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Unit 7: Cells and Life
Name: _________________________________
Period: __________
Test Date: _______________________
2
Table of Contents
Title of Page Page Number
Due Date
VIRUS vs CELLS CHECKLIST 3
Warm-ups 4-5
Virus Notes 6-7
Viral Reproduction Notes 8
Viruses VS Cells Notes 9-10
Cell Structure and Function Notes 11-13
Comparing Euk, Pro, and Viruses 14
Cell Match up 16
Cell Poster Activity 17-18
Endosymbiosis Notes 19-20
Cell Scenarios Activity 21-22
Cell and Factory Worksheet 23-24
Unit 7 Vocabulary 25-26
3
Virus vs. Cells Check List
Viruses
Prokaryote
Eukaryote Living
Cell
Evolve over time
Contains genetic material (DNA/ RNA)
All store genetic information in the form of DNA
Can reproduce independently
Requires host for reproduction
Phospholipid Bilayer
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Membrane bound organelles
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UNIT 7 WARM-UPS
Question: Answer:
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Date: ___________
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Date: ___________
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6
Virus Notes
What is a Virus?
_______-living particle
WHY? Viruses are considered to be non-living because they do NOT:
o Carry out _____________________
o ___________ or develop
o ____________________ without the help of a living cell (host)
Characteristics of Viruses
Only pathogenic (causes _________________)
Viruses are ____________________ to certain kinds of cells
o Ex. HIV infects only Helper T cells
Before a virus can replicate, it must ___________________ to and infect a living cell, called the
______________ cell.
Virus Structure
A virus has simple structure consisting of an inner core of genetic material (_______ or RNA)
and an outer _______________ layer called a capsid.
This structure is known as a __________________.
The two parts of a virus are:
o __________________________________ – DNA & RNA – nucleic acids which play a
fundamental role in determining the structure and nature of all living things
o _________________ - protein shell that surrounds a virus
Label the capsid and genetic material in the following viruses
7
Gylcoproteins – Projections on ouside of viruses to gain ________________ to interior of
___________________.
8
Viral Replication Notes Viruses
If viruses are non-living, how do they replicate?? They need a ____________ cell! Before a virus can replicate, it must attach to and infect a _______________ _______.
What kinds of cells? A virus is _____________ to a specific kind of cell.
Viral Attachment Viruses are specific to certain host cells.
They will only attach to a cell if the protein (______________________) in its capsid or envelope matches the host cell’s protein.
Like an enzyme (___________ and key). If a virus can’t __________________, it can’t infect the cell.
What happens after attachment? Once a suitable host is found, the virus attaches and injects its _________ into the host. The host cell drives the production of new virus particles. The virus uses its host cell’s ________________ to make more copies of itself.
Viral Replication Once in a host, the virus can take one of two paths.
Two Types of Viral Life Cycles
Lytic cycle The rapid reproduction of the entire virus carried out by the host eventually
______________________ the host cell. Remember, when in the lytic cycle the virus is ________________ off so it destroys the
cell. LySogenic cycle - ______________ cycle
The viral DNA is integrated into a host and is replicated _______________ destroying the cell.
Eventually, the virus exists the lysogenic cycle and enters the _____________ cycle. Each time the cell divides, the provirus also divides. Each generation results in ___________ infected host cells. Does not destroy host cell _____________ provirus enters the lytic cycle.
2.___________________
Cycle 1.___________________
Cycle
9
Viruses vs. Cells
Characteristics of cells - All cells contain…
_______ membrane
o Regulates what goes in and out of the cell (selective)
o Composed of ____________ and proteins
Cytoplasm
o _____________-like substance found on the inside of the cell
o Enclosed by cellular membrane
Ribosomes
o Site of _________________ production
o Located in cytoplasm
Genetic material (_______)
Two Basic Cell Types
All cells are either _______________________ or eukaryotic
What is the difference? The location of their ______
_______karyote = no nucleus present; DNA is in the cytoplasm
Eukaryote = nucleus present; DNA surrounded by _______________
Prokaryotes a.k.a. _________________
Simplest cellular organisms
_______cellular
Contain genetic material but no nucleus
______ membrane bound organelles – therefore, not many specialized functions.
Eukaryotes
Complex cellular organisms
Unicellular ________ multicellular
Cells Viruses
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Contain a _____________ and many membrane-bound organelles with specialized
functions.
