Unit 6: Testing and Individual Differences

Module 32: Assessing IntelligenceUnit 6: Testing and Individual DifferencesAssessing Intelligence Intelligence is whatever an intelligence test meaures.Intelligence Test: A method for assessing an individuals mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using scores.

Origins of Intelligence TestingWhen laws for mandatory schooling began, testing was needed to separate those who needed extra attention and those who didnt.Testing was a way to minimize bias.Alfred Binet: French psychologist who invented the first practical intelligence test to identify students who needed special help.Origins of Intelligence TestingAlfred Binet (below) and Theodore Simon developed questions that would predict childrens future progress in the Paris school system.

The Binet-Simon Scale measured a childs mental age.

Origins of Intelligence TestingMental age: the age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance.A child who does as well as the average 8 year old has a mental age of 8.A child can have a mental age smaller or larger than their chronological age.Mental age of 8, chronological age of 6. Origins of Intelligence TestingLewis Terman: Stanford professor who adapted Binets test for American school children.The Stanford-Binet test is widely used today.

Origins of Intelligence TestingWilliam Stern: German psychologist who created the IQ.

IQ =

Mental ageChronological age

x 100

IQ =

108

x 100

A child with a mental age of 10 and a chronological age of 8:

Thus the average IQ is 100.= 125

Origins of Intelligence TestingTerman believed in eugenics and testing was a way to curb the production of feeble-minded children.Eugenics: 19th century movement that proposed measuring human traits and using the results to encourage only smart and fit people to reproduce.Origins of Intelligence TestingThe U.S. government curbed immigration using IQ tests to stop those less intelligent from coming to America.Thus one major drawback of testing is labeling children as inferior, slow, or unfit.Prejudice can come from not just skin color, but from intelligence.Modern Tests of Intelligence Aptitude: the capacity to learn.Aptitude tests: a test designed to predict a persons future performance. Ex. ACT (college readiness), drivers test (driving ability), Selective enrollment test (HS), etc.Scores on the SAT and IQ tests has a +.82 correlation.

SAT and IQ Correlation

Modern Tests of Intelligence Achievement tests: a test designed to assess what a person has learned.Ex. Tests, quizzes, AP Exam, etc.Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS): most widely used intelligence test today. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC): intelligence test for children.Test ConstructionPsychological tests must meet 3 criteria to be accepted: standardized, reliable, and valid.Standardization: give test to a representative sample AND assure that the test is both administered and scored the same for everyone.It defines what the score you get means!Test ConstructionNormal Curve: a bell shaped curve in which most scores fall near the average and fewer scores are at the extremes.

Test ConstructionReliability: the extent to which a test yields consistent results.Repeat the test to see if, over time, you get the same results.Methods of measurement include test-retest(use same test), split-half (odd-even halves), and alternate form(different forms of same test).

Test ConstructionValidity: what the test is supposed to measure or predict.Content Validity: measures a particular behavior or trait. Driving test measures driving ability.Predictive Validity: able to predict future achievement.ACT must be able to predict college readiness or its not valid.

Extremes of Intelligence No real predictors for intelligence among babies up to 3 years of age.Beginning at age 4, intelligence tests begin predicting adult scores.At age 7, intelligence scores stabilize.

Extremes of Intelligence A valid test divides people into two extreme groups: mentally retarded (IQ135).

Extremes of Intelligence Mental retardation: low test score and difficulty living independently.

Extremes of Intelligence Gifted children makes up 3 5% of the population.They are sometimes more isolated, introverted, and in their own worlds, but most thrive and are successful.High scorers tend to be healthy, well adjusted, and academically successful.