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8/9/2019 Unit 6, Semantics - VNese
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SemanticsUNIT 6:PREDICATES, REFERRING EXPRESSIONS
AND UNIVERSE OF DISCOURSE
GROUP 4:
1. !"n# T$% Gian#
&. ' T$% Di(m )!"n#*. P$+m i N$i
4. N#-(n T/n San#
0. P$an N#c 23 T5n
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718 Sa 9$ic$ t$e ;;9in# sentences a5ee 9$ic$ a5e nt 7N8
(a) My parrot is holidaying in the South of France.
(b) Dr Kunastrokins is an ass.
(c) Tristram Shandy is a funny book.
(d) Our net guest is Dr Kunastrokins.
(N)
(N)
(E)
(N)
ENTRY TEST
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(!) "ircle the referring epressions in the
follo#ing sentences.
(a)$ am looking for any parrot that can
sing.
(b)%asil sa# a rat.
(c)These matches #ere made in
S#eden.(d)& dentist is a person #ho looks after
people's teeth.
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Introduction
Distinction and relationshipbet#een referring epressions andpredicates.
o# the same #ords can be used#ith different functions ofreference and predication
o# these t#o functions fittogether in the oerall languagesystem
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P5actice 1:
(1) Can the proper nameMohammedAliever be usedas the predicatorof asentence?
(2) In general, can propernames ever be used aspredicators?That man is an *instein(That man is similarto *instein)
predicate Referring
expression
+es , -o
+es , -o
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() "an the erb hiteer be used as a
referring epression/(0) "an the preposition oneer be
used as a referring epression/
(1) $n general2 can any erborprepositionbe used to refer/
3repositions and 4erbs are al#ays predicates and can neer
be used as referring epressions.
+es , -o
+es , -o
+es , -o
*amples5
() Marry hitTom. 67Hitcan't be a referring ep.(0) The cat is onthe desk.67 onis not a referring ep.
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CONCLUSION
? The distinction bet#een referring epressionsand predicates is absolute5
@ There are somephrases2 in particular indefinitenoun phrases2 that can be used in t#o #ays2 either
as referring expressions2 or as predicating
expressions.
? *amples5@ Tommy is a boy.@ Tommy hit a boy yesterday.
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This is me This is you & man & #oman
Thean
stole my
#allet888
$n this situation2 ho# #ould you
kno# the referent of the sub9ect
referring epression/
%y finding in the rooman ob9ect to #hich the
predicate contained in
the sub9ect referring
epression.
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PRACTICE3
In many situations it can, but notalways.
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PRACTICE3
Shestole mywallet YO
U
She
female
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Shestole mywallet
PRACTICE3
? 2 women in theroom
? No indication
She female
The re!erent o! She
co"ld not #e "ni$"el%identi&ed
YOU
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(1) Predicatesdo not refer.(2) Predicatescan be used by a
hearer when contained in themeaning of a referringepression, to indentify thereferent of that epression.
PRACTICE3
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PRACTICE'
T(E
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PRACTICE'
(1) !pea"ers refer to things in thecourse of utterancesby meansof referring expressions.
(2) #he words in a referringepression give clueswhichhelp the hearer to identify its
referent.($) Predicatesmay be
embedded in referring
epressions.
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PRACTICE*
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(!) $f in the situation described
aboe $ had said2 :& man stolemy #allet'2 #ould you
automatically kno# the referent
of the sub9ect epression a man/() So does the definite article2
the2 prompt the hearer to (try to)
identify the referent of a referringepression/
+es , -o
1%
+es , -o
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(0) Does the indefinite article2
a2 prompt the hearer to (try to)identify the referent of a
referring epression/
The presence of apredicate (:the' ;in the aboe;
mentioned eample)in a referring epression(:man') helpsthe hearer to identifythe referentof
a referring epression.
+es , -o
1&
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A +ENERIC ,ENTENCE -or characteri.ingsentence/ is a sentence in which some statement ismade about a wholeunrestricted class o!
indiid"als, in comparison with any particularindividual.In 'ietnamese, eneric !entence C0" 1hi $"t*+ The whale is a mammal (understood in the
most usual way) is a generic sentence. - That whale over there is a mammal is not ageneric sentence.-re the following generic sentences? (1) Gentlemen prefer blondes Yes / No
(2)Jasper is a twit Yes / No ($) The male of the species guards the eggs Yes /No ()A wasp makes its nest in a hole in a tree Yes /No
(/)A wasp just stung me on the neck Yes / No
PRACTICE
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? Catsare animals!? A catis an animal!
