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Unit 8 – Westward Expansion & Indian Removal
SS8H5 The student will explain significant factors that affected the development of Georgia as part of the growth of the United States between 1789 and 1840.
a. Explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches.
b. Evaluate the impact of land policies pursued by Georgia; include the headright system, land lotteries, and the Yazoo land fraud.
c. Explain how technological developments, including the cotton gin and railroads, had an impact on Georgia’s growth.
d. Analyze the events that led to the removal of Creeks and Cherokees; include the roles of Alexander McGillivray, William McIntosh, Sequoyah, John Ross, Dahlonega Gold Rush, Worcester v. Georgia, Andrew Jackson, John Marshall, and the Trail of Tears.
Georgia Performance Standards
Georgia Performance StandardsSS8G1 The student will describe Georgia with
regard to physical features and location. c. Locate and evaluate the importance of key
physical features on the development of Georgia; include the Fall Line, Okefenokee Swamp, Appalachian Mountains, Chattahoochee and Savannah Rivers, and barrier islands.
Georgia Performance StandardsSS8G2 The student will explain how the Interstate
Highway System, Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport, Georgia’s deepwater ports, and the railroads help drive the state’s economy.
a. Explain how the four transportation systems interact to provide domestic and international goods to the people of Georgia.
b. Explain how the four transportation systems interact to provide producers and service providers in Georgia with national and international markets.
c. Explain how the four transportation systems provide jobs for Georgians.
Georgia Performance StandardsSS8E1 The student will give examples of the kinds
of goods and services produced in Georgia in different historical periods.
SS8E2 The student will explain the benefits of free trade.
a. Describe how Georgians have engaged in trade in different historical time periods.
b. Explain how the four transportation systems from SS8G2 contribute to Georgia’s role in trade.
HOW WOULD YOU EXPLAIN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, LOUISVILLE, AND THE SPREAD OF BAPTIST AND METHODIST CHURCHES?
Essential Question
University of GeorgiaEstablishment of University of Georgia
Establishment of University of GeorgiaEstablished on January 27, 1785 US government provided money to purchase land
for the public university. (This is a charter)UGA is the oldest public university in the USA.Abraham Baldwin drafted the charter for UGABaldwin was president of the university from
1785-1801This was an attempt to educate Georgians to
help the economy and improve skills in the state.
Establishment of University of GeorgiaFinally opened its doors to students in September,
1801. Many important Georgia political and business
leaders graduated from UGA during this time period.Students were only white males.Women were not permitted to attend until 1918After the Civil War the University was designated as
a “land grant institution” under the Morill Act of 1872 and expanded its size and academic reputation dramatically over the next 130 years.
LouisvilleAugusta was the 2nd capital after Savannah but it was too far
east so a new town was created to be the capital. That was Louisville, named after King Louis XVI of France due to their help in the Revolutionary War.
Pronounced “Lewisville”Area was located in the central Georgia based on the
population Became the third capital of GAThe state’s legislators hoped that the town would also serve
as a trading center due to its location on the Ogeechee River. Once it was established, Louisville developed both socially
and financially.
LouisvilleHowever, Louisville’s time as capital ended in 1807
due several factors including the malaria outbreaks the occurred in the city every year, the difficulty of using the Ogeechee River as a trade route, and most importantly, the continual Northwestern movement of Georgia’s population.
One famous event in the city was when state legislators publically set fire to the Yazoo Land Act with a gigantic magnifying glass.
Note: An easy way to remember the name of all of Georgia’s capital cities is to learn the acronym S.A.L.M.A. which stands for Savannah, Augusta, Louisville, Milledgeville, and Atlanta.
GA has had 5 capitalsSavannahAugustaLouisvilleMilledgevilleAtlanta
Capital was determined by where the center of the state’s population was.
Spread of Baptist and Methodist churches
Though the founder of the Methodist church, John Wesley, preached in colonial Georgia, Georgians did not begin identifying themselves with the denomination until the Second Great Awakening (1790-1830).
It was during this time that Methodists & Baptist churches grew in large numbers, especially in the South.
People attended large camp meetings called “revivals.”By the 1830’s these denominations became the largest in
Georgia.Both churches gained popularity amongst working class
Georgians in the frontier and small towns of the state.In addition, due to these denominations’ mission work on
plantations, many slaves converted to either the Baptist or Methodist churches.
Spread of Baptist & Methodist churchesBaptist & Methodist churches spread in three
ways◦tent revivals - large camp meetings◦circuit riders - ministers who would ride from small
town to small town and preach◦camp meetings -all day affairs where farmers &
other townspeople could listen to the sermon but also get together and socialize with their friends and family after weeks of laboring on their farms
This is why the south has become known as the “bible belt.”
WHAT IMPACT DID THE HEADRIGHT SYSTEM, LAND LOTTERY, AND YAZOO LAND FRAUD HAVE ON GEORGIA?
