Unit 9 The Legal ProfessionUnit 9 The Legal Profession

TextⅠ The Legal Profession in EnglandTextⅠ The Legal Profession in England

-To gain some knowledge about the -To gain some knowledge about the legal profession in England legal profession in England

Text Ⅱ The Bar in the US Text Ⅱ The Bar in the US

-To learn about the legal profession -To learn about the legal profession in the USin the US

Text III Case ReadingText III Case Reading

-To read 2 cases related to the -To read 2 cases related to the professional duty of counselprofessional duty of counsel

TextⅠ The Legal Profession in TextⅠ The Legal Profession in EnglandEngland

Terms: solicitor cf. barrister, in-house Terms: solicitor cf. barrister, in-house legal adviser, probate, legal legal adviser, probate, legal executive, chamber, QC , juniorexecutive, chamber, QC , junior

Proper names: four inns of court, Law Proper names: four inns of court, Law Society, Crown Prosecution Service Society, Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), International Chamber of (CPS), International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), London Court of Commerce (ICC), London Court of International Arbitration, General International Arbitration, General Council of the Bar / Bar CouncilCouncil of the Bar / Bar Council

Outline of Text IOutline of Text IⅠⅠ. (para. 1) . (para. 1) Introduction Introduction ⅡⅡ. (para. 2-3) . (para. 2-3) The historical development of the leThe historical development of the le

gal professiongal professionⅢⅢ. (para. 4-13) . (para. 4-13) The main features of the legal The main features of the legal

profession in England todayprofession in England today• A. (para 4)A. (para 4) IntroductionIntroduction• B. (para 5-8) Solicitors: education and training; B. (para 5-8) Solicitors: education and training;

job content; types of practice; the Law Societyjob content; types of practice; the Law Society• C. (para 9-13) Barristers: education and trainiC. (para 9-13) Barristers: education and traini

ng; job content; career development; the Geneng; job content; career development; the General Council of the Barral Council of the Bar

• D. (para 14) Conclusion: the main differences D. (para 14) Conclusion: the main differences between being a solicitor and a barristerbetween being a solicitor and a barrister

Questions based on Part IIQuestions based on Part II

1.1. What do you suppose is the function What do you suppose is the function of the four inns of court? of the four inns of court?

2.2. How was the meaning of the word How was the meaning of the word “attorney” developed?“attorney” developed?

3.3. (Line 6 on Page 191) Paraphrase “ (Line 6 on Page 191) Paraphrase “ This rule was progressively relaxed”.This rule was progressively relaxed”.

4.4. How was the superior status of How was the superior status of barristers consolidated from the late barristers consolidated from the late 15th century to the 17th century?15th century to the 17th century?

5.5. What is honorarium?What is honorarium?

Questions based on Part IIIQuestions based on Part III1.1. What is the major difference between the work of soWhat is the major difference between the work of so

licitors and barristers? licitors and barristers? 2.2. What is the place where barristers work called?What is the place where barristers work called?3.3. Who can form partnership with legal executives, solWho can form partnership with legal executives, sol

icitors or barristers?icitors or barristers?4.4. How does a client approach a solicitor and a barristHow does a client approach a solicitor and a barrist

er? er? 5.5. How many types of barristers are mentioned in parHow many types of barristers are mentioned in par

a. 12? What are they? a. 12? What are they? 6.6. How do you understand the sentence in Line 7 of paHow do you understand the sentence in Line 7 of pa

ra. 12 starting with “This means…”?ra. 12 starting with “This means…”?7.7. How do you understand the sentence in Line 3 of paHow do you understand the sentence in Line 3 of pa

ra. 14: “Barristers have an exclusive right of audienra. 14: “Barristers have an exclusive right of audience in the superior courts”?ce in the superior courts”?

8.8. What organs regulate solicitors and barristers respeWhat organs regulate solicitors and barristers respectively?ctively?

