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Unit FourEducation
Lesson 8Education in the UK and the USA
Education in the UK and the USA
• Objectives• Starter • Teaching Points• Lesson Review
Objectives
• Acquire a general idea about the education systems in the UK and the USA.
• Make a comparison of the education systems in the two countries.
• Learn about the world-famous schools and universities of the two countries.
• Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the education systems in the UK and the USA and that of China.
Starter
Identify the following pictures, and say what you know about them.
Warmingup:
1 、 How many elite universities do you know are there in the UK and USA separately?
2 、 P117 ——starterTalk about Eton College, Oxford university and Stanford universities as much as you can.
UK:
1 、剑桥大学
2 、牛津大学
3 、英国伦敦经济学院
4 、伦敦大学亚非学院
5 、伦敦大学
6 、约克大学
7 、伦敦大学帝国学院
USA:
1 、 Princeton University 普林斯顿大学 ( 新泽西州 ) 2 、 Harvard University 哈佛大学 ( 麻萨诸塞州 ) 3 、 Yale University 耶鲁大学 ( 康乃缔克州 ) 4 、 California Institute of Technology 加省理工学院 ( 加州 ) 5 、 Stanford University 斯坦福大学 ( 加州 )6 、 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 麻省理工学院 ( 麻萨诸塞州 ) 7 、 University of Pennsylvania 宾夕法尼亚大学 ( 宾州 ) 8 、 Duke University 杜克大学 ( 北卡罗来纳州 ) 9 、 Dartmouth College 达特矛斯学院 ( 新罕布什尔州 ) 10 、 Columbia University 哥伦比亚大学 ( 纽约州 ) 11 、 University of Chicago 芝加哥大学 ( 伊里诺州 ) 12 、 Cornell University 康奈尔大学 ( 纽约州 ) 13 、 Washington University at St Lous 圣路易斯华盛顿大学 ( 密苏里州 ) 14 、 Northwestern University 西北大学 ( 伊里诺州 ) 15 、 Brown University 布朗大学 ( 罗德岛州 )
Eton College
• Eton College: A public school (privately-funded and independent) for boys, founded in 1440 by King Henry VI. It is located in Eton, near Windsor in England, north of Windsor Castle, and is one of the original nine English public schools as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868.
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Eton College
伊顿公学室内乐团
校长：托尼 · 里特先生
伊顿公学为不同职位、不同等级、不同荣誉的获得者设计了不同着装。伊顿的校服类似绅士的黑色燕尾服、白色衬衫、圆领扣、黑色的马甲、长裤和皮鞋。这套行头就要 700 英镑（ 7000RMB ），加上配套的成打衬衫、领带等，装扮一个伊顿人，至少要好几千英镑。在黑色燕尾服中，有一些带披风的，那是国王奖学金获得者的标志。有些穿不同颜色马甲的，是伊顿 5 年级的“明日之星”，他们是从所有获奖者中选出的佼佼者。如果配有银色扣子，则代表最高级别的优秀学生，他们有权参与学校政务。
University of Oxford
• The University of Oxford (informally “Oxford University”, or simply “Oxford”), located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. It is also regarded as one of the world's leading academic institutions.
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Oxford University
餐厅
1168 年，牛津大学成立。 1209 年，牛津一位学生练习射箭，误杀了镇上一名妇女，引发了一场骚乱。愤怒的牛津市民抓了两个无辜的老师严刑拷打，从而引发冲突。结果师生们被市民追杀得四处逃窜。 12 名牛津师生流落到剑桥，被伊利主教收容。之后，其它地方的一些学者也慕名而来，一所新的大学逐渐建立起来，就是剑桥大学。
学校的管理是很严格的。每 10 个学生学校配一名校工，照顾学生，替他们整理床铺、打扫房间；除此之外，还负责早晨叫醒睡懒觉的学生，检查学生是否去上课。
Stanford University
• Located between San Francisco and San Jose in the heart of Silicon Valley硅谷 , Stanford University is recognized as one of the world's leading research and teaching institutions.
