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What is a debate?
We often disagree with friends, family and classmates’ opinions but debating is not just arguing. It is an exchange of ideas about an issue. In a debate, both sides try to make the case for their positions. It is like a contest or a game! You present your argument and try to make others think the same.
Discussion Questions
What words spring to mind when you think of ‘debate’?
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Where do we see debates happening?
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Do you think debate is important? Why / Why not?
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“Speakers are not born, they are made.” What do you think this means?
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Name some famous debaters:
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UNIT
12
Debate
Did you know?
When we think of famous debaters, names such as ‘Abraham Lincoln’ and ‘Nelson Mandela’ spring to mind. However, did you know that Hollywood actor Brad Pitt was also once a fierce high school debater?
Prepare to speak out!
In groups, time yourself talking about any topic that interests you. For example, ‘My Hobby’. If you pause, your group will say, “Hesitation!”, if you go off-topic, then they will say, “Deviation!”, and if you repeat something they will say, “Repetition!” It is then the next speaker’s turn. Try to speak for over a minute.
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Debate topics
Some debate topics are more about personal preference than objective facts. For example, debates such as ‘Burger KingTM is better than McDonald’sTM’. What simple debate topics can you think of?
Debate tic-tac-toe
With a partner, choose nine debating expressions from the glossary and write them in a tic-tac-toe grid. Now, start the debate using one of your debate topics above. Each time a debater uses one of the expressions they can circle or cross it out.
E.g. Homeplus vs. Emart
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Presenting an Argument
Assertion:
“My first point is... “
Argument:
“I believe... “
Evidence:
“I know this because... “
Link to the topic:
“This is important because... “
Conclusion:
“Therefore... “
In my
opinion…
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Debating terms
Can you explain these debating terms and expressions? Make a game board by connecting the boxes with lines. When you land on a square, explain the debating term to your group. If you don’t know, try finding the term in this chapter, your dictionary, or search the internet.
S T A R T Negative
Resolution
Evidence
Rebuttal
Affirmative
Point of Information
Pro Team
Opposition
Summary Speaker
Definition
Adjudicator
Signposting Language
Team Line
Conclusion
Con Team
Protected Time Constructive Speech
Research
Timekeeper
Opening Speaker
Audience
F I N I S H
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Transcript of a debate
MOTION: THIS HOUSE BELIEVES THAT SCHOOL VIOLENCE SHOULD BE REPORTED TO THE POLICE
Timekeeper: *First bell sound*
Kadi: Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen, I am the first speaker for the affirmative team and our team strongly believes that school violence should be reported to the police.
In my speech, I will define the motion and then give two reasons with evidence that supports our argument. This will leave this house in no doubt that school violence should be reported to the police.
As the first speaker, it is my duty to define what the motion means for this debate. Our team defines ‘school’ as middle and high schools, and ‘violence’ is defined as physical abuse such as hitting. Finally, reporting to police in this case means making an official record of the violence so the student responsible can be punished for his or her actions.
Timekeeper: *Second bell sound*
First of all, if students know that violence can be reported to police then this will reduce the number of fights and amount of bullying. As Seoul National Police Agency commissioner Lee Gang Duk explained in an interview with the Dong-a Ilbo newspaper on Friday, 13th December, 2013, “Police in schools can serve as role models for students and it creates a safe school environment…”
Ji-won: *standing up with left hand raised* Point of information!
Kadi: Yes?
Ji-won: You said that police should serve in schools to create a safe school environment but shouldn’t police be out on the streets protecting society from real criminals?
Kadi: Actually, I said that students should know that school violence will be reported to police and then I reported what the police commissioner said. Also, junior and trainee police officers often visit schools and this situation would be no different.
Audience: Hear! Hear!
Kadi: As I was saying, police in schools cause students to resolve their problems without fighting. According to the MBC news on November seventh, 2013, police in some schools reduced school violence by 67%. *Shows pie chart*
Finally, police can ensure a quick and fair punishment for the attacker so that the victim will be satisfied and not feel the need to get revenge for the attack. According to YTN, a student in the United States named Rebecca Sedwik attempted suicide after being the victim of bullying in school…
Chang-min: *standing up with left hand raised* Point of information!
