Unit 7Unit 7Chapter 10: Federal BureaucracyChapter 10: Federal Bureaucracy

Section 1Section 1

Bureaucratic OrganizationBureaucratic Organization

Mr. YoungMr. Young

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions

What is the What is the major major importance of importance of the Federal the Federal Bureaucracy?Bureaucracy?

I CAN:I CAN:

1.1. Define the concept of Bureaucracy and Define the concept of Bureaucracy and describe its characteristicsdescribe its characteristics

2.2. Explain the concept of a Bureaucrat and Explain the concept of a Bureaucrat and their function within the governmenttheir function within the government

3.3. Identify and Describe the structure and Identify and Describe the structure and function of the Federal Bureaucracyfunction of the Federal Bureaucracy

Group #1Group #1

Definitions of BureaucracyDefinitions of Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy - A professional

corps of unelected officials organized in a pyramid hierarchy, functioning under impersonal uniform rules and procedures.

BureaucracyBureaucracy

A A hierarchicalhierarchical organization in organization in which offices have which offices have specifiedspecified missions missions and employees are and employees are assignedassigned responsibility based responsibility based on on meritmerit, knowledge, , knowledge, and experience.and experience.

bureaucracybureaucracyDefinition: an administrative

system, especially in a government, that divides work into specific categories carried out by special departments of nonelected officials

bureaucracybureaucracy

• literally means “rule by desks”

• government by clerks

Duty of BureaucracyDuty of BureaucracyCabinet DepartmentsCabinet Departments Most Important Most Important

duty: Carry out duty: Carry out the the Day-to-DayDay-to-Day business of the business of the governmentgovernment

1515 cabinet cabinet departmentsdepartments

Group #2Group #2

What and Whom are What and Whom are “Bureaucrats?”“Bureaucrats?”

BureaucratsBureaucrats

A A CivilCivil servant servant

PermanentPermanent employee of the employee of the governmentgovernment

Who are the Who are the ““Bureaucrats?Bureaucrats?”” 97% are career government employees97% are career government employees Only 10% live in the D.C. areaOnly 10% live in the D.C. area 30% work for the D.O.D.30% work for the D.O.D. Less than 15% work for social welfare Less than 15% work for social welfare

agenciesagencies Most are white collar workers: Most are white collar workers:

secretaries, clerks, lawyers, inspectors secretaries, clerks, lawyers, inspectors & engineers& engineers

Civil employees more diverse Civil employees more diverse demographically than Congressdemographically than Congress

The Federal Bureaucracy is:The Federal Bureaucracy is:

4 million employees; 2.8 million are 4 million employees; 2.8 million are civilians or civilians or ““civil servantscivil servants””

President only appoints 3% (patronage or President only appoints 3% (patronage or political appointments)political appointments)

15 cabinet level departments15 cabinet level departments200+ independent agencies with 2,000+ 200+ independent agencies with 2,000+

bureaus, divisions, branches, etc. bureaus, divisions, branches, etc. Biggest - Dept. of Defense, U.S. Postal Biggest - Dept. of Defense, U.S. Postal

Service, Veterans AdministrationService, Veterans Administration

Bureaucratic StatisticsBureaucratic Statistics

2.92.9 million civilians million civilians 1.41.4 million military million military 4.24.2 million state million state 11.411.4 million local million local

Total: Total: 19.819.8 million million people work for people work for governmentgovernment

Where do Federal Where do Federal Employees Work?Employees Work?

Source: www.edmonds.wednet.edu/mths/ClassActivities/ Brzovic/policeymakersChapters12-16/

What Jobs Do Bureaucrats What Jobs Do Bureaucrats Do?Do?

