UNIT BUNIT BEVOLUTION AND EVOLUTION AND

MOVEMENT OF FASHIONMOVEMENT OF FASHION

2.02 Summarize the movement and acceptance of fashion.

Fashion movement: Ongoing change in what is fashionable.Fashion: Styles that are accepted and used by people at a given time.

Theories of fashion movement

•Trickle-down theory •Trickle-up theory•Trickle-across theory

Trickle-down theory: Trends start among the upper class or fashion leaders and move down to the masses or fashion followers.

Trickle-down theory•World’s oldest and most accepted theory•Says fashions are accepted by lower income levels only after they have been worn by upper income levels•These styles are seen on high-fashion runways.•Jackie Kennedy’s pillbox hat , Barbara Bush’s pearls, Nancy Reagan’s red, Hillary Clinton’s pantsuits in the office

Trickle Down TheoryTrickle Down Theory

Trickle-up theory: Trends start among the young or lower income groups and move upward to older or higher income groups.

Trickle-up theory

•Style originates with the lower class and gains approval by upper class or the fashion elite.•Ripped jeans, leather jackets

Trickle-across theory: Fashion moves horizontally through groups at similar social levels from fashion leaders to followers.

Trickle-across theory•Members of each social group look at the leaders of their own group for fashion trends.•A leader within each class influences peers.

The fashion cycle•Fashion cycle: The ongoing introduction, rise, peak, decline, and obsolescence in popularity of specific styles or shapes.•All styles that come into fashion rotate through the fashion cycle.•Fashion acceptance can be illustrated using a bell-shaped curve.

The fashion cycle (cont.)

•The exceptions to the bell-shaped curve.•Flops: Fashions that are introduced and expected to sell but don’t.•Fads: Temporary, passing fashions that have great appeal to many people for a short period of time; styles that gain and lose popularity quickly. Ex. Go-Go Boots, Nehru Jackets, Leg warmers

Exceptions continued…..Exceptions continued…..• Classics: Styles that continue to be popular

over an extended period of time even though fashion changes; styles that remain in fashion year after year. Ex. Jeans, blazers

Stages of the fashion cycleStages of the fashion cycle

• Introduction• Rise• Peak• Decline• Obsolescence

Stages of the fashion cycle Stages of the fashion cycle (cont.)(cont.)

Introduction: The first stage when new styles, colors, textures, and fabrics are introduced.

• Accepted by fashion leaders.• Promotional activities include fashion

shows and advertising in high fashion magazines.

• Fashions are produced in small quantities at high prices.

• Retail buyers purchase limited numbers to see if the style will be accepted.

Stages of the fashion cycle Stages of the fashion cycle (cont.)(cont.)

Rise: The second stage when consumer interest grows and the fashion becomes more readily accepted by consumers.

• Mass production brings down the price, which results in more sales.

• Styles are manufactured in less expensive materials and in lower quality construction.

• Promotional efforts are increased in high fashion magazines to heighten consumer awareness.

• Retail buyers order items in quantity.

Stages of the fashion cycle Stages of the fashion cycle (cont.)(cont.)

Peak: The third stage during which a style is at its height of popularity.

• The fashion is demanded by almost everyone because it is within price range of most consumers and is mass produced in many variations.

• Each retailer tries to persuade customers that its version of the style is the best.

Stages of the fashion cycle Stages of the fashion cycle (cont.)(cont.)PeakPeak• The style may have a long or short stay at

this stage.– Short-run fashions: Styles that are

popular for a brief period of time.•Fads, usually lasting only one season•Accepted and rejected quickly•Teenagers’ fashions change the fastest and

have the most trends.•Styles are easy for the manufacturer to

produce and are relatively inexpensive to the consumer.

•Styles typically have more details than seen in classics.

Stages of the fashion cycle Stages of the fashion cycle (cont.)(cont.)

Peak (Culmination stage)Peak (Culmination stage)

– Long-run fashions: Styles that take a long time to complete the fashion cycle.•Classics, basics, and/or staple fashions•Slow introduction, long peak, slow decline•Styles have simple lines, minimal detail.

Stages of the fashion cycle Stages of the fashion cycle (cont.)(cont.)

Decline: The fourth stage when the market is saturated and popularity decreases.

• The fashion is overused and becomes dull and boring.

• Retailers mark down their prices.• Promotions center around major

clearance or closeout sales.

Stages of the fashion cycle Stages of the fashion cycle (cont.)(cont.)

Obsolescence: The fifth stage when the style is rejected, is undesirable at any price, is no longer worn, and is no longer produced.

Lengths of fashion cyclesLengths of fashion cycles• Cycles have no specific lengths.• Recurring fashions: Styles which have

been in fashion at one time, gone out of fashion, and come back in fashion again.– Fashion trends seem to recur about every

generation or every 20 to 30 years.• Fashion cycles are less distinct now

than in the past.

Fashion leaders and Fashion leaders and followersfollowers

• Fashion leaders: Trendsetters who have the credibility and confidence to wear new fashions and influence the acceptance of new trends.– The first to purchase new styles– Desire distinctiveness and uniqueness– May be innovators and/or influencers.– Royal families, first families, movie

stars, television personalities, athletes, singers, musicians

Fashion leaders and Fashion leaders and followers followers (cont.)(cont.)

• Fashion followers: Those who accept and wear a fashion only after it becomes acceptable to the majority.

Basic principles of fashion Basic principles of fashion movementmovement

• Consumer acceptance or rejection establishes fashion.

• Price does not determine fashion acceptance. (knockoffs)

• Sales promotion does not determine fashion.

Factors that accelerate fashion Factors that accelerate fashion movementmovement

• Communications and mass media

• Good economic conditions• Increased competition• Technological advances• Social and physical mobility• More leisure time• Higher levels of education• Changing roles of women• Seasonal changes

Factors that decelerate fashion Factors that decelerate fashion movementmovement

• Bad economic conditions

• Cultural and religious customs

• Laws or other governmental regulations

• Disruptive world events