Unit 9:The

Empire Strikes Back

Chapter33

Safe for democracy?Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) war “illegal”; >60 nations signLeague of Nations fails to prevent aggressions & war…

Muzzled

The fear of entangling alliances kept the U.S. from joining the League of Nations

Japanese Expansion

Italy vs. EthiopiaImperialism: 1935Modern Technology vs.

Failure of the League *Economic sanctions *Ethiopia asks for assistance*Sanctions eventually lifted*Italy remains in Ethiopia; withdraws from L of N (1937)

Francisco Franco (“El Caudillo”)

Failure of the League (again)Franco wins; remains neutral in WWII (civil war devastated Spain)

New weapons tested; bolsters German & Italian economy & morale

1936:Germany invades Rhineland (violates Versailles Treaty); L of N takes no action

Rome-Berlin AxisAnti-Comintern Treaty (anti-communist); Germany & Japan (Italy joins later)

Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan

Germany

1938: Anschluss - German troops march into Austria unopposed;

L of N takes no actionSudeten Crisis

• Sudetenland (3 mil. Germans) – fortified, mountainous region given to Czech. after WWI

• Nazi propaganda cause riots; Hitler invade to “protect” Germans

Failure of Appeasement

Munich Conference (1938)

Neville Chamberlain

Unchecked Aggression (1939)March - Czechoslovakia, Lithuania

April - Italy invades AlbaniaAugust - Nazi-Soviet Pact Sept. 1 –

Germany invades Poland (Hitler – Danzig had been“… torn from the fatherland”) (click once for 2nd 10 minutes)

WWII BeginsThe “Phony” War

GB & Fr declare war on Germany (Poland)Countries mobilize Soviets & Nazis expand (Eastern Europe)

USSR Gains in 1939

“Phony” War ends (1940) (5 clicks)

Apr - Germany invades Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Netherlands & Luxembourg

May - invasion of France

Germans follow new invasion plan (avoid Maginot Line)

Evacuation at DunkirkBlitzkrieg (“lighting war”); Allies surrounded @ Dunkirk (French seaport)GB evacuates civilians & >300,000 troops

Fall of FranceJun, ‘40 - German offensive; Italy invades southern FranceJune 22 - armisticeVichy Fr. (South) - Pétain (French WWI hero) forms a “dictatorial” gov’t

Occupied Fr. (North) – under German control

Marshal Philippe Pétain – Leader of Vichy France

By September of 1940 Hitler controlled

all of the European mainland.

Battle of Britain (Aug-Nov, ’40)

Luftwaffe hits civilian centers, railroads, industry,…R.A.F. (Royal Air Force) – radarOperation Sea Lion (German invasion of Britain) cancelled Churchill Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few

Nazi Expansion

Italians suffer multiple defeats Germany invades Balkans & North Africa

USSR & USAA) Operation Barbarossa

June, ’41 - Germany invades USSR (GB & USA ally); Moscow & Leningrad under siegeSoviets use scorched earth (see Napoleon); extend German supply linesRussian Winter – Stalingrad

Russian Tanks

B) US Involvement1937 - Neutrality Act1939 - Cash and Carry1941 - Lend-Lease Act (credit)

C) Atlantic Charter (1941)

Signed by Churchill & FDR (similar to 14 points)8 points - freedom to choose own gov’t, free trade, freedom of seas, a new international organizationFDR - “all aid short of war”

PM, September 10, 1941, Dr. Seuss

D) Japan attacks USADec 7, ’41 - Japanese attack Pearl Harbor; >2,400 deadUS Congress declares war; Japanese expandBataan Death MarchJapanese capture Guam, begin bombing the Philippines Gen. Douglas MacArthur forced to leave Philippines – “I shall return”

~78,000 Allied troops begin 68-mile march, ~54,000 make it to camp

Pearl Harbor

General Tojo Hideki

“A date which will live in infamy

”

Bataan Death March

Allies Gain the EdgeA) North Africa (1942-’43)

Gen. Erwin Rommel – the “Desert Fox”; leads German forces “Afrika Corps Allies stop Nazi advance in Egypt; protect Suez Canal (key Allied possession for oil & troop movement)British push west (from Egypt)Americans push east (into Tunisia)Rommel surrenders

US Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower

B) Italy (1943)Allies invade “soft underbelly” through Sicily; 2nd frontMussolini resigns; arrested Italians surrender; declare war on Germany

C) Stalingrad (1943-’44)Nazis seek Caucasus oilfields; head south surround StalingradNazis trapped by Soviets; urban warfareNazis surrender (>300,000 casualties); Kursk-largest tankbattle until Ramadan War

War at SeaAllies improve radar & sonar“Enigma” codes broken; Allied codetalkers’ encryptions never brokenCoral Sea & Midway (1942) - US victories; Japanese navy crippled“Island hopping” - capture strategic islands, set up air fields; bomb key targets

German Enigma Cipher Machine

Major Pacific Offensives

VI) The End of WWIIA) Operation Overlord

Tehran- “Big Three” agree on a third front June 6, ’44 - D-Day InvasionCross-channel assaultGermans unable to discover exact location of landing (Normandy, France)Aug 1944: Allies enter Paris

The “Big Three” at Tehran

Invasion of Normandy

B) Defeat of the NazisAllies advance (from: East – US; West – USSR; South – US, GB,…)Battle of the Bulge (1944) - last Nazi counteroffensive (Belgium); Allies’ lines bend, but don’t breakGermans surrender in Italy (1945); Mussolini captured & killedV-E Day – May 8, 1945Hitler commits suicide (Apr.)

Soviets capture Berlin; Germany surrenders

Allied Advances

The Soviet Advance (1943-’44)

Battle of the Bulge

Time Magazine Cover: 5/7/45

C) Allied Victories in the PacificGen. MacArthur returns to the PhilippinesIwo Jima-B-29s within range of Japan, Okinawa–staging area for amphibious assault upon Japan; Allies take islands w/ terrible losses – close to mainland JapanKamikazes - “Divine Wind”; 55 ships sunk, first time pilots, unrelenting Japanese fanaticism3/9- B-29s bomb Tokyo & other largest citie

D) Yalta Conference–Feb, ’45 –USSR, “Big Three” Agree to temporarily divide GermanyLiberated areas of Europe-democratic electionsSoviet Union should enter the warDiscussed war trials

Gen. Douglas MacArthur

The “Big Three” at Yalta

E) Japan’s Last Stand (1945)

Manhattan Project – J Robert Oppenheimer, $2 billion; atomic bombPotsdam Conference (July) – Allies send ultimatum to Japan: surrender or face “utter and complete destruction”Aug 6 - Enola Gay drops “Little Boy” on Hiroshima (180,000 casualties)Aug 8 – USSR declares war on Japan; Aug 9-“Fat Man” dropped on Nagasaki (80,000 casualties)Sept 2, ‘45 - V-J Day, Japanese officially surrender aboard USS Missouri (end of WWII)

Fat Man & Little Boy

Nuclear Explosion

Nagasaki

V-J Day

F) Costs of the War1) >22 million dead; >34 million wounded2) Medical advances (e.g. penicillin, plasma) prevented more deaths3) Desensitization - people grew accustomed to massive destruction

THEEND