Kadi: No thank you.
Chang-min: *sits down*
Kadi: In this case, the school police from Florida Folk County police caught the attacker in only one day. As the saying goes, “Revenge only begets revenge” and this example shows that police in school can reduce bullying, too.
Timekeeper: *Third bell sound*
In conclusion, for these reasons our team strongly agrees with the motion. Thank you for listening.
*Applause*
Policy Debate Finals
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Analyzing a debate
Read the debate transcript on the previous page and discuss with a partner what was happening in each paragraph. E.g. “What happened in the first paragraph?” “I think the first speaker introduced herself and…”
Can you find any examples of the following? Label the previous page with the appropriate number.
1. A start bell 2. Clapping / applause 3. The end of protected time 4. A self introduction 5. Evidence 6. A definition
7. An argument 8. A greeting 9. A point of information
(POI) being requested. 10. A POI accepted 11. A POI declined
12. A ‘time over’ bell 13. A proverb 14. Cheering 15. A conclusion
Compare your findings with other students.
Rebuttal
In debating, it is not enough to say that your team is right; you must prove that the other team is wrong! Therefore, each team will present points in favor of their case but they will also spend some time criticizing the other team’s arguments. Pointing out problems with the other team’s arguments is called rebuttal.
Rebuttal tips:
1. To say that the other side is wrong is not enough; you must use logic, reasons, examples and evidence. 2. Try to rebut the most important points of the other side's case. 3. Do not criticize the individual speakers; criticize what they say.
“I couldn’t disagree more!”
Sort the following expressions into ‘Agreement’ or ‘Disagreement’
*See the glossary for more expressions
Choose one of the topics from earlier or state your own belief – have fun, it can be as ridiculous as you like!
E.g “I believe that students should wear swim fins and a mask to school…”
The next student must agree or disagree and then support it with an argument. Finally, say, “Furthermore… “ (agree) or “However, “ (disagree) and then state their own argument…
E.g. “I couldn’t disagree more! Swim fins are uncomfortable and students would look silly. However, it’s perfectly clear to me that…”
I totally agree with you. I’m sorry, I can’t agree with … Exactly! I couldn’t agree more. Perhaps, but … That’s true. I’m sorry, but I disagree. I’m afraid that isn’t right You’re absolutely right. That may be the case, however… Nonsense! That makes no sense.
I believe that…
I think that… It’s my opinion that…
I may be wrong, but I believe…
It’s perfectly clear to me
that…
A
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Top Debates
A debate topic is called the ‘resolution’ or the ‘motion’. Motions usually start with ‘This House Would…’ (THW) or “This House believes that…” (THBT). Following are some popular debate motions according to www.idebate.org
Rank Debate Motion
__________ This house would ban animal testing
__________ This house believes university education should be free
__________ This house would ban homework
__________ This house would lower the legal driving age to 16
__________ This house supports the death penalty
__________ This house would ban school uniforms
__________ This house believes the internet brings more harm than good
__________ This house would permit the use of performance enhancing drugs in professional sports
__________ This house would ban cosmetic surgery
Our idea: This house…
Our idea: This house…
Source: http://idebate.org/view/top_100_debates
In pairs or groups, rank the debates 1 – 8 from ‘most interesting’ to ‘most boring’.
Which topics would you like to debate? Add two of your own ideas.
Debate Boxing
Like a boxing match, have a ‘one on one’ debate. There are two minutes per round with one minute preparation between ‘bouts’. A third student will be the judge and timekeeper. The judge announces the winner after each
round. The judge is also the referee. If one speaker will not stop talking, the judge calls "clinch" and allows the opposition to reply. The first person to win two rounds wins the debate boxing match. Source: http://idebate.org/training/teaching-tools/debate-boxing
Brainstorming:
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P.O.I.s
A POI (Point of Information) is a question or a statement by a member of the opposing team to show that they are listening and actively disagree. Also, POIs can be used as a weapon to attack the opponent’s speech.