• Leland and Jane Stanford founded the University to "promote the public welfare by exercising an influence on behalf of humanity and civilization."
New words:
Pre-reading:
P.118
A grammar school is one of several different types of school in the history of education in the United Kingdom and some other English-speaking countries, originally schools teaching classical languages but more recently academically-oriented types of secondary school.
Education in the UK
Primary and secondary education
3-4yNursery/infants school
5-11yPrimary school
11-16/(older)Secondary schoolMost Comprehensive/Grammar school
Compulsory schooling
GCSE
job Prepare for university entrance
Vocationaltraining
State school: funded by local and central goverment free compulsory education for children
Private school:
public school, independent school, fee-paying, 8%children
•独立于国家教育系统之外，不受到政府管理，也不接受国家的“教育经费”。• “ 公”是指学生，可以来源于各地，而不是指学校的承办和管理者。•伊顿公学”“哈罗公学”这些著名的“公立高中”实际上都是私立学校。•之所以叫“ public” 另一个原因是这些学校的学生毕业后除了进入牛津剑桥这样的大学外，还有很多进入公共事物（相当我国的公务员）领域开始职业。
Education in the UK
Higher education
British universities:
public bodies, funded by central government;complete freedom,
Open university: non-residential, for adult students of all age;
Changes: 5 points P.121
Text A The UK
Education Policy
School Systems
Higher Education
the UK
• In the UK, there are three separate statutory system of public education for England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. They are separately financed and administrated. Here we focus on the education in England and Wales.
Education Policy
• Before 1870, education was voluntary and many of the existing schools had been set up by churches. From 1870, the government started to take responsibility for education.
• Britain practises compulsory full-time education for all children from the age of 5 to 16. All children are granted free education at state-run schools. This has been a fundamental policy since 1944, when the Education Act was passed and free education was implemented for all children throughout the country.
Education Policy
Education Policy
• The 1944 Education Act set up a “tripartite”[traɪ'pɑːtaɪt](三重的；分成三部分的；一式三份的 ) system of secondary education in state school system. It was composed of three types of high schools: grammar schools, secondary modern schools, and technical schools技术学校 . Entry to these schools was based on the eleven plus examinations (11+).
• In the 1960s, comprehensive schools were introduced to end the eleven-plus selection and the secondary school division with the idea that pupils should not be selected and streamed at such an early age.
• The National Curriculum was introduced in 1988 when the Education Reform Act was passed. It was established for all state schools, intended to influence the subject matter of teaching. The program occupies no less than 70% of the school timetables. At primary levels, it emphasizes reading, writing and arithmetic; and it emphasizes science and technology at higher levels. It also brought in 4 key stage tests known as “SATS”, respectively for ages 5-11, 7-11, 11-14, and 14-16.
Education Policy
Standard Assessment Tests
The National Curriculum
• 英国在 1988 年通过的《教育改革法案》中制订了全国统一的国家课程 (the National Curriculum) ，目的在于规定英国中小学各门课程的基本教学内容及其应达到的学习目标，促进中小学教育质量的全面提高。
• Education in Britain is divided into four stages: primary education, secondary education, higher education and further education.
• According to the arrangement of the state school system, children start primary school at the age of 5 and go on to secondary school at the age of 11 and stay there until 16. Free compulsory education is available for all children up to the age of 16. After that, they can choose to study for two more years in preparation for higher education. Students start their university education around 18.
Education Policy
• There are two parallel school systems in Britain for primary and secondary education. One is the state school system, where education is provided free of charge. The other is the independent school system, where tuition and fees are paid by pupils. Most of state schools are co-educational day schools男女混合学校 while independent schools are predominantly single-sex boarding schools. The National Curriculum is compulsory in the state schools, but optional in the independent schools. However, most independent schools teach what the National Curriculum demands in practice.