Nucleus
Controls activities of the cell and holds the genetic information (DNA)
Only found in _____________________
Ribosomes, which are used in protein synthesis, are assembled in an area of the nucleus called
the nucleolus.
Viruses Cells
DNA _______ RNA. Have no ________________ of their own. Must be parasitic!
DNA Can metabolize “food” to produce
_____________. Can live on their own and
______________ through binary fission.
11
Cell Structure and Function Notes
Cell Structure
Sketch Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic
Function What to
Remember
Nucleus
Controls activities of the cell and
holds the genetic information (DNA). The nucleus is
surrounded by the nuclear membrane (also referred to as
the nuclear envelope).
DNA
Genetic material made up of
genes that are decoded to make proteins (traits).
Nucleolus
Located within the nucleus of
eukaryotic cells and is the location of ribosome assembly.
Plasma or Cell Membrane
Selectively regulates what enters and exits the cell.
Cytoplasm
A jelly-like substance found
outside of the nucleus and enclosed by cellular membrane.
Ribosomes
Located in the cytoplasm and on the rough ER and are the site of
protein production.
12
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)
Transports proteins that are
made by ribosomes attached to
it.
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)
Makes new lipids and helps to break down toxic substances.
Golgi Apparatus/Bo
dy
A series of flattened, membrane-
bound sacs that serve as the
packaging and distribution center
of the cell to modify the proteins that travel from the ER before
they are released to serve their function.
Mitochondria
Release energy from organic
compounds to make ATP (cellular
respiration).
Lysosomes
Specialized vesicles that contain digestive enzymes and function
to digest and recycle the cell’s used components.
Cytoskeleton
A network of protein structures
that determines cell shape and provides support for organelles
and pathways for cell movement.
13
Cell Wall
Helps to support, protect and
maintain the shape of the cell.
Chloroplasts
Use light energy to make
carbohydrates from carbon
dioxide and water (photosynthesis) and are only
found in plant cells.
Large, central vacuole
In plant cells the large central vacuole, stores
water and contains many substances, including ions,
nutrients, and wastes.
Flagella and cillia
Tail-like structures that help
bacteria move.
Pili
Hair-like structures that help
bacteria stick to surfaces.
14
Comparing Cells Practice
Directions: Compare and contrast animal, plant and bacterial cells. You must include, but are not limited to the
following words:
Nucleus
Nuclear membrane/envelope
Pili
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Lysosome
Golgi bodies
Chloroplast
Cytoskeleton
Vacuole
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Central vacuole
Cell wall
Capsule
Genetic material
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Bacterial Cell
16
Cell Match Up
17
Cell Poster Activity
I. Identify the function.
1.______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2.______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3.______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
4.______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
II. Identify the structure.
5.__________________________
6.__________________________
7.__________________________
8.__________________________
III. Identify the function.
9.______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
10._____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
11._____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
12._____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
IV. Which of the structures are found in plant cells only?
13.______________________________________________
V. Identify the structure.
14.__________________________
15.__________________________
16.__________________________
17.__________________________
18
VI. Identify the function.
18._____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
19._____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
20._____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
21._____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
VII. Identify the structure.
22.__________________________
23.__________________________
24.__________________________
VIII. Identify the following cells:
25. Circle the correct answer.
A. Prokaryote or Eukaryote? Plant, Animal or Bacterial cell?
Explain your choices.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
B. Prokaryote or Eukaryote? Plant, Animal or Bacterial cell?
Explain your choices.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
C. Prokaryote or Eukaryote? Plant, Animal or Bacterial cell?
Explain your choices.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
D. Prokaryote or Eukaryote? Plant, Animal or Bacterial cell?
Explain your choices.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
19
Endosymbiosis Notes
WHERE DID CELLS COME FROM?
History of Life on Earth
Most scientists hypothesize that life on Earth developed through natural _________________________
and _____________________________ processes.
Molecules of ___________-________________ matter reacted chemically during the first billion years of
Earth’s history.
These chemical reactions produced ___________________, organic molecules.
Energized by the sun and volcanic ______________, these simple molecules formed more-______________
molecules that eventually became the __________________________ blocks of the first cells.
This was simulated by the _____________________-___________
Experiment
Scientists hypothesize that RNA was the _______________-self-
replicating information-storage molecule.
