UNIT 6 SEMINAR NS 220

Module 6: Minerals, Water, & Body Processes

Overview

Water Minerals Calcium Iron FDA Monitoring Safety Discussion

Water

Water: makes up 50-75% of body weight Muscle has more water than fat Can only live a few days w/o water Functions:

Fluid Balance Body Temperature Regulation Removes Waste Products

Minerals

Macrominerals: require >100 mg/day Microminerals: “trace elements”; require <100

mg/day Trace minerals are more toxic (iron, copper)

Supplements (not food) biggest threat to toxicity >100% DV pose risk Doses should not exceed Upper Limit

Deficiencies most common in U.S.:

calcium & iron

Calcium

Functions: Bone & tooth formation Aids in blood clotting Aids in muscle contraction (twitching if low ca) Aids in nerve transmission (nerve fxn fails if low ca) Maintenance of heartbeat

Excess protein may increase calcium excretion

Calcium Needs

%DV= 1000 mg/day Adequate Intake=

1000-1200 mg/day for adults Adequate Intake= 1300 mg/day

for adolescents (9-18 yrs. old) U.L.= 2500 milligrams/day

Increases risk of kidney stones

Osteoporosis

Decreased bone density “A pediatric disease w/ geriatric consequences”

Peak bone mass complete at ~ 20 y.o. Small increases 20-30 y.o.; loss begins ~30 y.o.

Women experience increased bone loss after menopause (age ~50-70) then levels off

Affected by gender, race, familial pattern, other genetic factors Slender, inactive women who smoke are most at

risk (Caucasian & Asians highest risk)

Iron (Fe)

Functions as part of hemoglobin in RBC’s Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide High turnover, high demand for iron

Risk of deficiency: Women of childbearing age- menstruation Young children Pregnancy Acute or chronic blood loss Inadequate protein intake

Iron-Deficiency Anemia

Most common form of anemia Iron supplements may be needed (by MD only)

Body cannot eliminate excess iron- can be toxic Heme vs. Non-Heme iron Food Sources: organ meats, beef, pork,

chicken, fish, turkey, prunes/dried fruit, whole grains, beans, molasses, spinach

Vitamin C enhances iron absorption

Prescription Drugs

Drug companies must test products in lab and on animals and humans.

Series of tests on humans to determine safety for disease treatment.

Scientific reviewers from FDA analyze the data and proposed labeling.

If health benefit outweighs it’s risks then medication is approved.

Differences:

Manufacturer does not need FDA approval before marketing.

FDA does not approve vitamins, minerals, & supplements for safety before reaching consumers.

Prescription drugs must be proven safe and effective for their intended use before marketing.

Extensive research and studies.

Vitamins, Minerals, Supplements

Prescription Drugs

Discussion:

What do you think of the FDA’s approval process

of vitamins & minerals compared to prescription drugs?

FDA Monitoring

Post-marketing responsibilities: Monitoring safety (voluntary dietary supplement

adverse event reporting) Product information such as labeling, claims,

package inserts, and accompanying literature. FDA has the responsibility for showing that a

dietary supplement is "unsafe," before it can take action to restrict the product's use or removal.

Are Vitamins, Minerals, & Dietary Supplements Safe?

Many safe and consumed daily without adverse effects; some beneficial for health conditions.

Reasons for recalls include: Microbiological, pesticide, & heavy metal

contamination Absence of dietary ingredient claimed to be in product Presence of more or less than the amt of dietary

ingredient claimed on the label Recall of Balanced Health Products, Inc. Starcaps

dietary supplement capsules (11/26/08).

Discussion:

Should safety guidelines for

dietary supplements be more strict? Why?

Should dietary supplements be

regulated by the FDA just as prescription

drugs are regulated?

Why? Concerns?