Source: www.edmonds.wednet.edu/mths/ClassActivities/ Brzovic/policeymakersChapters12-16/

Demographics of Federal Employees

Race/Ethnicity

Native American2%

African American17%

Hispanic7%

Asian5%

Caucasian69%

Group #3Group #3

Functions and Structures of the Functions and Structures of the Federal BureaucracyFederal Bureaucracy

Functions of the Federal Functions of the Federal BureaucracyBureaucracyFunctions of the Federal Functions of the Federal BureaucracyBureaucracy

1.1. ImplementationImplementation - carry out laws of Congress, executive orders of the President

2.2. AdministrationAdministration - routine administrative work; provide services (ex: SSA sends social security checks to beneficiaries)

3.3. RegulationRegulation - issue rules and regulations that impact the public (ex: EPA sets clean air standards)

Source: http://www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects/am_gov/chap6/a0606401.asp

1.1. ImplementationImplementation - carry out laws of Congress, executive orders of the President

2.2. AdministrationAdministration - routine administrative work; provide services (ex: SSA sends social security checks to beneficiaries)

3.3. RegulationRegulation - issue rules and regulations that impact the public (ex: EPA sets clean air standards)

Source: http://www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects/am_gov/chap6/a0606401.asp

OrganizationOrganizationOrganizationOrganization

Departments, agencies, boards, commissions, corporations, and advisory committees

Article 2- President appoints heads of departments

Departments, agencies, boards, commissions, corporations, and advisory committees

Article 2- President appoints heads of departments

The Cabinet DepartmentsThe Cabinet DepartmentsThe Cabinet DepartmentsThe Cabinet Departments

• The 15 cabinet departments headed by a cabinet secretary appointed by the president and approved by the Senate

• Each department “expert” in specific policy area

• Each department has its own budget

• Department of Homeland Security, created in 2002, is newest department

Secretary----------------------------------

Deputy Secretary

Under SecretaryScience and Technology

Under Secretary Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection

Under SecretaryBorder & Transportation Security

Under Secretary Emergency Preparedness and Response

Under SecretaryManagement

Inspector General

Director of theSecret Service (1)

Commandant ofCoast Guard (1)

Director, Bureau of Citizenship & Immigration Services (1)

General Counsel

State and Local Coordination

Special Assistant to the Secretary(private sector)

National Capital Region Coordination

Shared Services

Citizenship & Immigration ServiceOmbudsman (1)

Legislative Affairs

Public Affairs

Civil Rights and Civil Liberties

Department of Homeland Security

Chief of StaffPrivacy Officer

Executive Secretary

International Affairs

Counter Narcotics

Small & Disadvantaged Business

Note (1): Effective March 1st, 2003

Independent Executive AgenciesIndependent Executive Agencies

Established by Congress with separate Established by Congress with separate status outside the executive branch status outside the executive branch

Given a specific mandate and generally Given a specific mandate and generally perform a service function, not a perform a service function, not a regulatory one. regulatory one.

Some examples include: Social Security Some examples include: Social Security Administration, CIA, NASA, EPA.Administration, CIA, NASA, EPA.

Independent Independent AgenciesAgencies

Similar to cabinet Similar to cabinet departments but departments but usually have a usually have a narrowernarrower area of area of responsibilityresponsibility

Ex: Ex: NASANASA, , CIACIA Perform Perform servicesservices for for

the executive branchthe executive branch

Independent Regulatory CommissionsIndependent Regulatory Commissions

IRCs exist to regulate a specific economic IRCs exist to regulate a specific economic activity or interest such as the activity or interest such as the Federal Federal Communications CommissionCommunications Commission (public air (public air waves) or waves) or Federal Reserve BoardFederal Reserve Board (banking (banking system, money supply)system, money supply)

IRCs operate independently from Congress IRCs operate independently from Congress and the Presidentand the President

Once appointed and seated, members Once appointed and seated, members cannot be removed without causecannot be removed without cause

Regulatory Regulatory CommissionsCommissions

Administrative units that Administrative units that have responsibility for the have responsibility for the monitoringmonitoring and and regulationregulation of ongoing economic of ongoing economic activitiesactivities