How to do it: POIs cannot be offered during ‘protected time’ which is 30 seconds at the start and end of a speech (signaled by a bell or a clap).When giving a POI you are expected to stand up, hold up your left hand and say “Point of information.” Finally, a POI should be no more than 15 seconds long.
Rules: Debaters do not have to answer a point of information; they can say, “Sit down, please” or “No thank you.” The caller should then sit down. However, each debater should accept and answer one or two POIs during their speech as these gain valuable points – especially if they are well-answered!
How many POIs were raised on page four? Were any refused? How do you know? Were any answered? Was it a good reply? TIP: Always try to dismiss a point as incorrect or irrelevant.
Team Lines
Every speaker on the debate should give the team line. A team line is a main idea or thesis statement for the team. This memorable expression helps make the team’s arguments clearer.
Can you identify the team line on page four?
Debate Tips
During your speech, you should highlight two or three main arguments. Remember to use clear signposts, transition words and debating expressions (see glossary). In conclusion, speakers should briefly tell the audience what they have said and why their side should win the debate. Speaking:
• Try to keep speaking for the full three minutes. • Use proverbs, anecdotes, stories or examples to
explain your point. • Cue cards can help a debater to remember their
speech and stay focused, but DON’T simply read. • DO use humor and irony. • DON’T use inappropriate language or gestures.
Eye contact
• DO keep eye-contact with the audience. • DON’T stare at your notes or the ground.
Voice • You must speak clearly and loudly enough so
that your voice can be heard by everyone. • Use your voice to stress important points.
Body language
• Use positive body language to back up your speech.
• You don't have to stay strictly behind the stand. Move around a little.
How to keep a debate moving
1. Always smile and stay calm during the debate. 2. Never disagree with something that is true. 3. Explain everything completely. 4. If you do not understand, ask for an explanation (POI). 5. If you do not know the answer to a POI, say so and then explain something you do know.
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Debating Basics Review
Complete the crossword using the information you have learned:
1
2 3
4
5
6
7 8
9 10
11
12
Across Down 2. To explain the meaning of the debate topic.
4. “Remember to use clear signposts,
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ words and debating expressions.”
5. A statement or question asked during a
debater’s speech.
7. Proof that supports your argument.
11. Another name for the debate topic or ‘motion’.
12. The team that is ‘pro’ or ‘for’ the motion.
1. ”Don’t simply read your _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ “
3. “Use _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , anecdotes, stories or
examples.”
4. The main idea or thesis statement for the team.
5. 30 seconds at the start and end of a speech.
6. People that watch a debate.
8. A person who judges a debate.
9. The team that is ‘con’ or ‘against’ the motion.
10. Criticizing the other team’s arguments.
D E F I N E
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Before the debate
Choose a topic, brainstorm arguments for and against, and finally rank arguments from most important to least important:
TIP: Think of arguments on both sides of the debate as it’s good to have an idea about what the other side might say. It will also help with POIs and rebuttal.
Research and Evidence
Research is an important part of debate because it provides evidence to support your arguments. Evidence includes examples, statistics, expert opinions, and statistics. Look for facts and bring charts, posters, and pictures to show the audience. Your research and evidence should support your argument and be memorable.
For great research, remember the 3Rs: ‘Relevant’, ‘Reliable’, and ‘Recent’.
1. Relevant: Find information that is related to your topic and supports your arguments. 2. Reliable: It is important that your research comes from reliable sources such as published books,
official publications, and experts on the subject. 3. Recent: Ensure that your evidence is not too old. Outdated evidence is easily attacked and dismissed
by the opposition.
In groups, brainstorm sources of information that you can use for your research. Share your ideas with the class
Debate Preparation
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Outlining your speech
In many ways, structuring a speech is like structuring an essay. Your speech should include a self-introduction, your role in the debate, and a preview about what you are going to say. You should also rebut and point out problems with the other team’s arguments.
