UNIT 5 “THE ANIMAL KINGDOM”

INVERTEBRATE PHYLA:PORIFERACNIDARIA

PLATYHELMINTHESNEMATODAANNELIDAMOLLUSKA

ECHINODERMATAARTHROPODA

PHYLUM PORIFERA: SPONGES• PORES - DISTINGUISHING

CHARACTERISTIC. WATER ENTERS PORES AND FOOD AND OXYGEN ARE FILTERED OUT OF THE WATER (FILTER FEEDERS).

• TWO CELL LAYERS - ECTODERM (OUTER CELL LAYER) AND ENDODERM (INNER CELL LAYER).

• CHOANOCYTES - FLAGELLATED CELLS OF THE ENDODERM THAT DRAW IN WATER

• HOLLOW BODIES WITH ONE MAIN BODY OPENING THROUGH WHICH WATER AND WASTE IS EXPELLED.

PHYLUM PORIFERA CONT.• SPICULES - HARD NEEDLE-LIKE

STRUCTURES BETWEEN THE INNER AND OUTER CELL LAYERS THAT HELP TO GIVE THE SPONGE SHAPE AND SUPPORT.

• SPONGIN - TOUGH PROTEIN ALSO FOUND BETWEEN THE INNER AND OUTER CELL LAYERS THAT STRENGTHEN AND PROTECT THE SPONGE.

• ASYMMETRICAL - NO BODY SYMMETRY• REGENERATION AND REORGANIZATION• SEXUAL REPRODUCTION - SPERM AND EGG

ARE RELEASED INTO THE WATER.

PHYLUM CNIDARIA• NEMATOCYSTS - HARPOON LIKE STINGING

CELLS IN THE TENTICLES AND OUTER BODY SURFACE OF NIDARIANS USED TO PARALYZE PREY (NEUROTOXIN) -DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTIC

• HOLLOW BODY WITH ONLY ONE BODY OPENING

• TWO CELL LAYERS (ECTODERM AND ENDODERM) SEPERATED BY A JELLY-LIKE LAYER CALLED THE MESOGLEA

CNIDARIAN REPRODUCTION

• EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION• TWO DISTINCT LIFE STAGES - POLYP - LIVE

ATTACHED TO A HARD SURFACE (HYDRA, CORALS AND SEA ANEMONES) AND MEDUSA - JELLYFISH STAGE

• BUDDING - GROWING A NEW ANIMAL FROM THE BODY OF AN EXISTING ANIMAL

CNIDARIANS• CORALS, ANEMONES, JELLYFISH, HYDRA

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES• SOFT FLAT BODIES (FLATWORMS)• THREE CELL LAYERS• ONE BODY OPENING• CEPHALIZATION - HAVING A DISTINCT HEAD• MOST ARE PARASITIC• HERMAPHRODITES - CONTAIN BOTH MALE

AND FEMALE SEX ORGANS - EXCHANGE SPERM WHEN MATING

• REGENERATION

FLATWORMS

PHYLUM NEMATODA• SOFT CYLINDRICAL BODIES (ROUND

WORMS) TAPERED AT BOTH ENDS• THREE CELL LAYERS• TWO BODY OPENINGS (MOUTH AND ANUS)• SIMPLE TUBE WITHIN A TUBE DIGESTIVE

SYSTEM• DISEASE CAUSING PARASITES

ROUNDWORMS

PHYLUM ANNELIDA

• SOFT, CYLINDRICAL, SEGMENTED BODIES• THREE CELL LAYERS• TWO BODY OPENINGS• SIMPLE ORGANS AND SYSTEMS• HERMAPHRODITES - EXCHANGE SPERM• WORMS AND LEECHES

ANNELIDS

PHYLUM MOLLUSKA

• SOFT BODIED INVERTEBRATES• THREE CELL LAYERS• TWO BODY OPENINGS• MUSCULAR FOOT - USED TO CLASSIFY

MOLLUSKS - DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTIC

• MANTLE - SECRETES SHELL

TYPES OF MOLLUSKS• GASTROPODS - BELLY-FOOTED MOLLUSKS

ALSO CALLED UNIVALVES (ONE PART SHELL) SNAILS AND SLUGS

• BIVALVIA - MOLLUSKS WITH A TWO PART SHELL - CLAMS, OYSTERS AND MUSSELS

• CEPHALOPODS - HEAD FOOTED MOLLUSKS - OCTOPUS AND SQUID- INTERNAL SHELL CALLED A PEN- TENTICLES WITH SUCKERS- INK

MOLLUSKS• GASTROPODS

• BIVALVES

• CEPHALOPODS

PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA• INVERTEBRATES WITH SPINY SKIN

(DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTIC)• RADIAL SYMMETRY• TUBE FEET WITH SUCTION CUPS• WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM• MARINE• REGENERATION• FEED BY TURNING STOMACH INSIDE OUT• SEA STARS (STARFISH), SEA URCHINS, SEA

CUCUMBERS, SAND DOLLARS AND SEA LILLIES

ECHINODERMS•

• SEA STARS, SAND DOLLARS,SEA URCHINS, SEA CUCUMBERS

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA• INVERTEBRATES WITH JOINTED LEGS

(DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTIC), SEGMENTED BODIES AND EXOSKELETON(AN EXTERNAL SKELETON MADE OF A PROTEIN CALLED KERATIN)