Terms Terms

• solicitor [solicitor [ 英英 ](]( 初级初级 )) 律师，事务律师，小律师律师，事务律师，小律师• barrister [barrister [ 英英 ] (] ( 在英国有资格出席高等法庭并辩护在英国有资格出席高等法庭并辩护

的的 )) 出庭律师出庭律师 , , 大律师大律师• in-house legal adviserin-house legal adviser 公司内部法律事务顾问公司内部法律事务顾问

legal executive legal executive （英）初级撰状律师（英）初级撰状律师• chamber chamber 出庭律师事务所出庭律师事务所• Queen’s Counsel (QC) Queen’s Counsel (QC) 皇室法律顾问；“穿上皇室法律顾问；“穿上

丝袍”（丝袍”（ take silktake silk ）的出庭律师）的出庭律师• juniorjunior （英）资浅高级律师；初级出庭律师（英）资浅高级律师；初级出庭律师

TermsTerms

advocacy:advocacy: 辩护辩护right of audienceright of audience ：辩护权；陈述意见的机：辩护权；陈述意见的机

会会conveyanceconveyance ：不动产（权）转让；财产转：不动产（权）转让；财产转

移移probateprobate ：遗嘱：遗嘱personal injurypersonal injury ：人身伤害：人身伤害

Proper namesProper names

• four inns of court four inns of court 英国最古老的四大律师学院， 英国最古老的四大律师学院， 1414 世纪在伦敦组成：林肯世纪在伦敦组成：林肯 // 格雷格雷 // 内殿内殿 // 中殿律中殿律师学院 师学院

• Law Society Law Society 英国事务律师公会英国事务律师公会• Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) 皇家检诉厅皇家检诉厅• International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)

国际商会国际商会• London Court of International ArbitrationLondon Court of International Arbitration

伦敦国际仲裁庭伦敦国际仲裁庭• General Council of the Bar / Bar CouncilGeneral Council of the Bar / Bar Council

（出庭）律师委员会（出庭）律师委员会

B. Partial translationB. Partial translation

1.1. but enables the non-graduate to qualify but enables the non-graduate to qualify as a solicitoras a solicitor

2.2. form associations/partnership with firms form associations/partnership with firms of lawyers in other countriesof lawyers in other countries

3.3. deal with realistic problems that clients deal with realistic problems that clients might facemight face

4.4. There is a great variety of work done by There is a great variety of work done by small firms of lawyerssmall firms of lawyers

5.5. they should not be prohibited from they should not be prohibited from advertising their servicesadvertising their services

TranslationTranslation

1. 1. 在英格兰和威尔士以外的地方发生的诉讼，可以在英格兰和威尔士以外的地方发生的诉讼，可以直接委托出庭律师。在英格兰法院起诉的案件，直接委托出庭律师。在英格兰法院起诉的案件，需要通过事务律师来委托出庭律师。需要通过事务律师来委托出庭律师。

2. 2. 出庭律师作为独立执业人的地位使他们在销售自出庭律师作为独立执业人的地位使他们在销售自己的专业服务时，无需在管理方面支付过多的成己的专业服务时，无需在管理方面支付过多的成本。本。

3. 3. 人们要依靠律师来揭示复杂法律制度的神秘面纱，人们要依靠律师来揭示复杂法律制度的神秘面纱，这一本质毫无疑问导致大家把律师看作支持者和这一本质毫无疑问导致大家把律师看作支持者和有能力帮助别人的朋友，同时也使那些无能为力有能力帮助别人的朋友，同时也使那些无能为力请不起律师的人讨厌他们。请不起律师的人讨厌他们。

TranslationTranslation

4. In their bar exams, examinees / candidates ar4. In their bar exams, examinees / candidates are required to do such things as drafting meme required to do such things as drafting memoranda, writing a closing argument for a trial,oranda, writing a closing argument for a trial, or outlining a deposition. or outlining a deposition.

5. Forty-five percent of the Framers of the 1789 5. Forty-five percent of the Framers of the 1789 Constitution were lawyers. Over two-thirds oConstitution were lawyers. Over two-thirds of the Senate and over half the numbers of the f the Senate and over half the numbers of the House of Representatives have been lawyers.House of Representatives have been lawyers.