Created to make Created to make rulesrules for for large industries and large industries and businesses that affect businesses that affect publicpublic interest interest

Under intense pressure Under intense pressure from from lobbyistslobbyists

Ex: EPA (environment), Ex: EPA (environment), SEC (stocks and bonds)SEC (stocks and bonds)

Government CorporationsGovernment Corporations

Government owned businesses Government owned businesses created by Congress created by Congress

May or may not be profitable, but May or may not be profitable, but serve a public needserve a public need

Ex: U.S. Postal Service, Amtrak, Ex: U.S. Postal Service, Amtrak, Tennessee Valley Authority, Tennessee Valley Authority, Corporation for Public BroadcastingCorporation for Public Broadcasting

Government Government CorporationsCorporations

Independent agencies, Independent agencies, are similar to are similar to privateprivate organizations in that organizations in that they can they can chargecharge for for their services but differ their services but differ in that they receive in that they receive federalfederal funding funding

Ex:Ex:TVATVA, , USPSUSPS, , AmtrakAmtrak

Organization of the Federal BureaucracyOrganization of the Federal Bureaucracy

Source: www.edmonds.wednet.edu/mths/ClassActivities/ Brzovic/policeymakersChapters12-16/

Group #4Group #4

Characteristics and CriticismsCharacteristics and Criticisms

Characteristics of a Characteristics of a BureaucracyBureaucracy

• administration of government through departments

• consists of unelected often highly trained professionals

• task specialization• hierarchical authority

Public PerceptionsPublic Perceptionsof Bureaucraciesof Bureaucracies

• impersonal

• inclined to follow rigid or complex procedures

• may stifle effectiveness and innovation

• “red tape”

Criticism of BureaucracyCriticism of Bureaucracy

I. RED TAPEtoo many rigid procedures >>> ex: all hiring must be done through OPMtoo many policies with no flexibility for special circumstancestoo many forms to fill out, lines to wait

II. INEFFICIENCYlack of incentive to be productive - no profit motive

III. DUPLICATION OF SERVICESbureaucracy is so complicated agencies are performing similar and sometimes the same functions Dept. of Commerce overlaps with Dept. of Agriculture, GSA overlaps with Dept. of Interior, etc.federalism makes this more complicated, many services are provided at the state and national level both

Criticisms ContinuedCriticisms Continued

IV. BUREAUCRACY IS LAW MAKERregulations end up having the effect of law.

V. BUREAUCRACY IS TOO BIGprivatization would be more effective

VI. BUREAUCRACY IS CORRUPTiron triangle - reveals the relationship between the Executive branch, Congress and private interest groups that can lead to decisions which benefit the private sector at the expense of the government.

Group #5Group #5

Oversight of the Federal Oversight of the Federal BureaucracyBureaucracy

The President Supervises The President Supervises the Bureaucracy the Bureaucracy

The President can:The President can:

• appoint & remove appoint & remove agency agency headsheads

• reorganize the reorganize the bureaucracybureaucracy

• issue executive ordersissue executive orders

• reduce an agency's reduce an agency's budgetbudget

President Bush speaks about his budget priorities for FY 2007

Congress Oversees the BureaucracyCongress Oversees the BureaucracyCongress can:Congress can:

create or abolish agencies create or abolish agencies & departments & departments

cut or reduce funding cut or reduce funding

investigate agency activitiesinvestigate agency activities

hold committee hearings hold committee hearings

pass legislation that alters an pass legislation that alters an agency's functionsagency's functions

influence or even fail to confirm influence or even fail to confirm presidential appointmentspresidential appointments

Former FEMA Chief Michael Brown testifies before

House committee investigating Hurricane Katrina

Federal Courts Check the BureaucracyFederal Courts Check the Bureaucracy

Federal courts can:Federal courts can:

through through judicial reviewjudicial review rule on whether the rule on whether the bureaucracy has acted bureaucracy has acted within the law and the within the law and the U.S. ConstitutionU.S. Constitution

provide due process for provide due process for individuals affected by individuals affected by a bureaucratic actiona bureaucratic action Supreme Court of the United States

QuestionQuestion

Why do you think that the Why do you think that the organization of organization of Bureaucracies are so Bureaucracies are so confusing?confusing?