The School Systems
• In Britain, most children are educated in state schools. From the age of 5 to 11, most children attend state primary schools. The state primary education is usually divided into two stages: an infant stage from 5 to 7 and a junior stage from 7 to 11.
• The infant schools are usually staffed by women, similar to nursery schools. In junior schools children are expected to learn more skills.
The State School System
• Formerly, at the end of primary education, pupils should take the 11+ examination, which was a selective exam for them to take an appropriate secondary education. Those who passed the 11+ went to grammar or technical schools, while those who failed went to the secondary modern schools.
• Today, the eleven-plus selection and the secondary school division has been abolished in most parts of the UK. So, pupils can directly go to secondary schools after finishing their primary education.
The State School System
• State secondary schools take in students aged 11, after which compulsory education continues for 5 years until they have reached the age of 16.
• Today, about 90% of secondary schools are comprehensive schools. And about 90% of all the secondary school students attend such schools. Comprehensive schools provide general education for all children from the age of 11 to 18 from a given district, which admit children without reference to their academic abilities. Pupils in these schools are often streamed for different subjects according to their ability.
The State School System
• When children finish their schooling at 16, they are required to take a national examination---the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE).
• Having completed their GCSE, students may choose to leave school and begin working, or they may choose to continue full-time education in the Sixth Form if they can pass a more difficult examination---General Certificate of Education at Ordinary Level, known as the O-levels.
The State School System
• After two years’ studying in the Sixth Form, those students usually reach the age of 18 and they will take another examination known as the A-levels---General Certificate of Education at Advanced Level---in 3 or 4 subjects.
• Since admittance to universities depends largely on the A-level results, the two years spent in the Sixth Form (第六级学院 ) are very important and often very stressful for students.
The State School System
• Other students who decide not to go to university may choose to take vocational training. The vocational equivalent of A-levels are GNVQs (General National Vocational Qualifications 普通国立职业资格 ), which provided a broadly based preparation for work or for further vocational education.
The State School System
The State School System
• Before comprehensive schools were introduced in the 1960s, the state secondary education was a “tripartite” system. It was composed of three types of high schools: grammar schools, secondary modern schools, and technical schools. Entry to these schools was based on the eleven plus examinations (11+).
• Grammar schools are the oldest type of secondary school in England and Wales. These schools emphasize academic studies and teach a wide range of subjects. They prepare their students to take the exams for General Certificate of Education at Advanced Level （中学毕业证） so that they will be admitted to prestigious[pre'stɪdʒəs] 有名望的 universities.
The State School System
• Now many grammar schools have been replaced by comprehensive schools. Only 3% state school pupils are at grammar schools.
• Technical schools take students with a bent for practical skills. They provide an integrated academic and technical course. They are usually connected with some industrial organization and other professions. Their entrance requirements and the years at school are the same as grammar schools. Such schools are now attended by only 1% of all students of secondary school age.
The State School System
• Secondary modern schools offer more general and practical schooling. Many special courses are provided in these schools, among which the most popular one is the academic course leading to General Certificate of Education (GCE). Many students in these schools can win General Certificate of Education at Ordinary Level. So they can be transferred to grammar schools after earning this Certificate. Such schools are now attended by only 5% of all students of secondary school age.
The Independent School System
• Alongside the state schools are the independent schools in Britain. Now there are about 2500 independent schools in the UK. About 6% of all British children receive primary and secondary education in these independent schools.
• Independent schools are private fee-paying schools. They are independent of government control and rely on fees and endowments for their income. They mainly include prep schools and public schools.
The Independent School System
• Prep schools are the first stage of the independent school system. They prepare children from the age of 7 to 13 for entry to public schools. These schools focus on academic achievement and have an informal but close link to their target public schools. When reaching the age of 13, pupils in prep schools will take the Common Entrance Examination for admission into public schools to which prep schools are linked. Prep schools are predominantly single-sex.
