ìUnit7:SecondarySector

SecondarySector

Constructioninvolvesbuildingsandinfrastructure.

Itrequiresmanyrawmaterialsandworkforce.

Energyproductiontransformsfuelintoformsofenergy,suchasheatorelectricity.Largefacilitiesareneededinorderto

accomplishthatprocessandthereareseveralwaysto

produceenergy.

Industrytransformsrawmaterialsintofinished(fordirectconsumption)orsemi-finished(usedas

materialsinotherindustrialprocesses)products.

History

ì  Before industry existed craftsmenmanufacturedproducts anditwasmostlyfocusedonself-consumption:ì  Industrydevelopedduring the IndustrialRevolution in the

18thcentury.ì  Industrialprocessinvolves:

ì  Machinesareusedasasourceofenergy.ì  Workersdotheirtasksinacertainplacecalledfactory.ì  Thereisworkdivisionbywhicheveryworkerisspecialised.

Machines

Necessaryelementsinindustry.ì  I n d u s t r y n e e d s s om e

elementstodevelop:ì  Raw materials are the

na tura l p roduct s tha tindustry transforms intofinishedproducts.

ì  Energy sources are thosenatural resources thatprovide the power so thattheindustrialtransformationmaybeaccomplished.

ì  Production factors areworkers, the capital andtechnology.

ì  Industryisbasicinthedevelopmentofacountry;henceanindustrialisedcountryisassociatedtoadevelopedcountry.Onthecontrary,anon-industrialisedcountryisconsideredunderdeveloped.

1.1.Rawmaterialsì  They are resources that are transformed process into finished or

semi-finished products through industry. Raw materials can havedifferentorigins:ì  Animalorigin,suchasmilk,leather,silkorwool.ì  Vegetableorigin,likerubber(caucho),cotton,woodorflax(lino).ì  Mineralorigin,ithasseveralcategories:ì  Metallic minerals. We can find iron, bauxite, copper, lead

(plomo),zinc,nickel,gold,silver,ì  platinum...ì  Non-metallic minerals, such as phosphates, clay (arcilla),

limestone(caliza),marble,gypsum(yeso),kaolin,salt,ì  sulphur...ì  Energymineralslikepetrol,coal,naturalgas,uranium...ì  Artificialorigin,likeplastic,PVC,rayon(textilartificial),nylon...

1.2.Energysources

twokindsofsources:

Renewablesources.Theyareobtained

fromunlimitednaturalresources.They

developedaftertheoilcrisisof1973.

Non-renewablesources.Theycomefromlimitednaturalresourcesthatcanbeusedup.Mostofthemhavefossilorigins.

Non-renewableenergy:ì  Coal. Its origin comes fromvegetables

that have been buried under theground or shallow water (aguassuperficiales)anditisdecomposedandsolidified until they have beenconverted into minerals with a lot ofcarbon.ì  Coal is used for producing

electricity in power stations or forheatingsystems.

ì  It represents 22% of all theconsumedenergy.

ì  USA,China,India,Australia,Russia,andSouthAfricaarethemainproducers.

Non-renewableenergy:ì  Oil(Petroleum).Itistheresultofaccumulatedplanktononthebottomof

the sea which becomes hydrocarbon because of pressure andtemperatures. Once extracted, oil needs to be refined. Some productsmaybeobtainedfromoil,suchasgasoline,gasoil,butane,kerosene,lubricants,plastic,asphalt...ì  It is used for industry, means of transportation, and to produce

electricityinthermalplants.ì  Itrepresents42%ofalltheconsumedenergy.ì  SaudiArabia,Russia,Iraq,Iran,theUnitedArabEmirates,theUSA,

Mexico, and Venezuela are some of the main producers whichcreated theOrganisationofPetroleumExportingCountries (OPEC)in1960,whichcontrolscirca78%ofworld’sreserves.

ì  The biggest consumers are the industrialised and most populatedcountries because of industry, transportation and homeconsumption.

OIL

OIL

Non-renewableenergy:

ì  Natural gas. Its origin isrelated to oil and it mayappear together in a pocketabove. Some other times gasisfoundwithnopetrol.ì  It is used for industry,

homes, for production ofelectricity.Itrepresents23%ofalltheconsumedenergy.

ì  T h e m a i n p r o d u c i n gcountries are Russia, USA,C a n ad a , t h e UK , t h eNetherlands, Norway, andAlgeria.

Non-renewableenergy:ì  Nuclear energy. It is based on the

use of minerals with radioactiveelements,suchasuranium.ì  It is mostly used to generate

electricity in nuclear powerstations through a process ofnuclearfission.

ì  It causes many environmentalproblems to store itswasteandthere are risks of nuclearaccidents.

ì  Many nuclear power stationshavebeenshutdowntopreventany risk. It represents 7% of alltheconsumedenergy.

