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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada Inc. B - 2
4.1: Matter
• Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space
• Matter does not include any form of energy, such as light, heat, and sound.
• Many substances have been classified according their physical and chemical properties
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada Inc. B - 3
Properties of Matter
• A physical property is a property that describes the physical appearance and composition of a substance.
• A chemical property is a property that describes the ability of a substance to change into a new substance or substances.
• Check table 4.1 & 4.2 Pg 142
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada Inc. B - 4
Pure Substances and Mixtures
• All forms of matter can be classified as either a pure substance or a mixture, based on their physical and chemical properties.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada Inc. B - 5
A pure substance
• made up of only one kind of matter.
• has a unique set of properties, such as colour, hardness, melting point, and conductivity.
• A pure substance is either an element or a compound.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada Inc. B - 6
• An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into any simpler substance by chemical means.
• E.g. Iron, oxygen, and neon are examples of elements.
• A compound is a pure substance that is made from two or more elements that are combined together chemically.
• E.g. methane (CH4) contains the elements carbon and hydrogen.
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A mixture
• is a combination of pure substances
• Properties of mixtures vary
• Two main types of mixtures
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Types of Mixtures
• A homogeneous mixture is a mixture that looks the same throughout and the separate components are not visible.
• Solutions are homogeneous mixtures.
• iced tea is a solution of sugar and other substances dissolved in water
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• A heterogeneous mixture is one in which different parts of the mixture are visible.
• a suspension, a cloudy mixture in which tiny particles of one substance are held within another substance.
• Salad dressing is an example of a suspension• a mechanical mixture, may contain several solids
combined together, such as in a chocolate-chip cookie.
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Matter And Atoms
• All matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms. An atom is the smallest part of an element that has all the element’s properties.
• Gold and silver are elements. Atoms of gold are similar to each other but different from atoms of silver.
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Dalton’s Atomic Theory
• Atomic theory is the study of the nature of atoms and how atoms combine to form all types of matter.
• Atoms are the smallest indivisible particles of matter
• Each element has its own unique kind of atom.
• Atoms of different elements vary in mass, volume, and reactivity and are in continuous motion.
• Atoms combine to form compound/molecules
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Subatomic Particles of matter• There are three subatomic particles, protons, neutrons, and electrons
that make atoms.
• Electrons and protons have an electric charge. Protons have a positive charge of 1+. Electrons have a negative charge of 1-
• Neutrons are neutral.
• The masses of protons and neutrons are almost 2000 times greater than the mass of electrons
• Copy Table 4.3 Properties of Subatomic Particles
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada Inc. B - 15
Representing an Atom
• The basic arrangement of the nucleus and electrons in a atom is typical of all atoms e.g. sulphur.
• The atoms of every element have a unique number of protons, called atomic number.
• A Bohr-Rutherford diagram is an illustration of an atom that shows the arrangement and number of electrons in each shell, with number of protons and neutron in the nucleus .
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada Inc. B - 16
Bohr-Rutherford Diagram• The electrons surround the nucleus in shells.
Each shell has a specific energy level.
• The innermost shell can hold two electrons at most.
• The next two shells can hold up to eight electrons each.
• The outermost shell of an atom is called the valence shell and contains the valence electrons.
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Bohr Diagrams of First 20 Elements from the Periodic Table
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The Periodic Table of Elements
• The periodic table contains a set of symbols to represent the elements, laid out in a specific pattern
• Dmitri Mendeleev was the first person to create a table that organized all the elements logically, including those that were not
discovered at the time.
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Characteristics of the Periodic Table
• The horizontal rows of the periodic table are called periods.
• The vertical columns are called families (or groups).
• Elements in the same family in the periodic table have similar physical and chemical properties
• Metals are on the left and in the centre of the table.
• Non-metals are located on the right-hand side of the table.
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• Metals are separated from non-metals by a staircase of elements called the metalloids.
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Metals and non Metals• Metals are good conductors of
heat and electricity.
• they are ductile and malleable.
• they are shiny and usually silver coloured, and all but one are solids at room temperature.
• Mercury is a metal, but it is liquid at room temperature.
• Nonmetals are not metals, and they generally are poor conductors of heat.
• At room temperature, some non-metals are solids, some are gases, and one, bromine, is a liquid.
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Chemical Families• alkali metals (group 1):metals that react easily with
water and with oxygen in the air. hydrogen is not an alkali metal
• alkaline earth metals (group 2): harder and less reactive than group 1 metals. combines easily with other atoms.
• halogens (group 17): most reactive non-metals
• noble gases (group 18): unreactive gases does not combine easily with other atoms.
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Elements on the Periodic Table• The atomic number: is the number of protons
in an atom of an element. E.g. atomic number of copper is 29
• The atomic mass is the average mass of an atom of that element. atomic mass of hydrogen is about 1, copper is 63.55.
• mass of a copper atom is about 64 times the mass of a hydrogen atom.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada Inc. B - 28
Ion Charge: • An ion is an atom or group of atoms with a
negative charge or a positive charge.
• Atoms of some elements can gain or lose electrons during chemical change.
• An atom that gains electrons becomes a negatively charged ion.
• An atom that loses electrons becomes a positively charged ion.