The Independent School System
• Public schools forms the second stage of the independent school system. They take in students from the age of 11(or 13) to 18. They were originally created to provide education for the sons of the rich and aristocratic. Public schools only enroll prep school graduates and emphasize the value of self-reliance, character-training and the pursuit of personal interest. They are normally boarding schools and are predominantly single-sex.
The Independent School System
• Public schools are the foundation-layer of the British education because most of the members of the British Establishment were graduated from these schools. The most famous ones of some 250 public schools are Eton College, Harrow School, Winchester College, and Rugby School.
• The independent schools play a significant role in British education. Although they make up less than 10% of the total, they take 35% of the top GCE A-levels and provide over 25% of university students.
公学的演变和发展 公学（ public school): 专门为贵族服务的私立学校，大部分为寄宿学校。
1382 ：温彻斯特公学（ Winchester) 成立； 1440 ：伊顿公学(Eton)
到 19世纪三十年代，共有九大公学（圣保罗、什鲁伯里、威斯敏斯特、泰勒、拉格比、哈罗、查特豪斯）
1. 初期为贫困者子弟而开设，中世纪后期以接受贵族子弟和富人子弟为主；
2. 教育内容和文法学校相类似，教授古典文化课程， 1870 年，拉丁文和希腊文占据学校五分之四左右的课时。
3. 和牛津剑桥大学的学院相联系；4. 寄宿制5. 重视学生人格培养，锻炼意志和体力，如越野、拳击、击剑、骑马
等。
Higher Education
• Higher education has a long history in Britain. About 1/3 of young people in Britain go on to higher education at 18 and about 1.8 million students are currently in the British higher education system. Before 1998, university students did not pay tuition for their education. In addition, students from poor families could receive maintenance grant( 助学金 ) from the central government. In 1998, the Labor government abolished the maintenance grant and implemented a tuition plan for university education.
Higher Education
• British universities are legally independent and enjoy complete academic freedom. They appoint their own staff, decide which students to admit, provide their own courses and award their own degrees. Admission is by selection based on the A-level results, school references and an interview. Degrees are awarded according to students’ performance during their studies, yet are often dependent on final examinations. Most bachelor’s degrees take 3 years to complete. At the postgraduate level, a taught master’s degree is normally earned in a single year, a research master’s degree takes 2 years, and a doctoral degree is required from 3 to 5 years.
Higher Education
• All British universities are partially funded by central government grants, except Buckingham University which is the only privately-financed university in Britain. Besides, universities derive income from tuition fees, donations and corporate contributions.
• Now there are more than 100 universities in Britain. They can be divided into 3 types. The ancient universities of Oxford (1167) and Cambridge (1209) date from the 12th and 13th centuries, respectively. Other older universities were founded in Scotland in the 15th and 16th centuries, such as St. Andrews (1411), Glasgow 格拉斯哥大学 (1450), Aberdeen 阿伯丁大学 (1494), and Edinburgh (1583). They are “old universities”.
Higher Education
• The second type comprises “red-brick” or civic universities created between 1850 and 1930, such as Leeds 利兹大学 , Liverpool and Manchester.
• The third type consists of “new universities” founded after World War II, such as Sussex 苏塞克斯 , York, and East Anglia东安格利亚大学 . In 1960s there was a large expansion in the number of universities and many new institutions were founded. In 1992 the number grew again when polytechnics 科技专科学校 and other higher education establishment were granted university status.
Higher Education
• In addition to these traditional universities, the UK has innovated the Open University. It was founded in 1969 with the purpose of giving opportunities to adults who had been unable to take conventional higher education. It offers a non-traditional way for people to take university courses and obtain university degrees. It has no entry qualifications. Students follow university courses through TV, radio, video, textbooks, correspondence and a network of study centers.