QuestionQuestion

What do the 15 departments What do the 15 departments help to make up, guaranteed by help to make up, guaranteed by the 25the 25thth amendment, that we amendment, that we talked about in the last unit.talked about in the last unit.

Answer:Answer:Presidential SuccessionPresidential Succession

Cabinet DepartmentsCabinet Departments

Serve as the major Serve as the major serviceservice organization organization for the federal for the federal governmentgovernment

Has Has broadbroad powers and powers and responsibilityresponsibility

1515 different cabinets different cabinets with different agendas with different agendas and dutiesand duties

Department of Department of StateState

Founded: Founded: 17891789 Overall Overall foreignforeign policy policy

of the United Statesof the United States EmbassiesEmbassies- office of - office of

ambassadors in ambassadors in foreign countriesforeign countries

Current Secretary: Current Secretary: Hillary ClintonHillary Clinton

Department of Department of DefenseDefense

Founded: Founded: 17891789 (Department of War)(Department of War)

Changed name in Changed name in 19491949 Protects the nationProtects the nation’’s s

securitysecurity JointJoint Chiefs of Staff Chiefs of Staff

(Army, Navy, Marines, (Army, Navy, Marines, and Air Force)and Air Force)

Current Secretary: Current Secretary: Leon Leon PanettaPanetta

Department of Department of TreasuryTreasury

Founded: Founded: 17891789 ManagingManaging the the

moneymoney of the US of the US Ex: IRS, Bureau of Ex: IRS, Bureau of

Mint, Bureau of Mint, Bureau of Public DebtPublic Debt

Current Secretary: Current Secretary: Timothy GeithnerTimothy Geithner

Department of Department of InteriorInterior

Founded: Founded: 18491849 Protect Protect publicpublic lands lands

and and naturalnatural resources throughout resources throughout the nationthe nation

Ex: Bureau of MinesEx: Bureau of Mines Current Secretary: Current Secretary:

Ken SalazarKen Salazar

QuestionQuestion

What Service, created by Teddy What Service, created by Teddy Roosevelt, would be found in Roosevelt, would be found in the Department of Interior?the Department of Interior? (hint, (hint, think of Old Faithful)think of Old Faithful)

Department of Department of AgricultureAgriculture

Founded: Founded: 18621862 Help Help farmersfarmers

improve their improve their incomeincome and expand their and expand their marketsmarkets

Ex: Food Safety and Ex: Food Safety and Inspection ServiceInspection Service

Current Secretary: Current Secretary: Tom VilsackTom Vilsack

Department of Department of JusticeJustice

Founded: Founded: 18701870 AttorneyAttorney General General

(1789)(1789) Oversee the nationOversee the nation’’s s

legallegal affairs affairs Ex: FBI, DEA, US Ex: FBI, DEA, US

MarshalsMarshals Current Secretary: Current Secretary:

Attorney General Attorney General Eric Eric HolderHolder

Department of Department of CommerceCommerce

Founded: Founded: 19031903 Promote and protect the Promote and protect the

industrialindustrial and and commercialcommercial segments of the American segments of the American economyeconomy

Ex: Bureau of Census, Ex: Bureau of Census, Patent and Trademark Patent and Trademark Office, National Institute of Office, National Institute of Standards and TechnologyStandards and Technology

Current Secretary: Current Secretary: John John BrysonBryson

Department of Department of LaborLabor

Founded: Founded: 19131913 Protects American Protects American

workersworkers; safe ; safe workingworking conditions, safeguards conditions, safeguards a minimum a minimum wagewage, and , and protects protects pensionpension rights rights

