UNIT 9Vocabulary

• Types of pollution• Environmental effects• Waste disposal• Recycling

Grammar and functions• Expressing degree• Expressing opinion• Revision of the grammar structures

LISTENING1-Environmental pollution is the CONTAMINATION OF THE AIR,

LAND AND WATER CAUSED BY HUMAN PRODUCTS.

2-a) CHEMICALS RELEASED BY INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

b) EXHAUST FROM GASOLINE-POWERED VEHICLES LIKE AUTOMOBILES,

c) REFUSE AND GASES EMITTED BY FACTORIES,

d) sewage and GARBAGE DISPOSED OF BY CITIES,

e) PESTICIDES USED IN AGRICULTURE.

3- THE AMOUNT OF RELEASED POLLUTANTS.

4- a) CONSERVATION EFFORTS, SUCH AS RECYCLING

b) NEW TECHNOLOGIES ALLOW INDUSTRY TO RELEASE FEWER POLLUTANTS INTO THE ENVIRONMENT.

5- GLOBAL WARMING - THE HEATING OF THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE AS A RESULT OF THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT .

VOCABULARY1. EXHAUST (FUMES)

2. OZONE LAYER

3. GLOBAL WARMING

4. THROW AWAY

5. BOTTLE BANK (RECYCLING CONTAINERS or BINS)

6. USING UP

7. HABITATS

8. NATURAL FOODS

9. ACID RAIN

10. WASTING

11. WASTE

12. CUTTING DOWN

TRANSLATION• Industrial and domestic pollution HAVE/HAS

RISEN/INCREASED IN THE LAST 50 YEARS.

• Industrial air pollution includes the so-called “greenhouse gases”, LIKE/SUCH AS CARBON DIOXIDE and CFCs … .

• BESIDES/IN ADDITION TO THESE GASES, we must not forget sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides,

• WHICH RESULT IN/GIVE RISE TO ACID RAIN.

• The largest single cause of industrial air pollution is the electricity industry, AS/SINCE ALL FOSSIL FUELS PRODUCE, AT LEAST, CARBON DIOXIDE.

• NEW TECHNOLOGIES ARE BEING APPLIED in a few places in order to minimize the effect of dangerous gas emissions,

• but these technologies are still very expensive and WOULD MAKE/CAUSE THE PRICE OF ELECTRICITY Ø/TO RISE/INCREASE .

• Air pollution CAN ALSO BE DUE TO industrial accidents.

TRANSLATION• Two important causes of water pollution are ACID

RAIN AND THERMAL POLLUTION.• Land pollution …. . IT ALSO TAKES

PLACE/HAPPENS/OCCURS WHEN THE INDUSTRIAL WASTE is buried or …..

• Usually, …, AS WE HAVE SEEN, …,

• and … UNLESS WE CONTRIBUTE to reduce global pollution AS MUCH AS WE CAN.

VIDEO: TYPES OF POLLUTIONAir pollution: 1:45-2:20

1. Main causes: TOXIC GASES & EXHAUSTS THAT ARE LED OUT INTO THE AIR

2. Produced by :1. INDUSTRIES

2. VOLCANOS

3. JET PLANES

4. AUTOMOBILES

5. FOREST FIRES

6. BURNING OF GARBAGE

3. Consequences: CONTAIN MANY HARMFUL GASES THAT CAUSE 1. DISEASES IN HUMAN BEINGS

2. DESTRUCTION OF VEGETATION

3. DAMAGE TO THE STRUCTURES ON EARTH

4. CAN ALSO FORM ACID RAIN

VIDEO: TYPES OF POLLUTIONWater pollution: 2:20-2:55

4. Main causes: EFFLUENTS LED INTO WATER BODIES FROM– INDUSTRIES– SEWAGE FROM TOWNS & CITIES – WASHING CLOTHES & CATTLE IN WATER

BODIES – RESIDUES OF FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES

CARRIED INTO WATER BODIES DURING RAIN

The list of pollutants can be quite long– OIL SPILL IN THE OCEANS HARMS MARINE LIFE

