Unit Four19th Century Change

ALEX Standards 9. Describe the impact of technological inventions,

conditions of labor, and the economic theories of capitalism, liberalism, socialism, and Marxism during the Industrial Revolution on the economies, societies, and politics of Europe.

10. Describe the influence of urbanization on the Western World during the nineteenth century.

11. Describe the impact of European nationalism and Western imperialism as forces of global transformation, including the unification of Italy and Germany, the rise of Japan's power in East Asia, economic roots of imperialism, imperialist ideology, colonialism and national rivalries, and United States' imperialism.

Activity: Inventions and Innovations Chart

Using your iPads, research the following inventions and innovations from the Industrial Age. Discover what they are, when they were discovered (and by whom, if possible) and what industry the belong to.

Put each invention’s explanation in its appropriate place on the chart.

Spinning Jenny

Cotton Gin

Steam Engine

Telephone

Telegraph

Sewing Machine

Reaper

Flying Shuttle

Steam-Driven Locomotive

Enclosures

Crop Rotation

Seed Drill

Beginnings of Industrialization

The first Industrial Revolution began in Britain, where farmers were discovering ways to increase production and improve product quality.

IndustrializationThe process of developing machine

production of goods, which depended on natural resources:Water power and coal to fuel machines

Iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings

Rivers and harbors for transportation and sale of goods

FactoriesIn order to increase production,

large buildings called factories were built. Factories were typically established along bodies of water, so they could benefit from water power and easily transport their goods.

Entrepreneur

A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business.

Factors of Production

Because Britain had all the factors of production (the resources needed to produce goods and services), the Industrial Revolution started there.

Activity: Make a Business

With a partner or two, invent a new product that has never been seen before. Draw and explain what it will do, and give it a reasonable price.

You will pitch your idea to the class and we will see how many people in class would buy it.

The team with the most votes will get a special prize!

Philosophies of Industrialization

Laissez-faire: French for “let do”, this economic philosophy allows for a free market, with no government regulation

Utilitarianism: the theory that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people (altered form of laissez-faire)

Adam Smith

Adam Smith, a professor who argued for the idea of a free market, developed the three natural laws of economics in his book, The Wealth of Nations:People work for their own good (law of self-

interest)

Competition forces people to make better products (law of competition)

Enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet the demand (law of supply and demand)

CapitalismAn economic system in which the

factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit.

Rise of Socialism

Hoping to counteract the ill effects of industrialization, there rose a new economic system known as socialism, where the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all.

Karl Marx and Communism

In his work, The Communist Manifesto, German journalist Karl Marx argued that industrialization had only created two warring classes, in which the rich benefited from the back-breaking labor of the poor.

Communism: a complete form of socialism in which all means of production and society would be owned by the people and shared equally

Activity: Plate Production

Divide into teams for four or five. Each team is responsible for the production of fully colored paper plates. After each round, the paper plates will be counted, but only those that are completely covered with no white space will be counted.

Each round, something will change so you can identify what each system means.

Round One– Pre-Industry

Color your plates using only a pencil or pen.

Round Two - Industrialization

Color your plates using paint.

Round Three - Capitalism

Color your plates any way you want, but know that I will not give you more resources. When you’re out, you’re out. You can produce plates by any means necessary.

Round Four - Socialism

I will designate a color for each team. If you run out of that color, I will provide more. You will not be timed, but we will wait until every team has made ten plates each. If a team finishes early, they can go help another team.

Discussion:

How did the change in tools affect production?

Which system worked better for your group – capitalism or socialism?

In which round did you produce the most acceptable plates?

Industrialization Affects Society

Industrialization brought great changes to the world, both good and bad. While it helped countries grow and find more efficient means of production, it also created political, economic and social issues.

Strikes and Unions

The Industrial Age allowed for the working class to have a voice in politics. To press for reforms, workers would join together in voluntary labor associations, called unions.

Factory work was brutal, with long hours and little pay. When the employers failed to meet the demands of the workers for better conditions and pay, the workers would strike, refusing to work until their demands were met.

Reform Movements

The negative impacts of industrialization led to a wave of social reforms:Abolition of slavery

Women’s rights and privileges

Public education

Labor laws and unions

Sanitation and safety regulations

Getting Rich

The Industrial Age did allow for men to move up in the world. Some of the greatest men of this age came from nothing, working their way to the billionaire list.