Top ten universities in the UK
• Rank University • 1 University of Oxford • 2 University of Cambridge • 3 Imperial College London • 4 London School of Economics • 5 University of St. Andrew's • 6 University College London • 7 University of Warwick 华威大学 • 8 University of Bristo 布里斯托大学 • 9 University of Durham['dʌrəm] 杜伦大学• 10 King's College London
University of Oxford-- 简称 Oxon
• Oxford University, an English autonomous institution of higher learning at Oxford, Oxfordshire, England, lies along the Upper River Thames, 50 miles northwest of London. The university has 39 independent Colleges and Halls.
John Wesley
• John Wesley (June 29 1703 – March 2, 1791) was an Anglican minister and Christian theologian who was an early leader in the Methodist movement. Methodism had three rises: the first at Oxford University with the founding of the “Holy Club”; the second while Wesley was parish priest in Savannah, Georgia; and the third in London after Wesley’s return to England. 卫斯理（英国十八世纪著名的基督教牧师、基督教神学家）
Great names associated with Oxford in British history
Cardinal Thomas Wolsey 托马斯 ·沃尔西
• Cardinal Thomas Wolsey was born in 1473 and died in November 1530. Wolsey was Henry VIII’s most important government minister who acquired much power which ended only after he failed to secure for Henry a divorce from Catherine of Aragon.
• Wolsey was the son of a butcher and cattle dealer. He had a relatively comfortable upbringing and was educated at Magdalen College莫德林学院 , Oxford University. Wolsey decided on a life devoted to God and he joined the church.
Great names associated with Oxford in British history
Oscar Wilde
• Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 1854 – 30 November 1900) was an Irish playwright, novelist, poet, and author of short stories. Known for his biting wit, he became one of the most successful playwrights of late Victorian London, and one of the greatest celebrities of his day. He was awarded a scholarship to Magdalen College, Oxford, where he continued his studies from 1874 to 1878 and where he became a part of the Aesthetic movement, one of its tenets being to make an art of life. 奥斯卡 · 王尔德（ Oscar Wilde ， 1854 年 10月 16 日— 1900 年 11月 30日）（又译奥斯卡 ·怀尔德）英国唯美主义艺术运动的倡导者，爱尔兰著名剧作家、诗人、散文家。
Great names associated with Oxford in British history
Sir Richard Burton
• Sir Richard Francis Burton (March 19, 1821 – October 20, 1890) was an English explorer, translator, writer, soldier, orientalist, ethnologist, linguist, poet, hypnotist催眠家 , fencer击剑手 and diplomat. He was known for his travels and explorations within Asia and Africa as well as his extraordinary knowledge of languages and cultures. According to one count, he spoke 29 European, Asian, and African languages.
• Burton entered Trinity College, Oxford, in the autumn of 1840. Despite his intelligence and ability, he soon antagonized his teachers and peers. During his first term, he is said to have challenged another student to a duel after the latter mocked Burton's moustache.
Great names associated with Oxford in British history
Education in the USA
Elementary, secondary, higher education,coeducation / single sex institutions
Characteristic: diversity
state——establish its own policies
Education in the USA
Private school:•need certain tuition fees;•Run by religious groups, private organisations or individuals •Religious teaching included
public school ：• free and compulsory, • elementary and secondary education included,• majority of students, supported by taxpayers;• Supported and governed by states or communities;• Decisions guided by Boards of Education;
Elementary/secondary (public education): free&compulsory
Secondary education: grades 9—12 ( high school )
Grades 7—9 junior high school
Grades 10---12 senior high school
Education in the USA
Higher education
Successful applicants: 4 points p.123
Four categories of higher education:
Characteristics of US EducationElementary and Secondary Education
Higher Education
Text B The USA
Golden Gate Bridge San Francisco
Characteristics of US Education
• Education in the US is regarded as both an individual benefit and a social necessity. It’s a general view that every American has the right and obligation to become educated.