VIDEO: TYPES OF POLLUTIONLand pollution: 2:55-4:22

1. Main sources: HEAPS OF SOLID WASTE FROM

1. HOUSES, CATTLE SHEDS, INDUSTRIES, AGRICULTURAL FIELDS

2. It includes:

1. HAZARDOUS WASTE

2. GLASS

3. FRUIT & VEGETABLE WASTE

4. DEAD BODIES OF ANIMALS

5. OLD CLOTHES, PAPER, PLASTIC BOTTLES, CANS

6. EXCRETA, CHEMICALS, WOOD PIECES

3. Consequences: 1. THE HEAPS OF SOLID WASTE PROVIDE BREEDING GROUND FOR GERMS

2. IN ADDITION TO SPOILING THE BEAUTY AND SURROUNDINGS THEY EMIT FOUL SMELL

4. Solutions: CONTROLLING LAND POLLUTION. WASTE DISPOSAL DONE CAREFULLY & SCIENTIFICALLY. IT DEPENDS ON THE KIND OF SOLID WASTE:

1. CONSTRUCTING MATERIAL IS BURIED IN LAND FILLS

2. PLASTIC, TIN CANS, METAL SCRAP, PAPER MUST BE RECYCLED

3. PLANT & HOUSEHOLD ORGANIC MATERIAL SHOULD BE TURNED INTO MANURE

4. BIOGAS CAN BE OBTAINED FROM BIODEGRADABLE WASTE

5. WASTE FROM HOSPITAL & NURSING HOMES SHOULD BE BURNT IN INCINERATORS

VIDEO: TYPES OF POLLUTIONSoil pollution: 4:20-4:57

9. Difference with air pollution: LOCALIZED PHENOMENON (AIR & WATER POLLUTION SPREADS TO LONG DISTANCES)

10. The two main reasons for soil pollution are:

– POLLUTANTS WASHED DOWN FROM THE ATMOSPHERE BECAUSE OF RAIN

– INSECTICIDES AND PESTICIDES APPLIED TO THE CROPS

THIS ALTER THE COMPOSITION AND QUALITY OF THE SOIL

Noise pollution: 4:57-6:00

11. What is noise?: ANY UNWANTED SOUND

12. Unit of measurement: DECIBEL (DB)

13. Examples: THE LOWEST SOUND = 1 db, A ROCKET TAKING OFF = 180 db. NORMAL TALK= 60db

14. Consequences: PRODUCE ADVERSE EFFECTS ON HUMAN BEINGS & OTHER ANIMAL LIFE

15. Which two aspects of noise are injurious for health? LOUDNESS and DURATION OF NOISE

16. Other consequences: ACUTE DAMAGE TO THE EAR DRUM, DEAFNESS, LOWERS EFFICIENCY OF WORK, DISTURBS SLEEP, IRRABILITY

Thermal pollution: 6:00-6:25

17. What is thermal pollution?: RELEASE OF HEATED GASES OR WATER REPEATEDLY INTO THE ENVIRONMENT, INCLUDING WATER BODIES

18. Consequences:

– IF RELEASED IN THE ATMOSPHERE THEY WARM UP THE AIR IN THAT AREA

– IF RELEASED IN WATER BODIES THEY KILL THE AQUATIC LIFE

LISTENING: GREENHOUSE EFFECT 1. A greenhouse is a building whose sides and

roof are made of glass so that the temperature inside is magnified. And it is used to grow plants that need high temperatures.

2. These changes result from increasing the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, thus raising the surface temperature of the earth. And this is known as the “Greenhouse Effect”.

3. since 1860, with a sharp increase since 1958. 4. The main reason is the burning of fossil fuels. 5. by about 15% -from about 290 to about 340

parts per million.6. about 0.032%

LISTENING: GREENHOUSE EFFECT 7. incoming sunlight consists of many wavelengths, including

some very dangerous ones. 8. But ozone, water vapour and CO2 destroy the harmful

wavelengths. So what reaches the earth is visible light. It is absorbed and reradiated into the atmosphere as longer wavelength infrared (IR) radiation, or heat, as the earth cools.

9. This IR radiation is absorbed by CO2. 10. The CO2 then radiates a portion of the absorbed heat energy

back to the earth, to warm the atmosphere.11. Like the glass in a greenhouse, the CO2 in the atmosphere acts

as a one-way filter that allows visible light to enter the Earth’s atmosphere, but prevents longer wavelength heat radiation from leaving.

12. Assuming that energy is arriving from the sun at a constant rate, then as the level of CO2 increases, the average surface temperature of the Earth should rise.

13. in 1863, but it was taken as a serious matter in 1956. 14. a projected increase in CO2 to 375 parts per million in the year

2000 could cause the average air temperature to increase by about 0.5ºC.