Stock: certain rights of ownership that can be bought or sold, and fluctuate in value according to the profit of the business

Corporation: a business owned by stockholders who share in profits but are not solely responsible for its debts

Monopoly: being the sole producer of a good or service in a particular market

Clip from America: The Story of Us

19th Century Changes

Suffrage – right to vote women’s rights

Anti-Semitism – prejudice against people of the Jewish faith religious tensions

Manifest destiny – belief that the US had a right and duty to rule all of North America westward expansion

Secede – withdrawal from a nation Civil War

Segregation – separation by race US Reconstruction

New Inventions

Thomas Edison created the light bulb and the phonograph

Alexander Graham Bell develops the telephone

Gugliemo Marconi invents the first radio Henry Ford uses interchangeable parts on

an assembly line to develop the first affordable automobile

Wilbur and Orville Wright started the aircraft industry

New Ideas in Medicine

Louis Pasteur discovered germ theory and that heat killed bacteria

Joseph Lister developed sanitation standards that all hospitals used to prevent the spread of disease

New Ideas in Science

Charles Darwin published the theory of evolution, in which all forms of life change and adapt over time

Gregor Mendel discovered recessive and dominant traits in genetics by studying pea plants

John Dalton found that all atoms have a specific weight

Dmitri Mendeleev created the periodic table of elements

Marie Curie discovered radioactivity

Mass CultureCause Effect

Public education Increase in literacy

Mass market for books

Improvement in communications

Cheaper publications

Mass market for

newspapers

Inventions of Phonograph

More music in homes

Greater demand for

music

Shorter workday More leisure time

Greater demand for

entertainment

Mass culture is the appeal of art, writing, music and other forms of entertainment to a larger audience

Discussion:

Which invention or innovation do you think was the most important of the time? Why?

Which invention or innovation do you use the most today? The least?

Which forms of mass culture do you participate in today?

Imperialism

The seizure of one country by another stronger country

Europeans believed that they were better than all other people, and used this belief along with social Darwinism (applying the theory of survival of the fittest to human societies) to conquer “uncivilized” nations.

Indirect vs. Direct Control

Indirect control: existing political leaders who accepted foreign control were used to maintain order

Direct control: foreign officials were brought into the conquered nation to rule

Decline of the Ottoman Empire The sultans that followed Suleyman I were

weak, and the leaders of Europe knew it. They took this weakness as a chance to expand their empires, and slowly took over the territories controlled by the Ottoman empire.

Imperialism in Southeast Asia

The demand for sugar cane, pineapple, rubber and other Asian products pushed European countries to colonize parts of Southeast Asia.

U.S. & European Territories U.S. Philippines

Spain Morocco and Philippines

Britain India, Australia, Thailand, Malaysia, Egypt, Sudan, South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Nigeria and Kenya

France Vietnam, Algeria, Mali, Ivory Coast and Niger

Italy Somalia

Portugal Angola and Mozambique

Belgium Democratic Republic of Congo

Netherlands Indonesia

Germany Namibia, Tanzania and Cameroon

Scramble for Africa

In 1884, a Prussian leader, Otto Von Bismarck, convened an assembly of European leaders to discuss the problems they were having with Africa. In this they agreed to end the slave trade, prohibit the sale of alcohol and firearms, and encourage religious missions. Finally, rules were put in place that said no territory could be owned by a European nation without occupation and notifying the other powers. All rules were eventually ignored.

Scramble for Africa Project

In groups of three or four, you will divide the territories of Africa between the leading nations of the world and draft laws to minimize conflict. You need to use problem-solving skills and reasoning to make these decisions, keeping in mind what you know of how history played out.

Part One - Divide

You have a series of maps of Africa, which provide information on the resources and geography of the area. You need to divide the continent, as fairly as possible, between the various nations. (Note: “Fairly” doesn’t have to mean “equally”.)

Part Two - Rules

Now that the territories have been decided on, you need to make rules to keep the peace, and punishments for breaking those rules, that all countries must sign off on in order to keep their claimed territory. Create at least three.

Part Three – Rationale

Explain why you gave each nation the section you gave them, and how it is fair. Why did you give the Sahara desert to Germany, and the Ivory Coast to France? Also, explain your rationale for the laws and punishments you decided on. Why did you make the rule that once a territory has been claimed, other countries cannot interfere with what goes on there?

Midterm ReviewThat awkward moment when you’ve forgotten everything I taught you…