ì  The main producing countriesare the USA, France, Germany,andJapan.

Renewableenergy:

ì  Hydroelectricpower.Itisgenerated by using thepower of falling watermasses from a certainheight.ì  W a t e r t u r b i n e s

transform that waterinto energy, mostlyelectricity.

ì  It is used in industrya n d h o m e s a selectricity.

ì  It represents 7% of allthe consumed energy.China, USA, Canada,Brazil, and Russia arethemainproducers.

Renewableenergy:ì  Solarenergy.Electricityisobtainedby

theheat causedby the sunbeams. Itis captured by solar panels withphotovoltaiccells.

ì  •Therearetwotypesofsolarenergy:ì  Thermal solar uses collectors to

capturetheSun’sheatandmakewater hot, which flows throughtubes inthecollectorandcanbestoredintanks.

ì  Photovoltaicgenerateselectricitydirectlyfromsunlight.

ì  I ts problems base on theirregularity of insolation and thedifficulty of storage. The USA,Germany, Australia, and Canadaaremainproducers.

Renewableenergy:ì  Wind power . E lec t r i c i t y i s

generated by using the power ofwind which is collected by largemills that move that energy toturbines.ì  It causes electricity basing on

the number of mills (windturbines)andwindspeed.

ì  These wind turbines can be onlandoroffshore.

ì  Its problems are the irregularityof the wind and the visual andacoustic impact of the windturbines.Germany, Spain, Denmark, andtheUSAarethemainproducingcountries.

Renewableenergy:ì  Biomass energy. It is produced

by recyclingwaste (agricultural,animal,industrial,urban...).ì  Thatwaste isburntand itgets

heat and gases that producefuel and gas for domesticheatingsystemsandindustries.

ì  The USA, Sweden, and Francearethemainproducers.

Renewableenergy:ì  Geothermal energy. It makes

the use of internal heat of theEarth (either hot springs orwatervapour).ì  It is mostly used for heating

sys tem and to p roduceelectricity.

ì  Itsmainproblem is that is canjustbeproduced inareaswithvolcanic or seismic activities.The main producers are theUSA, Iceland, the Philippines,andMexico.

Renewableenergy:

ì  Tidalpower(alsowavepower).ì  It bases on the use of waves

a n d t i d e s t o p r o d u c eelectricity.

ì  It is very little used since itrequiresahighinvestmentanditmaydamageenvironment.

ì  The current main producingcountries are France, the UK,andCanada.

Electricity

ì  Themainsecondaryenergyiselectricity,whichisproducedbythedifferentpreviousprocesses.Itcannotbeextracted,soitneedstobeproduced.ì  Itcanbetransportedeasilyoverlongdistances.ì  Itisacleanenergysinceitdoesnotgenerateanywaste.ì  Itconvertseasilytoothertypesofenergy.

ì  Itcanbeobtainedbythermalpowerstations,nuclearpowerstationsorthoughrenewablemeanssuchassolar,wind,hydroelectricpowers.

ì  Theconsumptionofenergymeasuresthedevelopmentofacountryorregion:

ì  Itisquitehighinthedevelopedcountriesduetotheirhighlevelsofindustrialisation.

ì  Manycountriesconsumemoreenergythatwhattheyproduce;hencetheyimportitfromabroad.

1.3.Humanresources

ì  Theyarethepeoplewhointerveneintheproducingprocess.

ì  In the developedcoun t r i e s t hew o r k i n gcondit ions arecontrolled, suchasworkinghours,wages, freedomo f s t r i k e ,unemploymentsubsidies, paidho l i d a y s , a ndhealthinsurance

ì  Instead,inthedevelopingcountriesworkingdaysarereallylong,therearenotbreaks,and thereareminimumhealthandsafety standards.Moreover, salariesare lowandworkersdonothavepaidholidays,unemploymentbenefitsorhealthinsurance.

1.4.Capitalì  1.4.Capitalì  Capitalisneededforindustrialactivitiesanditiscomposedof

money,buildings,machinery...ì  Itcanbeprovidedbyprivatecompanies,publiccompanies

(ownedbytheState)orboth(mixedcompanies).ì  Moneyisbasicforsetuptheindustryandtopaytheworkers.

Companies

ì  Companieshavedifferentcharacteristics:ì  They can be individual (one person provides the capital) or

collective(severalpeopledoit).ì  Theycanbesmall (lessthan50workers),medium-sized(50-249

workers)orlarge(equalormorethan250workers).InSpainitiscommontohavesmall-andmedium-sizedcompanies(pymes).

ì  Multinationals are those companies that work worldwidealthough their see may be in the USA, Japan or Europe. Theymostly work on food, automobiles, chemistry, electronics, andcomputing.