LISTENING: WASTE DISPOSAL• Which are the 4 main sources of waste? MINES (39%), AGRICULTURE (53%), INDUSTRY

(2%), DOMESTIC HOMES / WASTE (6%)• Where does it go?

– OPEN DUMPS (55%)

– NOT COLLECTED OR DISPOSED OF (23%) LEFT ON THE SPOT

– LAND-FILL METHOD (12%) BURIED IN THE GROUND

– BURNT (9%)

– DUMPED TO SEA (1%)

DOMESTIC WASTE (RUBBISH, GARBAGE)• Open dumps: advantages : EASY TO OPERATE and THE CHEAPEST OF THE 3• disadvantages: unsightly, CAUSE AIR POLLUTION WHEN RUBBISH IS

BURNT, SMELL, MATERIALS & LAND ARE WASTED and they can contaminate ...• Land fill : advantages: CHEAP, NO OBJECTABLE SMELLS OR PESTS, and when the

landfill is completed LAND MORE USEFUL THAN BEFORE (e.g. sports field or park)

Disadvantages : WASTE MATERIALS and USES A LARGE AREA OF LAND ….• Incineration (i.e. BURNING) Advantages: …about 80% OF DOMESTIC RUBBISH and

REDUCE ITS VOLUME BY 90%; it requires VERY LITTLE LAND and it produces INCOME FROM THE RECOVERY OF WASTE METAL & GLASS

Disadvantages: EXPENSIVE TO BUILD AN INCINERATION PLANT and CAUSES AIR POLLUTION unless sophisticated pollution controls are installed.

TRANSLATION: RESOURCE RECOVERY• Numerous thermal processes recover energy IN DIFFERENT WAYS

FROM SOLID WASTE.• THESE SYSTEMS/METHODS ARE DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS:

combustion processes and pyrolysis processes. • A number of companies burn in-plant wastes in conventional

incinerators INORDER TO PRODUCE/GENERATE STEAM;• THE WATER FLOWING through the tubes ALLOWS THE HEAT

GENERATED IN THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER TO BE ABSORBED AND GENERATE STEAM.

• Pyrolysis CONSISTS OF DECOMPOSING CHEMICALLY SOLID WASTE by heat in an oxygen-reduced atmosphere.

• THIS RESULTS IN A GAS THAT CONTAINS various gases, DEPENDING ON THE ORGANIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LYROLIZED MATERIAL

• IF USERS SEPARATED THEIR RUBBISH A LARGER AMOUNT OF WASTE COULD BE RECYCLED and that would improve life in our planet

• … since THE GREATER THE RECYCLED VOLUME ,THE LONGER OUR NATURAL RESOURCES WILL LAST

DEGREE• Quantity: all/every/each | most|many/much |

some, several | (a) few/(a) little | no/none/not any

• Frequency: always| Highly, usual(ly), normal(ly), general(ly)| often, frequent(ly)|

sometimes, occasional(ly)| rare(ly), seldom, hardly ever,

scarcely ever| never

• Certainty: certain(ly),undoubtedly, absolutely| probably, likely| possibly,perhaps,maybe| Uncertain,unlikely| certain(ly) not, definite(ly) not

• Verbs: will, is/are,must,have to |should, ought to| can,could,may,might| could not, will not, cannot, is/are not

EXERCISE DEGREE ANobody else ate it.

• b.-Only he ate a bit of bread.I want your sincere opinion.

• a.-Honestly, do you think he will get it? To tell you the truth, she doesn´t feel like talking.

• a.-Frankly, she doesn´t want to talk about that. We don´t want them to repeat the same action so many times.

• b.-We have told them not to do that oftenNobody else said they were going to write.

• b.-Only Mary promised to write once a month.I don´t like them at all.

• b.-I really don´t like his parents.Was he late?

• a.-Has he come late?Don´t do anything else.

• a.-Just wait here.She isn´t going to write more plays.