• Formal education in the US consists of elementary, secondary and higher education.
• In the US, public schools coexist with private ones at all levels of education. Public schools, usually larger in size, are created, financially supported and governed by states or communities, and private schools are created, financially supported and governed by religious groups, private organizations or individuals.
Characteristics of US Education
• There are more public elementary and secondary schools than private ones, while private colleges and universities outnumber public ones.
• Most schools are coeducational.• Under the Tenth Amendment to the US Constitution,
education in the US is governed by state and local governments rather than by the federal government. Each of the 50 states has its own law regulating education. So there isn’t a national system of education in the US and many variations can be found in the education system of the 50 states.
Elementary and Secondary Education
• Elementary and secondary education in the US, is free and compulsory, covering 12 years for ages of 6 through 18.
• In the US, classes of students are divided into 12 academic levels called grades. In some school systems, the elementary school covers grades 1-8 and the high school covers 9-12. In other school systems, the elementary school covers grades 1-5 or 6, the junior high school covers 6 or 7-9, and the (senior) high school covers 10-12.
• Elementary education begins at age 5 or 6 and secondary education ends at age 17 or 18.
Elementary and Secondary Education
• Elementary schools tend to be small and high schools are usually large.
• For the actual operation of schools, the state authorities delegate primary responsibility to local governments which set up independent school districts with elected local boards of education making most decisions regarding public elementary and secondary educations in their own districts. Now there are about 16,000 school districts in America.
Elementary and Secondary Education
• The elementary school curriculum mainly consists of the basics, such as reading, writing, arithmetic or mathematics. Social studies, science, music, art, foreign languages, physical education, etc. are also included.
• A typical high school curriculum includes almost all the subjects for elementary schools, but they are more specialized. Many high schools offer electives for students.
Elementary and Secondary Education
• In elementary schools, nearly all teachers are women and teachers pay more attention to making children happy and interested rather than giving rigid死板的 instruction.
• American high schools are made up of comprehensive, academic, vocational and technical schools with different tasks: comprehensive high schools provide both academic and vocational education; academic high schools only aim to prepare students for higher education; vocational and technical schools teach the skills of various occupations.
Elementary and Secondary Education
• Most children in the US attend public elementary and secondary schools. The revenues to operate public schools come from states and localities.
• Private schools rely on private sources and student tuition fees for their fund. They are small in number and can be divided into two types: private religious schools, and elite private schools.
• After finishing elementary education, students go to high school automatically. There is no entrance examination.
• Of all the high school graduates, over 60% continue onto college after graduation.
Higher Education
• Higher education in the US began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. Now, America has a large number of universities. According to the 1994 Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, America has 3595 institutions of higher education. They include125 research universities, 111 doctoral universities, 529 master’s comprehensive colleges and universities, 637 liberal arts colleges, 1471 junior colleges and 722 specialized institutions.
• Each college or university has its own emphasis with regard to its functions. The system of higher education in America has three principal functions: teaching, research, and public service.
Higher Education
• Most institutions of higher education, both public and private, are located in the states with larger populations.
• The most prestigious of all universities are the Ivy ['aɪvɪ] League schools, including Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia. All of them are private universities.
• Each private university or college is governed by a board of trustees while each public university or college is governed by a board of regents. Trustees and regents are laymen who receive no pay from the university or college they serve. The underlying idea is that laymen will be more likely to represent the public interests than professionals.
• Ivy League—including eight universities (Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Harvard, Pennsylvania, Princeton, and Yale) – Stanley Woodward, a New York Herald Tribune sports
writer, coined the phrase in the early thirties. 一位《纽约报》体育新闻记者斯坦利 ·伍德沃德先生铸造了此名词
Harvard Princeton Yale Columbia Pennsylvania Cornell
Dartmouth达特茅斯
Brown
Higher Education
• The board has total authority as the legal body responsible for the university or college. Meanwhile, most states have their own separate university boards for higher education.