Companies

ì  Companiesmergetoincreasetheirprofits;hencetherecanbethreekindsofprocesses:ì  Verticalintegration(cartel).Itisthegroupingofcompanies

that participate in all the different stages of production.They integrate from the extraction of raw materials untilthesaleoftheproduce.

ì  Horizontalconcentration(trust).Companiesinvolvedinthesameindustrialactivityjoin.

ì  Financial concentration (holding). Some companies investmoney in other companies to control over differentindustrialsectors.

2.TYPESOFINDUSTRY

ì  2.1.Heavyindustry

ì  2.2.Capitalgoodsindustry

ì  2.3.Lightindustryorconsumergoodsindustry

2.1.Heavyindustry

Heavyindustrytransformsrawmaterialsintosemi-finishedproductsandithasthefollowingcharacteristics:

ì  Highinvestmentinrawmaterialsandenergysources.

ì  Theyarelocatedclosetothedepositsofrawmaterialsandenergysources,ornexttoreceivingcentres,suchasharbours(puertos).

ì  Theyareverypolluting;hencetheyareoutsidetownsandcities.

ì  Theyneedlargespacestosettletheirfacilities.

Metallurgicalindustry.

ì  Thistypeofindustryproducesmetalsandmetalproducts.

ì  Thesectorthatproducessteelandironiscalledsiderurgicalindustry.ì  ThemainironproducersareChina,Brazil,AustraliaandIndia.ì  ThemainsteelproducersareChina,Europe,theUSA,Japan,andRussia.

ì  Theindustryofaluminiumisveryimportantsinceitisahighlydemandedmetalforotherindustriessuchasautomobile,shipbuilding,high-tensionlines...ì  ItisverydevelopedincountrieslikeChina,Russia,Canada,theUSA,and

Australia.

ì  Theindustryofcopperismostlyusedforelectricity,automobiles,andaeronauticalindustry.ì  Chile,Japan,Russia,andChinaarethemainproducingcountries.

Heavychemicalindustry.

ì  Itproducesproductsthatarenecessaryforotherindustries.

ì  Itmakessulphuricacid,nitrogen,phosphates,causticsodaandderivatesfromoilandcoal.

ì  ThemainproducersaretheUSA,Canada,Germany,Mexico,JapanandRussia.

2.2.Capitalgoodsindustryì  Capitalgoodsindustrytransformsthesemi-finishedproductsfromheavyindustryintofinished

goods.

ì  ItismostlylocatedintheUSA,Europe,Russia,Japan,andsomeSoutheastAsiancountries.

ì  Therearemanytypesofindustrythatbelongtothissector:ì  Constructionmaterials.Itproducescementandconcrete.ì  Industrialandagriculturalmachinery.Itmakesmachinesandequipmentfor

ì  agriculturalandindustrialmachinery.ì  Aeronautics:planes,helicopters,lightaircraft.ì  Navalindustry:boats.ì  Railwaymaterial:tracksandcarriages.

ì  Aerospace.Itproducesspacesatellites,andspaceships.ì  Timberandpaper.Itmakeswoodpulpandpaper.ì  Electrical,electronicandcomputing.Itmakesdevicesthatimproveindustrialprocesses

suchasmicroprocessors,microchips,robots,computingequipmentsandprogrammes,microscopes...

2.3.Lightindustryorconsumergoodsindustry

Consumergoodsindustrymakesproductswhicharedonefordirectconsumption:

ì  Itconsumesveryfewrawmaterialsandenergyresourcescomparedtoheavyandcapitalgoodsindustry.

ì  Itislesspollutingbutitmodifieslandscape.

ì  Itisnormallylocatednexttocitiesortransportknotsinindustrialparks.

ì  Therecanbedifferentkindsofindustriesinthissector:food,lightchemicalproducts,electronicsandcomputing,textiles...

ì  Thesizeoftheseindustriesvariesalot.

ì  Food i ndus t r y . I tt r a n s f o r m s a n dmanipulateseverytypeo f f o o d ( m e a t ,vegetable, fish, anddairy products). TheUK, Switzerland, theU S A , a n d t h eNetherlands are themainproducers.

Automobile industry. It makes industrial vehicles (vans, lorries, buses...)andvehicles for individualuse (cars,motorbikes). It iscommon inEurope,Japan, the USA, and some East Asian countries such as South Korea andChina.This sub-sector also stimulates the creation of other industrial branchessuch as tires, windscreens, textile products, computing and electronicsystems...

Light chemical industry. It makes pharmaceutical, photographic, cosmeticproducts, and plastics. France, Germany, the UK and Italy are majorproducers.

Electronicsandcomputingindustry.Itmakesequipmentssuchascomputers,televisions,telephones,multimediarecordersandplayers,cameras...ItiswidelydevelopedinEurope,theUSA,Japan,China,andSouthKorea.