TextⅡ The Bar in the USTextⅡ The Bar in the US

words: egalitarian, democratization, words: egalitarian, democratization, concert, mandatory, elective, standing, concert, mandatory, elective, standing, associate, broker, disagreeable, associate, broker, disagreeable, stratum, elite, venerable, prestigiousstratum, elite, venerable, prestigious

phrases: in imitation of, bring about, in phrases: in imitation of, bring about, in proportion to, compete for, on averageproportion to, compete for, on average

terms: submission, solo practitionerterms: submission, solo practitioner

proper names: the Revolution, ABA, proper names: the Revolution, ABA, GPA, LSAT, U. S. attorneyGPA, LSAT, U. S. attorney

Outline of Text IIOutline of Text II

ⅠⅠ. (para. 1-2) Education and training of lawyers in th. (para. 1-2) Education and training of lawyers in the US e US

ⅡⅡ. (para. 3-4) The Bar in the US: admission to the Ba. (para. 3-4) The Bar in the US: admission to the Bar; an introduction to the American Bar Associationr; an introduction to the American Bar Association

ⅢⅢ. (para. 5-15) The work of American lawyers. (para. 5-15) The work of American lawyers• A. (para 5)A. (para 5) A general division of lawyers in the USA general division of lawyers in the US• B. (para 6)B. (para 6) 17 work tasks of lawyers in the US 17 work tasks of lawyers in the US • C. (para 7) 4 principal groups of lawyers in the US C. (para 7) 4 principal groups of lawyers in the US • D. (para 8-12) 3 distinct levels within the legal profD. (para 8-12) 3 distinct levels within the legal prof

essionession

Questions based on Text IIQuestions based on Text II

1.1. How can a law student qualify as a How can a law student qualify as a lawyer?lawyer?

2.2. Where can a lawyer in the U.S. get the Where can a lawyer in the U.S. get the license to practice law? license to practice law?

3.3. What is the function of ABA?What is the function of ABA?4.4. What are the 2 types of lawyers What are the 2 types of lawyers

according to the text and what is their according to the text and what is their work scope?work scope?

5.5. What are the 3 levels in the legal What are the 3 levels in the legal profession according to the text?profession according to the text?

6.6. What is the function of U.S. attorneys?What is the function of U.S. attorneys?

Terms and proper namesTerms and proper names

submission submission 提交仲裁；向法官及陪审员提出的意见；提交仲裁；向法官及陪审员提出的意见；辩护词 辩护词

solo practitioner solo practitioner 独立开业者独立开业者the Revolution [the Revolution [美美 ] (1775-1783] (1775-1783年宣布脱离英国年宣布脱离英国

的的 ))美国独立战争美国独立战争American Bar Association (ABA) American Bar Association (ABA) 美国律师协会美国律师协会Grade-Point Average (GPA)Grade-Point Average (GPA) （美）（学生各科成绩（美）（学生各科成绩

的）平均积分点的）平均积分点Law School Aptitude Test (LSAT) Law School Aptitude Test (LSAT) 法学院能力倾向法学院能力倾向测验测验

U. S. attorneyU. S. attorney （美）检察长（美）检察长

Text III Case ReadingText III Case ReadingCase A:Case A:• words: pending, sergeant, deception, knowwords: pending, sergeant, deception, know

inglyingly ，， deliberately, material fact, standdeliberately, material fact, stand• phrases: set aside, to the advantage of sb.phrases: set aside, to the advantage of sb.• terms: assault and battery, trespass, false iterms: assault and battery, trespass, false i

mprisonment, material factmprisonment, material fact• proper names: All ER, LJJproper names: All ER, LJJ

TEXT III CASE READINGTEXT III CASE READING

Case B:Case B:• words: Lordship, head, advert, harass, vexatiowords: Lordship, head, advert, harass, vexatio

us, rascal, paramount, mouthpiece, protractious, rascal, paramount, mouthpiece, protraction, like (adj.)n, like (adj.)

• phrases: on a dock brief, bring an action againphrases: on a dock brief, bring an action against sb., own allegiance to sb. / sth.st sb., own allegiance to sb. / sth.

• terms: lie, dock brief, professional negligence, terms: lie, dock brief, professional negligence, public policy, pleadings, obiter dictapublic policy, pleadings, obiter dicta

Case A: termsCase A: terms

assault and battery assault and battery 殴打和侵犯人身罪，殴打和侵犯人身罪，袭击和伤害罪（行为） 袭击和伤害罪（行为）

trespass trespass 侵犯（行为），受侵害的一方可侵犯（行为），受侵害的一方可提起诉讼索取赔偿。分为：殴打、监禁、提起诉讼索取赔偿。分为：殴打、监禁、强入私人土地等的暴力侵犯；非法获取他强入私人土地等的暴力侵犯；非法获取他人财物的准动产侵犯人财物的准动产侵犯

false imprisonment false imprisonment 非法拘禁非法拘禁

Case A: proper namesCase A: proper namesAll ER:All ER: All England Law Reports (1936-date)All England Law Reports (1936-date)全英法全英法