• America has more private universities than public ones, but most students attend public universities.
• Admission to an institution of higher education in America is determined by each college or university. There is no national standard. It is selective and competitive, especially in private universities. But open admission is also practiced in some public universities, especially in public community colleges.
Higher Education
• In America, there is no annual college entrance examination. The college applicants are chosen according to this criteria:
---their high school records;
---their scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT);
---recommendations from their high school teachers;
---the impression made during interviews at the university.• Since higher education is not compulsory, all college
students must pay tuitions and fees for themselves. The tuition charged by private universities is usually much higher than that of public ones.
• No annual college entrance examination; applicants are chosen on the basis of the following 4 aspects:
1
high school records
2
high school teachers’
recommendations
3
the impression made during interviews at the university
4
scores on the Scholastic
Aptitude Test (SAT)
Higher Education
• States in America run their own state universities. A state university charges a lower rate of tuition for students who are citizens of the state, known as in-state students本州学生 . For students from other states, known as out-of-state 外州 students, the tuition is usually doubled. International students are charged the same rate of tuition as out-of-state students. Private universities charge the same rate of tuition for all the students.
Higher Education
• University students in America study a variety of subjects. A typical undergraduate curriculum consists of general education, the major and supporting courses.
• Typically, an undergraduate student has to earn a certain number of credits (usu.120) to obtain a degree at the end of four years of college.
Study in college
Group work
Discussion and debate
Higher Education
• Graduate study, aims at preparing students for professional work. The master’s program is primarily an extension of undergraduate study. The master’s degree can normally be earned in 1 or 2 years by students holding a bachelor’s degree.
• The doctoral program requires at least 3 years’ postgraduate study. Usually, the student pursuing the doctoral program teaches or serves as a research assistant part-time. So, a student holding a bachelor’s degree has to study 5-8 years to earn the Ph.D.
• Living accommodations—no enough residence halls– modern and fashionable, but limited and small in space
College Life
Part-time working to earn tuition and
living expenses
• as a librarian or a waiter in a restaurant
• a stock keeper in a supermarket
Higher Education
• Community colleges are one of the most important innovations in the history of American higher education. They are a kind of 2-year colleges which grant associate degrees副学位 . They provide general and liberal education, career and vocational education, adult and continuing education.
• By 1990, there are over 1300 community colleges in the US. 2/3 of them are public. They make up 38.4% of the total student enrollment in American higher education and over 50% of all college freshmen enrollment.
Top ten universities in the USA
Rank University 1 Princeton University 2 Harvard University 3 Yale University 4 Stanford University 5 California Institute of Technology 加州理工学院 6 University of Pennsylvania 7 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 8 Duke University 杜克大学 9 University of Chicago 10 Columbia University
Harvard University
• The oldest institution of higher learning in America
– comprehensive university that mainly grants degrees
– engaged in scientific research
– established in 1636
– named after John Harvard—its first benefactor (捐助者 )
• School badge—VERITAS (Latin): truth – “以柏拉图 (Plato) 为友，以亚里士多德 (Aristotle) 为友，更要以真理 (truth) 为友”
• Three Lies of the Harvard Statue
Harvard University
Three Lies of the Harvard Statue:
☻The “Founder” John Harvard was actually not the founder. The university was founded by two British teachers. What John Harvard did was donating some money when the school was about to shut down due to financial restricts two years after founded.
☻The university was not founded in the year 1638 as is engraved on the statue. It was founded two years ago. 1638 was nothing but the year he donated money.
☻The biggest joke about the statue is that the person sitting on the chair is not John Harvard himself! John had already passed away when the university decided to set up a statue and there's no picture left of John. So they just selected a most handsome male students as the statue's model.