? The cathas been an integral partof civili"ation!
0ote that generic sentences can beintroduced by either a or the (orneither).
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#arrot
#aper-clip$ab%
*istent things
-n utterance - noneistent thing
*+
&nicorn
-n utterance - realthing in the
world
eference
3 a bird
3 a thing3 a person
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(1) 4o unicorns eist in the real world? Yes /
No(2) In which twoof the following contets are unicornsmostfre5uently mentioned? Circle your answer.
(a) in fairy stories
(b) in news broadcasts(c) in philosophical discussions about reference(d) in scienti6c tet boo"s
PRACTICE4
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($) Is it possible to imagine worlds di7erent in certainwaysfrom the world we "now actually to eist?
Yes / No
() In fairy tale and science 6ction worlds iseverything
di7erent from the world we "now?Yes / No
(/) In the ma8ority of fairy tales and science 6ction
stories thatyou "now, do the 6ctional characters discourse witheach otheraccording to the same principles that apply in reallife?
Yes / No
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PRACTICE5
-lthough we can let our imagination stretch tocases where the things in the world are di7erent,some e6pressions co"ld neer #e a re!erring
e6pression, such as the con8unction and' as well ashowever!
(1) President Ho Chi Minh Yes / No
(
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1. 4o you thin" the ietnamese national anthemrefersto a particular song? Yes / No
2. 4o you thin" one o.clock in the morning refers to aparticular time?Yes / No
$. 4o you thin" +0 million milesrefers to a particular
distance?Yes / No
REMEM7ER *ven though epressions li"e tomorrow' the
ietnamese national anthem' one o.clock in themorning, etc. do not indicate physical ob8ects, language
treats these epressions in a way eactly parallel toreferring epressions. #herefore, we can call themre!erring e6pressions.
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UNI9ER,E O) :I,COUR,E
)e1nition+ =e de6ne the&N23453 67 )25(6&453 for
any utterance as the particularworld, realor imaginary(orpart real, part imaginary), thatthe speaker assumes he istal"ing about at the time.
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38ample9
-n astronomy lecturer statesthat+ >The 3arth revolves aroundthe 5un.3 the real world
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I tell my children a bedtime story and say
:The dragon set 1re to the woods with his
hot breath9
38ample9
3 the ctitious
world
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3 l
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38ample9
Theist= >4iseases must serve somegood purpose, or od would notallow them.9Atheist= >I cannot accept yourpremisses.9
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>?@ A +ENERIC ,ENTENCE is a sentence in whichsome statement is made a#o"t @
-. an individual @. animalsC. human beings 4. a whole class of individuals
>2@ ;hich o! the !ollowing is generic sentenceB
-. -mericans li"e to eat apple pie.@. Ared li"es to buy Bis.C. - bird lays eggs.4. y pet 6nch 8ust laid an egg.
>3@ UNI9ER,E O) :I,COUR,E is de&ned as an%"tterance as the partic"lar world @-. real or imaginary @. unreal worldC. real world 4. o answers are correct.
RE9I,ION
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>'@ ;hich o! the !ollowing is NOT re!erringe6pressionB
-. eleven hundred @. Deter DanC. but for 4. -ll are correct.
>*@ ;hich o! the !ollowing is a case o! &ctitio"s
worldB-. other to child+ >ale6cent is a powerful fairy.9@. ewspaper on Eanuary $1st2F1/+ >'ietnam
Dhilippines commission meets on strategic partnership
establishment.9C. 4octor to patient9s family+ >:our son contracted arare tropical disease.G
4. Aather to daughter+ >4on9t touch the electric wires.:ou can be shoc"ed.G
RE9I,ION
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1. !pea"ers use referring epressions torefer to+Concrete or real entities-bstract or 6ctitious entities
2.#he predicates embedded in a referringepression help the hearer to identify itsreferent.
$. !emantics is not concerned with thefactual status of things in the world butwith meaning in language.
#h ti f i f di i
,UMMARY