RNA catalyzed the assembly of the first ______________________.
Laboratory experiments have shown that, in water, short chains of amino
acids can gather into tiny droplets called
__________________________________.
Scientists think the formation of microspheres was the first step to
______________________ organization.
The first cells to form were ______________________________.
Simple cells with a single _________________ of DNA.
So how did complex eukaryotes come about?
Origins of the Eukaryotic Cell
Scientists seem to think they evolved through teamwork:
________________________
more specifically….
____________________________________ where one organism lives
inside another to the benefit of both
20
Endosymbiotic Theory
Chloroplasts and mitochondria were originally independent ___________________________ that
now live inside eukaryotic cells.
Endosymbiotic Theory
Evidence supports that eukaryotes descended from ___________ prokaryotic cells that joined together
Evidence for the theory:
1. ______________ mitochondria
and chloroplasts contain their
own DNA.
2. Both mitochondria and
chloroplasts reproduce
_________________________ of
the rest of the cell.
3. Mitochondria and chloroplasts
are the same _________ as
bacteria.
4. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own
________________________ and make their own proteins.
21
Cell Scenarios Activity
Background: There are many structures that are vital to cells. These structures help them with the day-to-day “chores” inside a cell,
when it comes time to reproduce, and generally help them stay alive! Some structures are present in both prokaryotic cells and
eukaryotic cells, while the membrane-bound organelles are present only in animal and plant cells. Each structure or organelle has a
very specific job within the cell and, without them, things would definitely not work as they should.
Directions: Read the scenario at each station. Properly identify cell structures and organelles, including those that are “missing”
and hypothesis the consequences of removing these key organelles from a cell.
Scenario 1:
1. What is the organelle described? ___________________________________________
2. What is its function/ what does it do for the cell (and for you!)? ____________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. What would be the consequence of removing this organelle from the cell?
________________________________________________________________________
Scenario 2:
Use the images to complete the chart below.
Q# Cell Identify the Cell Type
Explain how you knew what type of cell it was….what features
belong only to that cell?
4 A
5 B
6 C
Scenario 3:
7. The missing organelle is _________________________________________.
8. Choose another organelle that is mentioned in the scenario. What would be the
consequence of removing this organelle from the cell? ___________________________
________________________________________________________________________
22
Scenario 4:
9. What type of eukaryotic cell are you? ___________________________________
10. What affect would missing your chloroplasts have on you / what process would you no longer be able to carry
out? _________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
11. If all of the chloroplasts suddenly disappeared, how would that affect life on earth?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Scenario 5:
12. What cell organelle must be missing from your cell? ___________________________
13. What does this organelle contain that helps it do its job within the cell?_______________
14. Can your cell survive without this organelle? Explain why or why not.
________________________________________________________________________
Scenario 6:
15. Which cell structure is not working as it should?________________________________
16. Suppose that instead of this structure not working property, it disappears! What do you
think would happen to your cell?__________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Scenario 7: Use the illustrations to answer the questions below.
Q# Cell Type Location of DNA Characteristics of DNA (think shape)
17 Eukaryote
18 Prokaryote
19. Both of these cells have a feature that helps keep regulate what enters and exits the cell what is
it?__________________________________________________________________________
20. In addition, prokaryotes often have two more layers of protection that the animal cell does not. What are
they?_____________________________________________________________
21. What is one similarity between a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell?_________________________________
23
Cell and Factory Worksheet
Directions: Complete this worksheet by matching the jobs at a typical factory with the cell organelle and organelle
functions. Write the factory jobs in the blank spaces.
*Factory jobs are listed on the next page.