• Outstanding academic achievements– 7 presidents
• John Adams, John Q. Adams• Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt • Rutherford B. Hayes, John F. Kennedy• George W. Bush
– more than 40 Nobel laureates
Franklin D. Roosevelt
John F. Kennedy
Harvard University
Yale University
Founded in 1701 as the Collegiate School ( 联合学院 ) in Killingworth, Connecticut
Renamed Yale College in 1718 after the donator Elihu Yale
Became Yale University in 1887 The third oldest institution of
higher education in America
• 3 major academic components:
– Yale College (the undergraduate program)
– the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
– ten professional schools
• A wide array of research organizations, libraries, museums, administrative and support offices
• The Skull & Bones—secret student society composed of up and coming political elites
– famous “bonesmen”: George W. Bush, John Kerry, William F. Buckley Jr. etc.
Yale University
MIT
MIT—Massachusetts Institute of Technology Established in 1861 in Boston, moved to
Cambridge in 1916 Institute of developing advanced administrative
talents and scientific and technological talents
One of the teaching and research centers of
science and technology Composed of 5 schools
the School of Architecture and Planning the Engineering School the School of Humanities and Social Humanities the Slogan School of Management the School of Science
MIT
• Academic Achievements 63 current or former members of the MIT community
have won the Nobel Prize, including 25 professors, 26 alumni, 14 researchers and one staff physician.
27 of the Nobel Prizes are in physics, 12 in chemistry, 13 in economics, 9 in medicine/physiology, and 2 in peace.
Paul Samuelson
professor of economics at MIT, sole recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1970
MIT
Chartered in 1746, known as the College of New Jersey
The fourth institution of higher education in the US
Three of the physics professors won the Nobel Prize
Famous graduates President W. Wilson (1879) James Madison (1771) and over 80 Senators
Princeton University
Discussion:
1 、 What do you think of the vocation-oriented education in the west? Is this kind of education important in China? Why?
2 、 Is it a good idea for students to give up college education for vocational training? Why ?
3 、 What do you think of the higher education in China? What education problems are we facing and what do we need to learn from the education in the USA?
Lesson Review
I Vocabulary Building
II Key Facts
II Discussion
IV Activities
1. Board of Education2. SAT 3. 11-plus 4. grammar school 5. Harvard 6. Technical training
institution 7. Oxford 8. Open University 9. comprehensive schools
10.Eton
a. the most famous public school in the UKb. vocation-oriented college c. the oldest college in US d. entrance exam to college e. examination system for entry to secondar
y education in the UK f. schools for students who show academic
potential g. non-residential university requiring no ent
rance exams h. secondary schools without reference to s
tudents’ academic abilities i. the most famous university in the UK j. basic unit of education administration for
compulsory education
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I Vocabulary Building
Match each of the items on the left with its meaning on the right.
II. Key Facts
• Pre-school education (age 3-5)• Compulsory education ：
– Infant School (age 5-7)– Junior School (age 7-11)– Comprehensive School (age 11-16); Certificate: GCSE– Secondary Modern (age 11-16); Certificate: GCSE– Grammar School (age 11-16); Certificate: GCSE– Technical School (age 11-16); Certificate: GCSE– Sixth Form (16-18); General Certificate of Education Advanced Level(
SCE “A”)• Higher Education (age 16-19+ )
– Non-university level post-secondary studies (technical/vocational type);
– University level first stage: Undergraduate stage, Bachelor’s degree– University level secondary stage: Master’s degree– University level third stage: Master of Philosophy, Doctor of Philosop
hy– University level fourth stage: Higher Doctorate
Write a 200-word report about the education system in the UK with the information below.
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III. Discussion
• What are the common and different characteristics of the education in the UK and the USA？
• What are grammar schools and comprehensive schools? What do you think about this system of education? Make a comparison of the grammar schools in the UK and the key schools in China.
• What’s the Open University? Do we have this kind of universities in China?
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IV. Activities
• Make a comparison of the compulsory education
in the UK, the USA and China．• Make an oral report about the education system
s in the UK and the USA.
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