• a.-This is her last play.It was a long letter

• b.-I wrote to the manager of the company at length and complained

EXERCISE DEGREE B1 We installed a complete new system

We installed a completely new system

2 It was a really enjoyable film

It was a real enjoyable film

3 The product is full guaranteed for a year

The product is fully guaranteed for a year

4 The new car was a closely guarded secret

The new car was a close guarded secret

5 He's a highly paid executive

He's a high paid executive

EXERCISE DEGREE C1. He's a HIGHLY qualified engineer

2. It was a POORLY/ BADLY written report and it needed a lot of corrections

3. They were VERY/ GREATLY/ HIGHLY / LARGELY impressed by the new product. It wasn't bad at all

4. It is a HIGHLY / VERY sophisticated system

5. It is a POORLY/ BADLY structured report and difficult to understand (opposite= WELL)

6. The prototype was POORLY/ BADLY/ ILL designed and they had to go back to the drawing board

EXERCISE DEGREE D

1. The normal procedure is to approach the design department

2. The exceptionalLY high price reflects the quality of the product

POSITION OF ADVERBS• at the beginning of a sentence:• Unfortunately, recycling plastics has proved difficult.• Electric motors are based on electromagnetism. Similarly, generators use

electromagnetism to produce electricity

•  at the end of a sentence • Harmful waste should be separated and treated carefully• All biological waste must be disposed of safely

• Most frequently in the middle of a sentence (FREQUENCY, DEGREE,) (after TO BE, before OTHER VERBS)

• recycling centers do not often recycle plastic grocery bags• e-waste recycling is an industry that hardly existed ten years ago• Ferrous metal scrap is usually sent to a local steel mill for recycling• residues sent for recycling do not always necessarily contain metals

• DEGREE ADV/ADJ: BEFORE AN ADJECTIVE/NOUN• Many other countries have significantly better glass recycling rates

ORDER OF ADVERBS1. Our friends must also write a test.

2. I was only joking.

3. Did you both enjoy the flight?

4. Mary hardly ever watches TV.

5. He drives his car carefully

6. The children play football in the garden

7. Yesterday we went to the cinema yesterday

8. John almost fell off the bike.

9. Her boyfriend will probably buy her some flowers.

10. My uncle is definitely moving to Stockholm soon.

COMMON ADVERBS OF DEGREEPOSITION: before ADJ/ADV or main VB

Significantly, mostly, greatly, strongly, substantially, dramatically ,hardly, scarcely

• This allows the weight of the system to be significantly reduced• The data are mostly recorded digitally• Double-shafted systems have been greatly improved by the use of new

materials• This design scarcely requires any further machining steps • The new systems are highly efficient• We installed a completely new system

Likely/unlikely• New sites for wind farms are likely to be mostly offshore• Helium turbines are unlikely to appear earlier than 20 years from now

ADVERBS- position1. Plant and animal life can be greatly affected by global

warming2. Supercharger engines achieve extremely high

performance3. Lignite’s energy content is rather low4. Wind power is likely to be the most widely used renewable

energy source in the future5. Stacked solar cells significantly increase the efficiency of

solar cells6. With a better control of CO2 emissions global warming

would never have increased7. Organic waste material is scarcely reused8. The efficiency of solar towers would be dramatically

improved if hot air could be used to drive a gas turbine9. greenhouse gas emissions scarcely changed between 1990

and 201010. recycling materials rarely possess the required quality

EXPRESSING OPINIONAGREEING

• In my opinion…

• Personally, I think that…

• I'd suggest that…

• I (strongly)believe that…

• I'm convinced that...

• As far as I'm concerned…

• I'd like to point out that…

• What I mean is…

• I'm pretty sure that

• I agree with you on this point

• SO DO I

DISAGREEING

• However… / On the contrary…

• Yes, but don't you think…

• I'm afraid I have to disagree.

• Don't you think it would be better...

• I don't agree with …..

• That's not entirely true because ….

• I don't think that...

• The problem with that point of view is that...

• NEITHER DO I

VIDEO- STORY OF ALUMINIUM RECYCLING1. Which are the characteristics of Aluminium? LIGHT, DURABLE, THE

MOST WIDELY USED NON FERROUS METAL

2. How much was recycled in Devon last year? 660 TONNES OF ALUMNIUM CANS

3. Where is Aluminium collected from? KERBSIDE BINS, BOXES, BAGS, RECYCLING BANKS

EXPLAIN THE STEPS OF ALUMNIUM RECYCLING• AFTER THE CANS HAVE BEEN COLLECTED, THEY ARE TAKEN TO A

RECYCLING DEPOT• IN ORDER TO SEPARATE STEEL CANS FROM ALUMNIUM, A GIANT

MAGNET IS USED TO REMOVE STEEL• ALUMNIUM IS THEN CRUSHED AND BALED• THE ALUMNIUM IS THEN SENT TO A REPROCESSING COMPANY• IT IS SHREDDED INTO BITS THE SIZE OF A TEN-PENCE PIECE• THE SHREDS ARE PASSED THROUGH A DOUBLE MAGNETIC DRUM