CELL ORGANELLE ORGANELLE FUNCTION FACTORY PART
Cell Membrane Regulates what enters
and leaves the cell; where cell
makes contact with the external
environment
Nucleus Controls all cell activity and
contains DNA
Endoplasmic Reticulum Makes lipids (fats), breaks down
drugs and harmful substances,
and packages up proteins for the
Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes Builds proteins
Golgi Apparatus Makes and transports proteins and
other materials out of the cell
Lysosomes Digests food particles, wastes,
cell parts, and foreign invaders
Mitochondria Breaks down food molecules to
make energy
Cytoplasm Contains all the organelles and
provides the space for cell
functions to occur
Vacuole Stores water and other materials
24
Factory Parts and Descriptions
Shipping and Receiving
controls what comes in and what
goes out in the factory
Factory Floor
space within the factory
where products are made
and business is conducted
Finishing and Packaging
where products are processed and
shipped out
Main Office
the control center of the factory
The Assembly Line
where products are made and
packaged/substances are broken
down
Maintenance
where wastes and other unwanted
materials are collected and broken
down
The Power Plant
where the factory’s power comes
from
Employees
individuals who make the products
Warehouse
where materials are stored
25
UNIT 7 VOCABULARY – CELLS
1. Animal Cell-typical of the eukaryotic cell, enclosed by a plasma membrane and containing a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.
2. Capsid-the protein shell of a virus. 3. Cells-the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic and consisting of
cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a nuclear membrane (if Eukaryotic), and without a nucleus if Prokaryotic. 4. Cell membrane – double-layer of phospholipids that forms a boundary between a cell and the surrounding
environment and controls the passage of materials into and out of a cell 5. Central vacuole – Largest organelle in a plant cell; stores water and may contain many substances, including
ions, nutrients, and wastes 6. Chloroplast – organelle composed of numerous membranes that are used to convert solar energy into chemical
energy; contains chlorophyll 7. Cilia – short hair-like structures that cover some or all of the cell surface and help the organism swim and
capture food 8. Cytoplasm – jellylike substance inside cells that contains molecules and is some cells organelles 9. Cytoskeleton – network of proteins, such as microtubules and microfilaments, inside a eukaryotic cell that
supports and shapes the cell 10. DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main
constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. 11. Endoplasmic reticulum – interconnected network of thin, folded membranes that produce, process and
distribute proteins a. Rough ER – transports proteins that are made by ribosomes attached to it b. Smooth ER – helps make new lipids and helps break down toxic substances such as alcohol
12. Endosymbiosis – theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms
13. Eukaryotic cell – cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelle 14. Flagella (flagellum) – whiplike structure outside of a cell that is used for movement 15. Genetic Material-all of the DNA and RNA contained within the cell of a living being. 16. Glycoprotein- Glycoproteins on the viral envelope bind to specific receptor molecules on the host cell,
promoting viral entry into the host cell. 17. Golgi apparatus (golgi body) – stack of flat, membrane-enclosed spaces containing enzymes that process, sort
and deliver proteins 18. Host Cell- a living cell in which a virus multiplies. 19. Lysogenic cycle- Viral replication cycle in which the virus's nucleic acid is integrated into
the host cells chromosome; a provirus is formed and replicated each time the host cell reproduces; the host cell is not killed until the lytic cycle is activated.
20. Lysosome – organelle that contains enzymes; digests and recycles the cell’s components 21. Lytic Cycle-One of the two cycles of viral reproduction (the other being the lysogenic cycle), which is usually
considered as the main method of viral reproduction because it ends in the lysis of the infected cell releasing the progeny viruses that will in turn spread and infect other cells.
22. Membrane Bound Organelles-cells contain many membrane-bound organelles. An organelle is an organized and specialized structure within a living cell.
23. Mitochondria (mitochondrion) – bean-shaped organelle that supplies energy to the cell and has its own ribosomes and DNA
24. Nuclear Membrane- the phospholipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells.
25. Nucleolus – area in the nucleus in which ribosomes are partially assembled 26. Nucleus – organelle composed of a double membrane that acts as a storehouse for most of a cell’s DNA 27. Pili – hair-like structure that helps bacteria stick to surfaces; also used for conjugation
26
28. Plant Cell-a cell that is a structural and functional unit of a plant. 29. Prokaryotic cell – cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelle 30. Ribosome – organelle that links amino acids together to form proteins 31. Self-replicating life- any behavior of a dynamical system that yields construction of an identical copy of itself.
Biological cells, given suitable environments, reproduce by cell division. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during reproduction. https://goo.gl/cJwJua
32. Vacuole – organelle that is used to store materials, such as water, food or enzymes, that are needed by the cell 33. Viral Replication- the formation of viruses during the infection process in the target host cells. 34. Virion- a complete virus particle that consists of an RNA or DNA core with a protein coat sometimes
with external envelopes and that is the extracellular infective form of a virus 35. Virus- an infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen
by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host.