Essential Question
Land Lottery Land Lottery From 1805-1833, Georgia had eight land lotteries. These lotteries gave the average Georgian the opportunity to gain a
large amount of land for pennies on the dollar. It was for white males, widows, and orphans.
How it worked:◦ Purchased tickets◦ When name pulled, you could win land◦ white males could get largest pieces of land
Participants could have their name placed in the drum more than once based on characteristics such as their age, marital status, and war service.
Led to Trail of Tears due to the fact that the land was west of the Oconee River.
LAND LOTTERY
Headright SystemWas established to attract settlers for economic
development. GA gov’t provided land east of the Oconee River.
Received land if you were the male head of household and if you had slaves, you received more land
Most of the land was given to Revolutionary War vets. This is how Elijah Clarke & Austin Dabney received land.
system ended when there were too many claimants and not enough land to offer.
Led to Trail of Tears
INDIAN LAND CESSIONS
MEANT THAT CREEK AND CHEROKEE INDIANS IN
GEORGIA GAVE UP THEIR LAND IN EXCHANGE
FOR MONEY OR TRADING RIGHTS /
PRIVILEGES
THE RESULT IS MORE
WESTWARD EXPANSION OF
SETTLERS
Which way was fairer?Land lottery
◦Plots were surveyed◦Divided by how valuable they were◦More people had an opportunity to own land
Yazoo Land Fraudnamed after a river in the present state of
Mississippiact sold much of the land that would become
Alabama and Mississippi to four land companies for $500,000
These companies bribed the governor of GAThey purchased the land for 1.5 cents per
acre & sold the land at much higher prices for profit
Yazoo Land FraudThe companies would share the profits with
GA legislaturesSoon after Georgia governor, George
Mathews, signed the Yazoo Act into law, it was discovered that the land companies bribed members of the Georgia General Assembly to sell the land.
Almost immediately, Georgians protested the sale.
Yazoo Land Fraudthe legislators chose to continue with the
arrangement.one of GA’s U.S. senators, James Jackson, was
so outraged he resigned from his seat and returned to the state.
Once back he and his political allies took control of the Georgia General Assembly and nullified the Yazoo Act.
Yazoo Land FraudU.S. government forced GA to cede the land
west of the Chattahoochee River in exchange for 1.25 million dollars and a promise to help remove the Creek and Cherokee Indians from the area.
The controversy surrounding the Yazoo Act is known as the Yazoo Land Fraud.
GA’s new western border became the Chattahoochee River.
Results of Yazoo Land FraudState of GA lost landUS agreed to give up Indian land claims in GACreek Indians would be removed from GA (led
to Trail of Tears)
BURNING OF THE YAZOO LAND FRAUD RECORDS AT THE CAPITOL BUILDING IN LOUISVILLE - 1796
HOW DID THE COTTON GIN AND RAILROADS IMPACT GEORGIA’S GROWTH?
Essential Question
Cotton GinEli Whitney and the Cotton GinIn 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton, a northerner
who moved to Georgia in 1793. This made cotton easier to produced and much more
profitableAn unintended consequence was that white settlers
needed more land and this caused Indians to be removed from their home.
During this time period, tobacco, which at the time was one of Georgia’s most important crops, was destroying the soil.
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONTHE COTTON GIN
Cotton GinAs an alternative to tobacco the state was
looking for ways to make growing cotton profitable.
Allowed for economic growth: plantation owners could process cotton quicker
Allowed for population growth: plantation owners imported more slaves to process cotton
How did the invention of the cotton gin affect Southern life?
Answer: FOCUS ON AGRICULTURE, PLANTERS DEMANDED MORE LAND TO GROW COTTON, and AN INCREASE IN SLAVERY, and
RACISM.
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONTHE RAILROAD
Railroads: An Economic Boom
RailroadsMany of Georgia’s cities and towns were
created due to the railroad, including the city of Atlanta.
The first Georgia railroad was chartered in 1832 to have a better way to transport cotton due to poor road conditions
Cities and towns grew as a result of railroadsProducts distributed throughout GA using the
railroad system
• The city of Atlanta was created as a railroad hub for the Western and Atlantic Railroad. This track ran from Chattanooga, Tennessee to a small hub called “Terminus,” which means “end of the line.” Later, two other railroad lines combined with this point, causing the city to grow even more.
• Terminus changed its name in 1843, to Marthasville, after the former governor Wilson Lumpkin’s daughter.
• Its name was changed again in 1845 to Atlanta, which many claim was simply a feminization of the name Atlantic. Due to the invention of the railroad, Atlanta became the first major American city to be built on a location without a navigable river.
New Job because of Railroad
• Engineer
UNITED STATES RAILWAY SYSTEM IN 1870
COMPARE THE GEORGIA RAILROAD MAP ON THE LEFT TO THE GEORGIA COTTON PRODUCTION MAP
ON THE RIGHT. WHAT CONCLUSIONS CAN YOU DRAW?
