Unit 8P. 484

Susceptible- Relapsing- Monogamous- Promiscuity- Abstinence- Remission- Outbreak-

1.2.3.4.

1.2.3.4.

Pathogens that are swallowed are killed by_________.

Lymphocytes-

Two Types:T Cells-B Cells-How many lymphocytes do we have per cubic

millimeter of blood?

Lymphocytes: White blood cells that help the body fight pathogens (germs)

Two Types:B Cells: produce antibodies (special protein)T Cells: Signal B cells to produce

antibodies

- The body’s resistance to disease-causing agents.

Active-Passive-Vaccine-

The body’s resistance to disease-causing agents.

Active: Resistance to disease due to the presence of antibodies

Passive: Introducing antibodies into a person’s blood stream

Vaccine: Weakened disease that is introduced into the body to give immunity (make antibodies)

An illness caused by pathogens that can be spread from one living thing to another.

◦ Pathogens: Any germ that causes disease.◦ Contagious: Having the ability to be transmitted.

Epidemiology: The study of the source & the spread of diseases.

Bacteria-Fungi-Viruses-Protozoa-Helminth-

Bacteria: Microscopic, single celled org., that cause disease. Releases toxins, likes warm, moist dark places.

Fungi (yeast & mold): Simple org., can’t make own food (ex: Athlete’s foot, ringworm)

Viruses- smallest known pathogen, takes over our healthy cells.

Protozoa: Single celled org., can produce toxins that cause disease.

Helminith (worms): Not micro org., cause disease in human body by infecting intestines, muscles, rectum (ex: round worms or Trichinosins)

Microbes: tiny organisms that can’t be seen by the naked eye

Viruses are not cells! Viruses cause disease by invading cells forcing them to reproduce viruses. Some remain in the body for life. Can live outside the body for a short time but must multiply inside.

*Smallest disease causing pathogenExamples: rabies, polio, common cold,

hepatitis, mumps, chicken pox, shingles, and warts.

1.2.3.4.5.6.

1.May be spread from person to person through direct contact (shaking hands, intimate kissing, sexual intercourse, receiving a transfusion of the person’s blood, touching ulcers or sores, of handling bodily fluids like blood or urine)

2.May be spread in the air (coughing or sneezing)3.Contact with contaminated objects (needles,

razors)4.Handling or being bitten by an infected

insect/animal5.Contaminated food or water 6.Not washing hands after using the bathroom

1. Host: person who is ill & is carrying the virus.

2. Environment: where the host lives.3. Time: season of the year.4. Agent: germ which caused the illness.

Susceptible: having a high chance of getting disease.

Relapse: recurrence of symptoms of disease after a period of improvement.

First line of defense: Structural

1. Skin (unbroken)2. Mucous Membranes in the mouth, nose,

and bronchial tubes3. Cilia4. Digestive juices (stomach acids)5. Tears

Second line of defense – Cellular1. White Blood Cells

Phagocytes eat up invadersT-Cells: lymphocytes recognize invaders and active B-CellsB-Cells: responsible for producing antibodies that destroy invading germs

2. Lymph Nodes- gland like structures that serve as filters to screen out bacteriaLast line of defense- Immunity (active, passive)

Inborn Immunity: temporary immunity that an infant has (acquired from mother’s antibodies)

Chlamydia: painful urination and unusual discharge from penis or vagina

PID: Pelvic Inflammatory disease (Infection of the internal female reproductive sys.)

Syphilis: chancre appears, if it goes away doesn’t mean STD is gone, its dormant.Spirochete: bacteria that causes syphilis

Gonorrhea: infects linings of the male and female genital and urinary tractsGonococcus- bacteria that causes gonorrhea

*Bacterial STD’s are curable with antibiotics

Herpes I: blisters or sores appear on or around the mouth, only transmissible when sores are present

Herpes II: causes blisters to appear in genital region

HPV: wart in genital area(can cause cervical cancer in females)

Hepatitis (A,B,C,D,E): viral infection of the liver

*Drugs that help produce antibodies: Vaccines*

Parasites:Pubic LiceTrichomoniasis

Transmissible virus that attacks T-cells of the immune system and causes immune deficiency.-The virus that causes AIDS. Some people who become infected with HIV become ill and die within six months. Others may remain in good health and show no signs for six to ten years.

Opportunistic Infections: Infections like pneumonia or cancer, that actually kill the person because immune system is low due to HIV

List the 7 Ways HIV is transmitted-

4 bodily fluids that can transmit-

2 bodily fluids that can not transmit but does contain the virus-

Ways HIV is Not transmitted-

-Contact with infected blood, semen, or vaginal secretions.

-Injection of infected blood or blood products-Infected mother to baby (Breast Milk)High Risk Behaviors: Anal intercourse,

injecting needles with multiple users, vaginal intercourse.

Other Risky Behaviors: Oral sex, receiving blood (not too probably anymore)

*Ways HIV is NOT transmitted (kissing, hugging, coughing, bathroom facilities, insect bites, sharing towels, prepared or served foods, swimming, sports equipment)

The virus destroys the T-Cells & disables their function of signaling the B-Cells to produce antibodies. With the immune system so low, the T cells are not able to fight off other microorganisms & cancer cells. The HIV cells multiply.

Tiredness Skin rashes Night Sweats Loss of Weight Diarrhea Sore throat & fever** Average time between HIV symptoms &

AIDS symptoms is 8-11 years.

Kaposi’s Sarcoma-

AIDS Dementia Complex-

HIV Wasting Syndrome-

** Roughly 40,000 people in the US become infected with HIV each year.

Word given for the time period when you turn from HIV- to HIV+

It may take 6 weeks to 6 months before HIV antibodies will show up in the blood. Most people develop antibodies in 6-12 weeks.

Treatment Drugs: slows down the germs ability to reproduce. P.510

Cure: None

ELISA: blood test that identifies whether a person has HIV antibodies.◦ If negative- retest in 6 months, if positive-another

ELISA test is done to confirm. Western Blot Test: this is also an antibody

test done to confirm the results of the ELISA test.

Home Testing (2004)-

Anti-retroviral Drugs-2 things the drugs do:

Cure-NONE

The last and deadly stage of HIV. When a person has 200 T-Cells or less they

are considered to have AIDS. After symptoms marking the beginning of AIDS development, most people die within two years & the rest within five years.

Abstain from sex until marriage Change your behavior and be tested for STI’s

and HIV if you have become sexually active Have a monogamous relationship & marriage Choose a drug-free lifestyle Change your behavior if you use drugs Avoid sharing needles for tattoos or to pierce

body parts Follow universal precautions