First Affirmative Speaker (Sets up the debate)
Self-introduction: Name + Position
State the topic and provide a definition: “Our team defines the topic as…
Team line: “Our team strongly believes that…”
Brief outline: “First, we will argue that…” “Next, we will show…” “This will leave the house in no doubt that...”
Argument 1 + support / evidence
Argument 2 + support / evidence
Summary: “As you can see, …”
THANK YOU! (for listening).
First Negative Speaker (accepts the definition, rebuts arguments, and presents counter-arguments)
Self-introduction: Name + Position
Accept the definition or provide alternative interpretation:
Negative Team line: “Our team strongly believes that…”
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Briefly outline team: “First, we will argue that…” “Next, we will show…” “This will leave the house in no doubt that…”
Rebut the other team’s arguments: “What the other team said is not always true / not relevant / wrong…”
Argument 1 + support / evidence
Argument 2 + support / evidence
Summary: “As you can see, …”
THANK YOU! (for listening).
Second Affirmative / Negative Speakers (reaffirms the team line, rebuts the opposition’s arguments, presents new arguments)
Self-introduction: Name + Position
Reaffirm your team line: “Our team maintains that…”
Rebut the other team’s arguments: “What the other team said is not always true / not relevant / wrong…”
Argument 1 + support / evidence
Argument 2 + support / evidence
Summary: “As you can see, …”
THANK YOU! (for listening).
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Summary Speakers (Affirmative / Negative) (reaffirms the team line, rebuts the opposition’s arguments, summarizes your team’s arguments)
Self-introduction: Name + Position
Reaffirm your team line: “Our team maintains that…”
Rebut remaining arguments from other team: “What the other team said is not always true / not relevant / wrong…”
Reaffirm your team’s arguments (speaker’s 1 + 2)
Summarize your case: “For these reasons, we strongly agree/disagree that …”
THANK YOU! (for listening).
TIP: A well-structured speech is different from a scripted speech. Debaters should try to use notes or cue cards as a guide rather than a script to read from. Making eye contact with your audience is essential!
Remember the Rule of 3:
‘Say what you are going to say,
Say it, and… Say what you have said’!
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My Debate Speech…
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Glossary: Debate Language
Summarizing & ending your speech | 요약 밎 의견 축약 So, ladies and gentlemen, what have I told you today? Firstly, … Secondly, … For these reasons ..., we have to support this motion. And for all of these reasons, the motion must stand/fall. If we take a look at what both sides have said, we see that the outcome of this debate actually is … Today's prop/opposition told us ...; we had to find ... Briefly, allow me to recap: … Let me leave you with one final thought: …
As a final word,… It all boils down to … To review, …. To reiterate, … To sum up … At the end of the day… To conclude … In conclusion … It follows from this that …
Making a POI | 상대방 의견 반박 Do you really believe that …? You must admit that …? I’d like to point out that … Wouldn't you have to agree ...? / Doesn't what you're saying contradict with ...?
How would you explain ... ? Could you give me an example? What do you mean by …? It seems to me that … What about ...?
Opening / Starting the Debate | 토론을 시작할때 Defining the Motion | 토론 주제 제안 Ladies and Gentlemen, welcome to this debate. The motion for debate today is ... As today's proposition / opposition, we strongly believe that …
We define the motion as … We believe that what is meant by <the motion> is … When we say <the motion>we mean that …
Outlining the debate | 토론의 개요 Introducing arguments | 논의 We have structured our case as follows: First, … As the first speaker, I will be talking about ... Our second speaker will do the rebuttal and elaborate on the fact that ... … and our third speaker will summarize the debate.