SEPARATOR TO REMOVE STEEL CONTAMINATES THAT MAY HAVE BEEN MISSED

VIDEO- STORY OF ALUMINIUM RECYCLING• BEFORE THE CANS CAN BE MELTED, THEY NEED TO BE DE-COATED

OF THE VARNISH LACQUER WHICH IS USED DURING MANUFACTURING TO PROTECT THE CANS

• THIS IS REMVED BY BLOWING HOT AIR THROUGH THE SHREDS• THE HOT, DE-COATED CANS CAN THEN BE FED INT A HUGE 90

TONNE FURNACE TO BE MELTED• NEXT THE MOLTEN METAL IS CAST INTO INGOTS. THIS IS ACHIEVED

BY TILTING THE FURNACE AND POURING THE MOLTEN METAL INTO A CASTING UNIT

• AFTER BEING CAST AND CHILLED, THE ALUMNIUM INGOTS ARE CUT SQUARE AND SENT OFF TO THE MILL, WHERE THEY ARE ROLLED OUT INTO SHEETS

• THE SHEET ALUMINIUM IS SOLD ONTO MANUFACTURERS FOR A RANGE OF USES

Give examples of use of recycled aluminium• CAR PARTS, SUCH AS ALLOY WHEELS, BIKES, PACKAGING (eg FOIL &

CANS), CONSTRUCTION PARTS, HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES

ALUMINIUM RECYCLING- REORDER1 Aluminum cans are gathered from recycling centers

6 They are sent to a scrap processing company where they are collected into large bales.

3 The bales are then sent to an aluminum company where the cans are shredded, crushed, stripped and burned

7 They are then sent into a furnace where they are melted with new, untouched aluminum and the two are melted together.

5 The new aluminum is then poured out into sheets, and cut down into sheets 1/100th of an inch thick.

2 The aluminum then cools, and is coiled up into large rolls and sent to can makers.

4 The can makers then mold the aluminum into can shapes, and send them off to soda makers to bottle their beverage.

VOCABULARY• ENVIRONMENTAL H_________ (great danger or risk)

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD (ADJ = HAZARDOUS)• WASTE D _________ (or waste management)

WASTE DISPOSAL• To DISPOSE _________ (preposition)

To DISPOSE OF• UNTREATED S _________ (waste water)

UNTREATED SEWAGE• REFUSE = GA ______, TR _____, R _____ & L ______ (4 synonyms)

REFUSE = GARBAGE, TRASH, RUBBISH & LITTER• OIL S _________ (accidental release of oil in the sea)

OIL SPILL• DEMAND _________ OIL (preposition)

DEMAND FOR OIL• NATURAL R _________ (natural materials)

NATURAL RESOURCES

VOCABULARY• ENERGY CON________ ( = use)

ENERGY CONSUMPTION• THE OZONE L ________

THE OZONE LAYER• POLAR ICE C ________

POLAR ICE CAPS• OPEN D ________ (site to dispose of urban waste)

OPEN DUMP• To BE AWARE ________ (preposition)

To BE AWARE OF• TH ________ = menace, peril

THREAT (VB = THREATEN)• TO RUN ________ (to end)

TO RUN OUT

VOCABULARY• TO BE A______ OF (to be concern about)

TO BE AWARE OF ( N= AWARENESS)• METAL RE ______ (recuperacion de metales)

METAL RECOVERY • E ______ FUMES (from cars)

EXHAUST FUMES• ENV ______ FR ______ PRODUCTS (green)

ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY PRODUCTS• POL ______ (contaminating substances)

POLLUTANTS• TREES ARE D _____ and SOME ARE already D _____ DUE TO

ACID RAIN (morir)

TREES ARE DYING and SOME ARE already DEAD (N = DEATH)

VOCABULARY• REC________ (= reuse)

RECYCLING• Industries R_______ gases to the atmosphere (= to emit gases)

To RELEASE gases• TO BE CONCERNED ________ (preposition)

TO BE CONCERNED ABOUT• PRO ________ (= manufacturers)

PRODUCERS• To CARE ________ (preposition)

To CARE ABOUT• UN ________ HY ________ (hidrocarburos sin quemar)

UNBURNT HYDROCARBONS• CHRISTMAS C ________ (Xmas song)

CHRISTMAS CAROL