Textileindustry.Itincludessomegroupslikespinningandweaving,clothingindustryandotherarticles(rugs,handbags,belts,shoes...).Itusesbothnaturalrawmaterials(flax,wool,cotton,silk...)andsyntheticrawmaterials(rayon,nylon,Tergal,viscose...).ThetraditionalproducerswereFrance,Belgium,theUK,andtheNetherlands,althoughtheyhavebeenrecentlyreplacedbyChina.

3.INDUSTRIALSPACE

There are some factors that affect the location ofindustries:

ì  Proximitytorawmaterialsandenergysources.ì  Existenceofpopulationthatcanwork in itandbuy

itsproducts.ì  Meansoftransportationandcommunication.

ì  Economicdevelopmentoftheareaandpresenceof

otherindustries.ì  Supplyandpriceofthesoil.ì  Policiesthatfavourindustrialisation.

Asstatedbeforethelocationofthedifferentsub-sectorschange:•  Heavyindustryisusuallylocatednexttomineraldepositsandsourcesofenergy

orclosetoreceivingareas(harbours).•  Lightindustryisusuallyclosetomarkets,knotsofcommunicationandpopulated

areas.

Typesofindustrialspace:

ì  Dispersed spaces:There are isolateda nd d i s p e r s edindustries.

Typesofindustrialspace:

ì  Groupedspaces.Theyare industrialareasontheperipheryofthecities.Therecanbe:ì  Industrialpark.Theyare in thesuburbsof thecities.They

have large premises for industry and services such ascafeteriasorrestaurants.Lightindustryiscommonhere.

ì  Technology park. They are really environmental spaceswherehigh tech industry is located. There is also researchcentreslinkedtothemsuchasuniversities.

Industrialpark.

Technologypark

4.CHANGESININDUSTRIALPRODUCTION

ì  Processesofindustrialproduction.

ì  Constantinnovations.

ì  Newmaterials.

Processesofindustrialproduction

ì  Assembly l inesh a v e b e e nr obo t i s ed andmany computerp r o g r a m m e s ,digital technologya n dcommunicat ionnetworks havebeen introducedto produce moreinlesstime.

Constantinnovations.

ì  Companies and governmentsinvest in RDI; hence there is ac on s t an t r enova t i on o ftechnology and how it isapplied in industry. Largecompanieshave their ownRDIdepartmentsorcooperatewithuniversities.

Newmaterials.

ì  More quality and ecologicalproducts have been madebecause of the application ofnew technologies: Polymerconcrete(lightmaterialusedinconstruction, it does not usecement, but polymers), Biopol(biodegradableplastic),Nomex(plastic that can resist hight e m p e r a t u r e s ) . M a n yi ndus t r i e s u se recyc l edmaterialstoproducenewones(scrapmetaltoproducesteel).

5.ENVIRONMENTALCONSEQUENCES

ì  Industry has modified theappearance o f c i t i es ,harbours,andareasclosetomines. It has caused somenegative effects on theenvironment. In order tog e t s u s t a i n a b l ed e v e l o p m e n t s o m emeasuresmustbe taken tobalance economic growtha n d t o p r o t e c t t h eenvironment.

Thenegativeeffectsare:ì  Overexploitation of natural resources, such as raw materials and

energysources.

ì  Industrialwastepolluteswaterssinceitisthrowntoriversandseas.

Smokeandgasespollutetheatmosphereandcausethefollowingeffects:

ì  Acid rain. Some energy

sourcessuchascoalandpetrol produce acids(dioxidesulphurSO2anddioxide nitrogen NO2)that mix with waterv a p o u r i n t h eatmosphere and fall asra in . I t causes thereduction of the growtho f t h e t r e e s ,impoverishes the soiland it increases theacidity of waters (rivers,lakes),whatkillsfish.

Greenhouseeffect.

ì  The emission ofCO2byindustryandtransport increasest e m p e r a t u r e sbecause the heatthat comes fromso lar rad iat ionsdoesnotgoaway.Ita l s o c a u s e s achange in rainfalla nd w i nd s andthaws perpetual iceareas.

Ozonelayer

ì  Reduction of theo z o n e l a y e r ,which protectsusefromUVRays.It iscausedbytheuse of severalgasessuchasCFC,which have beenbanned.

Thecorrectivemeasurescanbe:

ì  To promote clean technology by implementing purificationsystems,filters...

ì  Theremustbeenvironmentalpoliciesinordertoimprove:ì  Wastemanagementmustbeimprovedbyrecyclingandby

usingbiodegradablematerials.ì  Environmental impact studies should be done before

settingupafactorytoanalyseitsconsequences.ì  To rehabilitate the degraded and abandoned industrial

areas.

To reduce the consumptionof resources and to recyclewaste.Somemeasurescouldbeaccomplished:

ì  Raw materials may bebet ter exp lo i ted bymanufactur ing moredurable products and byrecyclingmaterials.

ì  To save energy and touse renewable energysources.