律判例汇编（律判例汇编（ 1936-1936-至今）至今）

Compare the following:Compare the following:JJ ．． Judge Judge 法官、审判员法官、审判员 ; Justice; Justice （英）高等法院（英）高等法院

法官、（美）最高法院法官法官、（美）最高法院法官L.J.L.J. Lord Justice of Appeal Lord Justice of Appeal （英）上诉法院常任法（英）上诉法院常任法

官官L. JJ.L. JJ. Lord Justices of Appeal L.J. Lord Justices of Appeal L.J. 的复数的复数L.C. L.C. Lord ( High) ChancellorLord ( High) Chancellor （英）大法官：兼任上（英）大法官：兼任上议院议长的大法官（集立法、、司法、行政大权于议院议长的大法官（集立法、、司法、行政大权于一身的首脑人物）一身的首脑人物）

Case A: difficult sentencesCase A: difficult sentences

Sentence 1:Sentence 1:

This was an appeal by the plaintiff This was an appeal by the plaintiff from a judgment given by a judge from a judgment given by a judge and jury dismissing his action for and jury dismissing his action for assault and battery, trespass and assault and battery, trespass and false imprisonment.false imprisonment.

Case A: difficult sentencesCase A: difficult sentences

Sentence 2:Sentence 2:

He must not, of course, knowingly He must not, of course, knowingly mislead the court, either on the fact mislead the court, either on the fact or on the law, but short of that, he or on the law, but short of that, he may put such matters in evidence or may put such matters in evidence or omit such others in his discretion he omit such others in his discretion he thinks will be most to the advantage thinks will be most to the advantage of his client.of his client.

Case B: termsCase B: termsdock brief dock brief （（ also “dock defense”also “dock defense” ） （英）当） （英）当

庭委托律师辩护；律师给无钱被告的免费辩护 庭委托律师辩护；律师给无钱被告的免费辩护 a brief handed in court directly to a barrister sela brief handed in court directly to a barrister selected from among those present by an indigent ected from among those present by an indigent criminal defendant in the dock instead of throucriminal defendant in the dock instead of through the agency of a solicitorgh the agency of a solicitor

lie (lie ( 律律 )) 可立案、可受理 可立案、可受理 to be legally supportable, to have foundation in to be legally supportable, to have foundation in the law; to be admissible or maintainablethe law; to be admissible or maintainable

Case B: termsCase B: terms

professional negligence professional negligence 业务过失 业务过失 public policy public policy 公共政策公共政策Pleadings Pleadings 诉讼文件诉讼文件obiter dictaobiter dicta （（ obiter dictum obiter dictum 的复数）法官于判决中附带的复数）法官于判决中附带表示的意见表示的意见 , , 附带讲的话 附带讲的话

• An opinion voiced by a judge that has only incidAn opinion voiced by a judge that has only incidental bearing on the case in question and is therefore ental bearing on the case in question and is therefore not binding.not binding.

• 附带意见法官所说的意见，只是审理中案件附带的意见，附带意见法官所说的意见，只是审理中案件附带的意见，因此无约束力因此无约束力

**dicta-statements about the law in a judgment which ardicta-statements about the law in a judgment which are not necessary to the judge’s decision in the casee not necessary to the judge’s decision in the case

Case B: difficult sentencesCase B: difficult sentences

Sentence 1:Sentence 1:

If a barrister is to be able to do his If a barrister is to be able to do his duty fearlessly and independently he duty fearlessly and independently he must not be subject to the threat of must not be subject to the threat of an action for negligence.an action for negligence.

Case B: difficult sentencesCase B: difficult sentences

He ( the barrister) is bound to accept a He ( the barrister) is bound to accept a brief for any man who comes before brief for any man who comes before the courts. No matter how great a the courts. No matter how great a rascal the man may be. No matter rascal the man may be. No matter how given to complaining. No matter how given to complaining. No matter how undeserving or unpopular his how undeserving or unpopular his cause. The barrister must defend him cause. The barrister must defend him to the end.to the end.