Ex: Office of American Ex: Office of American WorkplaceWorkplace

Current Secretary: Current Secretary: Hilda SolisHilda Solis

Housing and Urban Housing and Urban DevelopmentDevelopment

Founded: Founded: 19651965 Preserve the nationPreserve the nation’’s s

communitiescommunities and and ensure ensure equalequal housing housing opportunitiesopportunities

Ex: Government Ex: Government National Mortgage National Mortgage AssociationAssociation

Current Secretary: Current Secretary: Shaun DonovanShaun Donovan

Transportation Transportation DepartmentDepartment

Founded: Founded: 19661966 Regulate all aspects of Regulate all aspects of

transportationtransportation needs, needs, policypolicy development, development, and and planningplanning

Federal Aviation, Federal Aviation, Railroad, Highway, Railroad, Highway, and Transitand Transit

Secretary: Secretary: Ray LahoodRay Lahood

Energy DepartmentEnergy Department

Founded: Founded: 19771977 Plans Plans energyenergy

policy and policy and researches and researches and developsdevelops energy energy technologytechnology

Secretary: Secretary: Stephen ChuStephen Chu

QuestionQuestion

What are some new research What are some new research methods that the Energy methods that the Energy Department is trying to work on to Department is trying to work on to help the world with their help the world with their environment problem?environment problem?

Answer:Answer:Clean Energy, such as Wind, Solar, Clean Energy, such as Wind, Solar,

Clean Coal, Electric CarsClean Coal, Electric Cars

Health and Human Health and Human Services Services

DepartmentDepartment Founded: Founded: 19791979 HealthHealth and and socialsocial

services needs of services needs of peoplepeople

Medicare, Medicaid, Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security, FDASocial Security, FDA

Secretary: Secretary: Kathleen Kathleen SebeliuSebeliu

Education Education DepartmentDepartment

Founded: Founded: 19791979 Coordinate federal Coordinate federal

assistanceassistance programs programs for for publicpublic and private and private schoolsschools

Education is an Education is an essentialessential feature of feature of democracydemocracy

Secretary: Secretary: Arne Arne DuncanDuncan

Veterans Affairs Veterans Affairs DepartmentDepartment

Founded: Founded: 19891989 Administers several Administers several

hospitalshospitals, , educational, and educational, and other programs other programs designed to benefit designed to benefit veterans and veterans and familiesfamilies

Secretary: Secretary: Eric Eric ShinsekiShinseki

Homeland Security Homeland Security DepartmentDepartment

Founded: Founded: 20022002 Created after Created after

SeptemberSeptember 11 11thth to to help help protectprotect our our nation, nation, analyzesanalyzes information from FBI information from FBI and CIAand CIA

Secretary: Secretary: Janet Janet NapiltanoNapiltano

Organization Cont.Organization Cont.

Title: Title: The The Damages of the Damages of the

BureaucracyBureaucracy

Artist: unknown, La Artist: unknown, La Presna, PanamaPresna, Panama

Date: May, 2006Date: May, 2006

Source:Source: http://www.politicalcartoons.com

Title: Title: Federal Employees Self Esteem ClassFederal Employees Self Esteem Class

Artist: Chip Bok Date: unknownSource: http://www.reason.com/9602/bok.gif

Title: Title: Another Layer of BureaucracyAnother Layer of Bureaucracy

Artist: Bob Englehart, The Hartford CourantDate: February, 2006Source: : http://www.politicalcartoons.com

Title: Title: FEMAFEMA’’s Folliess Follies

Artist: Mike Keefe, The Denver PostDate: April, 2006Source: http://www.cagle.com/news/FEMASFollies/main.asp

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions

What is the What is the major major importance of importance of the Federal the Federal Bureaucracy?Bureaucracy?

Works Cited PageWorks Cited Page

http://www.federalbudget.com/chartinfo.html

www.youthleadership.net The Federal Bureaucracy: Examining the The Federal Bureaucracy: Examining the

Fourth BranchFourth Branch