Two arguments support my position. First, … My first argument is that… Let me come to my first/second/... /next argument: The main problem/point/idea/ seems to be… It is quite clear that… I’m certain that… > we mean that …
Giving evidence / examples | 증거 제시 Rebuttal | 반박 For example, ... For instance, … Let me give an example. Take the case of… There are many reasons for this. There is much evidence to support this argument. According to … <name> To quote <name> …
Let us have a look at what the other team has said. The first prop/opposition speaker has told us ...; on the contrary ... He/She also said that ...; but in fact… He/She claimed that ...; but as we know… My first speaker already told you...
Requesting a POI | 의견 반박 요청 Accepting/Refusing POIs | 반박 수락 및 거절 Point of information, Sir/Madam. Point of information!
Yes, please. Go ahead. On that point?
No, thank you. Declined. Sit down please.
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Pointing out issues with the other team’s debate | 상대방 의견의 문제 제시 The other side will have to explain why ... otherwise we should win that point. We said that … but the other side has not replied to our point. I ’d like to focus on two points that the other side has failed to address. First … I want to call your attention to an important point that our opponents have not addressed yet. I ’d like to point out that there are two issues our opponents have failed to dispute, namely …
Evading POIs | 반박 회피 Refuting a point | 의견 반론 I'm going to come to this very point in my next argument. I'm afraid I can't give you a definitive answer at present. Sorry, but there is no straightforward answer to that. Actually I don’t know about that, but what I do know is …
That’s not significant. That’s not always true. That’s easy to solve. That’s not necessarily true. That’s not relevant. That’s not true.
Giving reasons / explanations | 이유 제시 Stalling (for time) | 시간 지연 To start with The reason why… That’s why… For this reason … That’s the reason why…
Well, as a matter of fact… How shall I put it/ phrase this? I mean to say that… Frankly speaking, … Quite honestly, … To be (perfectly) honest, …
Stating facts | 사실 제시 Discussing pros and cons | 찬반토론 Clearly, I ought to stress that … It has to be underlined/understood that … Everyone knows that … It’s common knowledge that … It is obvious (to anyone) that … The facts speak for themselves: … Few will dispute the claim that … It is undoubtedly/undeniably true that … There is no denying that …
On the one hand … on the other hand … There are two sides to this issue: Firstly… and secondly … An argument for this would be … Others against it are … Some people think … Others say … While … whereas … On the other hand, … On the contrary, …
Interrupting | 개입하기 I need to say something now. I ’m sorry to interrupt, but I think you’ve misunderstood our point. Excuse me, but that’s not quite correct. Let me just respond to that, please. Forgive me for interrupting, but I must respond to that. Hold on a moment, that’s not correct. If you would allow me to add a comment here ... If you don’t mind, I’d like to take issue with what you just said. “ I’d like to add that …
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Debate Structure
Debate type: Policy Debate (6 debaters)
In policy debate, each team can have two or three members:
Roles and responsibilities:
A: 1st Affirmative 3 mins Define / Team Line / 2 Arguments + Evidence
B: 1st Negative 3 mins Rebuttal / Team Line / 2 Arguments + Evidence
Team Time 1 minute Preparation Time
A: 2nd Affirmative 3 minute Rebuttal / 2 Arguments + Evidence / Questions
B: 2nd Negative 3 mins Rebuttal / 2 Arguments + Evidence / Questions
Team Time 1 minute Preparation Time
B: 3rd Negative 3 mins Rebut 2nd Constructive / Answers / Summary
A: 3rd Affirmative 3 mins Rebut 2nd Constructive / Answers / Summary
Total = 20 minutes
The affirmative team starts and ends the debate allowing both teams the opportunity to rebut the opposition equally.
Freshman English – Unit 12: Debate (Supplement) Copy, layout and design: Jeroen Root Special thanks: Kirsty Clausen, James Garner, Ryan Thorpe, Dr. Andrew Finch First Edition: March 2014 | Updated September 2014
*
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Pro 1 (Affirmative)
Pro 2
Pro 3 Con 3
Con 1 (Negative)
Con 2
* Add or remove team members
here.
No POIs allowed during
the summary speeches.
