Chapter 25 Terms1. Louis Sullivan- an opinionated Chicago architect, contributed formidably to the further development of the

skyscraper with his famous principle that "form follows function"2. Theodore Drier's Sister Carrie 1900- novel about heroine Carrie Meeber who escapes from rural boredom to

Chicago just before the turn of the century. It is the spectacle of the city's dazzling department stores that awakens her fateful yearning for a richer, more elegant way of life

3. Boss Tweed- business of administering to the immigrants' needs fell to the unofficial "governments" of the urban political machines, led by "bosses" like this notorious New Yorker; often traded jobs and services for votes

4. Walter Rauschenbusch- Christian socialist, became pastor of a German Baptist church in NYC5. Social Gospel- preached by Christian socialists, insisted that the churches tackle the burning social issues of the

day, predicted that socialism would be the logical outcome of Christianity6. Jane Addams- middle-class woman who was deeply dedicated to uplifting the urban masses; established the Hull

House, the most prominent American settlement house; also courageously condemnned war as well as poverty, eventually won Nobel Peace Prize in 1931

7. Florence Kelley- armed with the insights of socialism and the voice of an actress, she was a lifelong battler for the welfare of women, children, blacks, and consumers

8. Nativism- antiforeignism; was revived in the 1880s; viewed eastern and southern European newcomers as culturally and relgiously exotic hordes and often gave them a rude reception

9. American Protective Association, 1887- in pursuing its nativist goals, it urged voting against Roman Catholic candidates for office and sponsored the publication of lustful fantasies about runaway nuns

10. Dwight Lyman Moody- proclaiming a gospel of kindness and forgiveness, he was a modern urban circuit rider who took his message to countless American cities in the 1870s and 80s; he held huge audiences spellbound

11. Mary Baker Eddy- founded the new faith of Christian Science; preached that the true practice of Christianity heals sickness

12. Normal schools- teacher-training schools, experienced a striking expansion after the Civil War13. Chautauqua movement- a successor to the secondary schools; achieved success through nationwide public

lectures, often held in tents and featuring well-known speakers14. Booker T. Washington- ex-slave that became the foremost champion of black education; avoided the issue of

social equality, believed economic independence would be the ticket to black political and civil rights15. W.E.B. Du Bois- assailed Booker T. Washington as an "Uncle Tom" who was condemning their race to manual

labor and perpetual inferiority; was first black to earn a Ph.D.; demanded complete equality for blacks, social as well as economic, and helped found NAACP

16. NAACP, 1909- National Association for the Advancement of the Colored People, founded by DuBois17. Morrill Act, 1862- enlightened law passed after the South had seceded, provided a generous grant of the public

lands to the states for support of education18. Hatch Act, 1867- provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection

with the land-grant colleges19. William James- one of America's most brilliant intellectuals, served for 35 years on the Harvard faculty; made a

deep mark on many fields through his writing; believed truth was tested by action rather than theories20. Carnegie libraries- Carnegie had contributed $60 million for the construction of public libraries all over the

country21. Joseph Pulitzer- Hungarian-born and near-blind, was a leader in the techniques of sensastionalism in St. Louis and

especially with the New York World22. Yellow journalism- use of colored comic supplements to journalism, developed by Pulitzer23. William Randolph Hearst- ultimately built up a powerful chain of newspapers, beginning with the San Francisco

Examiner in 188724. Henry George, Progress and Poverty, 1879- undertook to solve the "great enigma of our times, the association of

progress with poverty." According to George, the pressure of growing population on a fixed supply of land unjustifiably pushed up property values, showering unearned profits on owners of land. Proposed controversial idea of a single 100% tax on those profits to eliminate unfair inequalities and stimulate economic growth.

25. Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward, 1888- socialist novel in which the hero, falling into a hypnotic sleep, awakens in the year 2000. He "looks backward" and finds the social and economic injustices of 1887 have melted away. The book was mildly utopian socialist but had magnetic appeal to a nation already alarmed by the trust evil.

26. Gen. Lewis Wallace, Ben Hur, 1880- a huge sucess; was sold in many languages and became the Uncle Tom's Cabin of the anti-Darwinists, who found in it support for the Holy Scriptures

27. Horatio Alger- a Puritan-reared New Englander, wrote more than a hundred volumes of juvenile fiction promoting virtue, honesty, and industry, a kind of survival of the purest, especially for nondrinkers, nonswearers, and nonliars

28. Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass- great poet, he made purified revisions to his perennial, Leaves of Grass29. Emily Dickinson- one of America's most gifted lyric poets, did not become famous until her poems were

discovered after her death 30. Mark Twain- typified a new breed of American authors in revolt against the elegant refinements of the old New

England school of writing; real name was Samuel Clemens31. William Dean Howell- wrote about ordinary people and about contemporary and sometimes controversial social

themes32. Stephen Crane, Red Badge of Courage, 1895- the stirring story of a bloodied young Civil War recruit under fire33. Henry James- brother of William James, frequently made women his central characters, exploring their inner

reactions to complex situations; marked as a master of "psychological realism"34. Jack London- famous as a nature writer in such books as The Call of the Wild, turned to depicting a possible

fascistic revolution in The Iron Heel35. Frank Norris- wrote The Octopus, an earthy saga of the stranglehold of the railroad and corrupt politicians on

California wheat ranchers36. Victoria Woodhull- shook the pillars of conventional morality when she publicly proclaimed her belief in free love37. Anthony Comstock- portly crusader who made lifelong war on the "immoral"; self-appointed defender of sexual

purity38. Ida B. Wells- inspired black women to mount a nationwide antilynching crusade, also helped launch black

women's club movement39. Women's Christian Temperance Union, 1874- used the white ribbon as its symbol of purity against alcohol40. Frances Willard- leading spirit of the WCTU (see above)41. Carrie A. Nation- muscular and mentally deranged, she smashed saloon bottles and bars with her hatchet; brought

disrepute to the prohibition movement because of her violence42. Clara Barton- dynamic and diminutive, became the leader of The American Red Cross43. James Whistler- artist from Massachusetts who had dropped out of West Point after failing chemistry, did much of

his artistic work in England44. John Singer Sargeant- another gifted portrait painter who was self-exiled in England45. Thomas Eakins- attained a high degree of realism in his paintings46. Winslow Homer- perhaps the greatest painter of the group; earthily American and largely resistant to foreign

influences, he revealed rugged realism and boldness of perception47. Phineas T. Barnum- master showman who had early discovered that "the public likes to be humbugged"; joined

with James A. Bailey to create Barnum and Bailey Circus48. James Naismuth- a YMCA instructor in Springfield, Mass. who invented basketball in 1891