Upload
shavonne-tucker
View
215
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Unit 7: Urban Land Use
Services
Types of Services
• Consumer: retail, wholesale, education, health and leisure and hospitality
• Business: financial, professional, and transportation and similar services
• Public Services: provide security and protection
Origin of Services
• Early consumer services
• Early public services
• Early Business services
Clustered Rural Settlements
Kraal in Africa
Dispersed Rural Settlement
Each settlement has an economic base
• Basic Services create goods to be distributed outside of the community.
• Example:• big industries• Paper Mill• USAA Insurance• QVC
• Non-Basic Services: serve the community.
Example:• schools• Grocery stores• Doctors• DMV• restaurants
The Central Place Theory
• Market area of a service• Size of a market area–Range –Threshold
Gravity Model
Back to Central Place Theory Which shape to use?
Hexagon: Central Place
Central Place
• Are the market areas the same size? • Are there concentrations of populations in
some of the areas, i.e. are the thresholds the same size?
• Would concentrations of population influence the locations?
• Would the locations of businesses with large work forces influence the range?
• Would demographics of population (specifically income) influence the range?
Advantages to Central Place Theory
• Does a “good enough” job of describing spatial patterns in urbanization
• Only theory to describe hierarchy of urban centers• Describes location of trade and service activity• Beneficial to city economic developers to identify
what types of services are necessary and will survive in a given community
Problems with Central Place Theory
• Large areas of flat land are rare and transportation networks often intentionally channel traffic in specific directions
• Government intervention can dictate the location of industry• Perfect competition is an unreal assumption• People vary in their shopping trends—personal
preference/sales• People and resources are not evenly distributed• Christaller did not account for changing functions of areas
over time
Urban Function Hierarchy
• Hamlet-village-town-city
Rank-Size Rule: In MDCs, the second largest city is half the size of the largest city, the 4th largest city is 1/4th the size of the largest.
Primate City Rule: The largest city is disproportionately larger than all the rest.
Central Business Districtsvs.
The SUBURBS!!!
The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
Central Business Districts
- OriginalLocation
-Site
-Situation
Characteristics of CBDsCharlotte, NC
• -Vertical Geography
• -High Rents (bid rents)
• -Demography
• -Environmental Concerns
• -Cultural Amenities
• -Sense of Place
Centralization in CBDs
1. Economic Advantages: -accessibility -location near transportation hubs -agglomeration, clustering of “like” services2. Social Advantages: -Historical momentum -Prestige -locate near work
Services of CBDs: Faneuil Hall Marketplace, Boston
-Retail Services with a High Threshold
-Retail Services with a High Range
-Retail Services Serving Downtown Workers
-Business Services
Urban Renewal
• Public housing
• Gentrification
• Revitalization
• Sense of Place
Granville Island, Vancouver
Who lives in the inner city?• Single Yuppies, DINKS=want to be near amenities and walk to
work• Elderly, retired=want to be near amenities, can’t drive, no
kids, downsizing from big house in suburbs• Middle-aged, single career women• Gay population• People with unique careers can only find jobs in big cities • People who don’t want to be far from amenities• Affordable, high density housing• Don’t want to pay transportation costs to CBD jobs
Problems with Decentralization in CBDs
• Inadequate and run-down housing, redlining, filtering, ethnic and racial segregation
• Stores shut down• Homelessness, underclass,
cycle of poverty• Services are cut or taxes are
raised• Crime• Pollution• Lack of residents
http://www.juicygeography.co.uk/downloads/podmovies/ExeterCBD.movVideo made by a geography student in Exeter, England about the CBD
http://www.ted.com/talks/majora_carter_s_tale_of_urban_renewal.html
Suburbs: The answer to decentralization
• -The commuter zone: Counterurbanization, Transportation Corridor
• -Early Policies that led to suburbanization A. Federal Road Act of 1916, Interstate Hwy Act 1956 B. Federal Housing Administration (FHA) 1934 -single family homes -FHA loans for repairs were short and small C. GI Bill 1944 D. United States Housing Act 1937 -provides public housing for the poor E. Zoning Ordinances, Gated Communities2 effects:1. Encouraged single family homes away from the central city2. Magnified segregation of residential areas
Suburbs: The Good Life?
• -Urban Sprawl• -Checkerboard development, in-filling• -Placelessness• -Better Schools• -Safer Environment• -Large Yards, single homes• -Jobs have moved to the suburbs• -Services have moved to the suburbs
Ted Talks on Suburbshttp://www.ted.com/talks/james_howard_kunstler_dissects_suburbia.html
Who wants to live in the Suburbs?
• Married with families, affordable, single homes
• People who want safety (less crime), big yards, better schools
• People who work outside of the city
Urban Sprawl: Suburbs run amok
CBDs in Europe and Latin America
How are they similar AND
How are they different?
Resources• De Blij, Harm, J. (2007). Human Geography People, Place and Culture. Hoboken,
NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc. • Domosh, Mona, Neumann, Roderic, Price, Patricia, & Jordan-Bychkov, 2010. The
Human Mosaic, A Cultural Approach to Human Geography. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.
• Fellman, Jerome, D., Getis, Arthur, & Getis, Judith, 2008. Human Geography, Landscapes of Human Activities. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
• Pulsipher, Lydia Mihelic and Alex M. and Pulsipher, 2008. World Regional Geography, Global Patterns, Local Lives. W.H. Freeman and Company New York.
• Rubenstein, James M. (2008). An introduction to human geography The cultural• landscape. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.• Benewick, Robert, & Donald, Stephanie H. (2005). The State of• China Atlas. Berkeley: University of California Press.