouble to ound the Rämo-

wolridlge torporottbu , betora tha yeo

Teord uue had Rämo -

wos out,d wua

fnu>tad droted *n1s8 the unltad &tate attained

oporational IcBM's beating tha

russianu .

tho rusiau

merged without

bauees.Bayond ICB

therè uLa a spaLa Pooqrom:Tho

rmoon

anding and Many loroponent and

áyutem or 6phisticatad uuoopons.

there

Technologicou advane in uLcaponAy

uofl continua o ba neaded intob tha

toTEeaabla uture qovarnmant polides

and ations wfll ontihue to excrt a

poweTuPnuence on the buineu

opportuniti as o we- oanaqed tehnologica

Companies But deensa will Vno dpnqu

dominato and driva tha Tontier. The

oTmula tor &uLou either or stutup

Wentures or or the uTther qrouwth o )

arqe, stablixhmed LOTpOratidns .you ui

haud to uLDrk with neuw ahd mota mota

Comprehensive euoon

The 2contuy uwill be pervasively

Al natione wfllbare tethnoloqlco

ConvictioN that teehnology more acurately

the atmosphaTa fhat pYoducod creoltive

appllcation o tochnolo q4 wf be crtical

or oonomi grouoth, national sewity

the

crticau

and soualstdbility

The totality o

advoncoj Producad

eueuyuthara twil

Teatty transcand the tethnooqy originatirg

any ono plate moraOver No ainqle

Cunt uoi l8olely on i o un res0uTLeto

Compefe fn tho iorld arena.

¥ Alte rad national &euuty LoDoptu

wili thernselwes halp to olevate wortd

technorgicadAoietios touud neLO

plateau oopenas and aolvante

militauy trataqY wi produna more

tethhddgicol ohiumeT produt pinot

than Yn' the recent paut Maanuubilea The

dtintion betwaan mili fauy and civtlian dtlian

RaD uwfl tend to ode

Roconty adalerated

arm redutHons

neqotiations iIlaad to turthar laqe -

LLala d atroaua i'n oensiva nudeas weopor

but the likelihood mt be rated au vouy

strong And 0 the ame 8uperpouweT2 V

that hwe hitherto devo ted tremendou

militau rOsOurces to tha iopeTative a mili tauy

preparodneu and

doterrene ahd to

etting up barrieT to the fntam ati onlig ator

up fntam ati onligartor

Mcddng tedhno loqy - uoill now have to

contentratd on the fmperati va of veritiotion.

Tho EuLopeon ttoaatre, tethnoloq

have to

advanca s0on unthikabl to reucon militau

strenath by counting ol diart, tanlA

and Airplar Aduarcod el atronis and

Tobo an alroady malee a deendi ve deeni ve

Conventional amy more eettve than

an otensiva amy daga tn term d

repOueT Smart robotic ulanporu

than

Pure

Con pot and destroy emy tanks. tanu.

plane and militay oncantrotion

SupeTior elett ro nic wartare Ca

anabla NATO orcas to blot Ruslan

Lommunicationa uhile Preventng them

Tomamminq ouTs 6imilarly tohmputar

asisted mandgemant o battle frormation

mako posible hiqhlytvued milita4 orco

National eeurit and Militay

A strong natona dalebea is

critica to the seuuwh o the unitad 8toutes

and Ow d eral gbrernman prima

CDstituutiona responsibility.The qove Tnöant

mwt ramain viqilant in quardfn againt

tarrorist attaue, fnuuding the potadtiau

bfoteTrorik m. Tho primay purpoe o The

armed

orces nationod daornca In tho pot the

armed forc played a broader role

a not onu4 proteting

a national territoTy

broadec role

Too fnvasi on but aluo potentiauy condiuting

kansive warkaro, 8ohpa tima4 tin ha tontext

omilitau

fntarhatdnos ataiu cheni va uDore ha,

boLooe focraosinqs rara

and aut ut

of militauy alliancasHouwevar

tn ontemporay

ha and aut

anqrosionaue ill%eol under f'ntorntionaj

aw As orasult a these trends, as wel

a thangs in the relationship between the

aTmadtorte ond sototy Cnd drmea

or ouu on natona ddense

trend as uwOU

a

OLnd armeg

AYnred orra4 also howe socondauy

mtesione. provdnq ntorna) a e uuf hs and

&tobtlity thopast trt role uuok ofton

tirotod to rasponding to vfolant f'nternal

thraab to thetato br publíc that OxLoded

the copadty o întarna 4a cuit provider

orxnmpla thraat ro fnsur qen ies

OT &paratist movamenu amonq

Conta mporas thraab to intornod sowty

ou wel au tho poesionalluy o tha militau

and fts thanging role D s0ciaty noD meon

others

that armed forca ala înenra asTnd Latled

upon in situaions uuhero tha Onqahzahou

Sic.oquipment Dr tapabi

lfttos U o the

aTm ed ortas a weu &uit ed to8upplemon

aprimaily clvi lfan oparation

Tha armad torcas ara aluo toereairgly-

the Onqanzotiu

the

f'nvolvod in fnternationalsaui ty, tor

oxumpla fn peatakeoping and

upport missions

and In Internationol

TOspons to tranmationasewt thraat

Such as arms proli{oration terrorik m

and peat

threat

and and orqongiod cume ameng

others. others.