• FOUR MAJOR GROUPS OF ARTHROPODS:-MILLIPEDES AND CENTIPEDES (MANY LEGGED ARTHROPODS)

-CRUSTACEANS-ARACHNIDS-INSECTS

CENTIPEDES AND MILLIPEDES

• CENTIPEDES- ONE PAIR OF LEGS PER BODY SEGMENT- PREDATORS - FANGS TO INJECT VENOM

• MILLIPEDES- TWO PAIR OF LEGS PER SEGMENT- DECOMPOSERS

CRUSTACEANS• TEN WALKING LEGS (FIVE PAIR)• TWO BODY SEGMENTS (HEAD AND THORAX

ARE FUSED INTO A CEPHALOTHORAX)• GILLS• COMPOUND EYES• ANTENNAE• LOBSTERS, CRABS, CRAYFISH, SHRIMP,

BARNACLES, PILLBUGS (ROLLIE-POLLIES) AND MICROSCOPIC CRUSTACEANS LIKE DAPHNIA

CRUSTACEANS: CRABS, CRAYFISH, LOBSTERS, ISOPODS

(ROLLIE POLLIES)...

ARACHNIDS• EIGHT LEGS (FOUR PAIR)• TWO BODY SEGMENTS (CEPHALOTHORAX)• BOOK LUNGS• EIGHT SIMPLE EYES• POISON - HOLLOW FANGS TO INJECT

VENOM INTO THEIR PREY• SPIDERS, SCORPIANS, TICKS AND MITES

ARACHNIDS: SPIDERS, TICKS AND SCORPIONS

INSECTS• SIX LEGS (THREE PAIR)• THREE BODY SEGMENTS (HEAD, THORAX

AND ABDOMEN)• SPIRACLES AND TRACHEAL TUBES• COMPOUND EYES• ANTENNAE• MOST HAVE WINGS• METAMORPHISIS

- COMPLETE METAMORPHISIS (EGG, LARVA,PUPA, ADULT)

-INCOMPLETE METAMORPHISIS (EGG, NYMPH, ADULT)

INSECTS

PHYLUM CHORDATASUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA

• ANIMALS WITH A DORSAL NERVE CORDSURROUNDED BY A BACKBONE

• SEVEN CLASSES OF VERTEBRATES:- CLASS AGNATHA - JAWLESS FISH- CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES -

CARTILAGENOUS FISH- CLASS OSTEICHTHYES - BONY FISH- CLASS AMPHIBIA- CLASS REPTILIA- CLASS AVES - BIRDS- CLASS MAMMALIA

FISH• ECTOTHERMIC - BODY TEMPERATURE

CHANGES WITH THE TEMPERATURE OF THEIR ENVIRONMENT

• GILLS• SCALES• FINS• EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION• JELLY-LIKE EGGS• TWO CHAMBERED HEART

CLASSES OF FISH• CLASS AGNATHA - JAWLESS FISH

- SKELETON OF CARTILAGE - NO TRUE JAW(LAMPREY AND HAGFISH)

CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES- SKELETON OF CARTILAGE

- TRUE JAWS(SHARKS, SKATES AND RAYS)

CLASS OSTEICHTHYES - MOST COMMON- SKELETON OF BONE

- SWIM BLADDER(BASS, TROUT, TUNA…)

• COD• TUNA• SUN-

FISH

CLASS AMPHIBIA• ECTOTHERMIC VERTEBRATES• SOFT, SMOOTH SKIN• METAMORPHISIS• GILLS AS YOUNG• LUNGS AS ADULTS• EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION• JELLY-LIKE EGGS• TYPES OF AMPHIBIANS

- FROGS AND TOADS - POWERFUL HIND LEGS AND NO TAIL

- SALAMANDERS AND NEWTS - TAIL

AMPHIBIANS

CLASS REPTILIA• ECTOTHERMIC VERTEBRATES• DRY, SCALY SKIN - CONSERVES WATER• LUNGS THEIR ENTIRE LIFE• CLAWED FEET• INTERNAL FERTILIZATION• EGGS WITH A LEATHER-LIKE SHELL• THREE CHAMBERED HEART-DIVIDED• TYPES OF REPTILES

- ALLIGATORS AND CROCODILES- SNAKES AND LIZARDS- TURTLES - SHELL

CROCODILLIANS

• ALLIGATORS • CROCODILLES

SNAKES AND LIZARDS

TURTLES

CLASS AVES• ENDOTHERMIC (BODY TEMPERATURE

REMAINS CONSTANT DESPITE THE TEMPERATURE OF THEIR ENVIRONMENT)

• FEATHERS - DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTIC- FLIGHT FEATHERS (WINGS AND TAIL)- DOWN FEATHERS - INSULATION- CONTOUR FEATHERS - COVER DOWN

FEATHERS AND GIVE THE BIRD IT’S STREAMLINED SHAPE

• HOLLOW BONES

BIRDS CONT.• AIR SACS - PROVIDE ADDITIONAL OXYGEN

DURING FLIGHT• TWO CLAWED FEET

- TALONS - SHARP, POWERFUL CLAWS OF A BIRD OF PREY

• BEAK• INTERNAL FERTILIZATION• EGGS WITH A HARD BRITTLE SHELL• FOUR CHAMBERED HEART• CLASSIFIED BY THEIR BEAK AND FEET

TYPES OF BIRDS• BIRDS OF PREY• WATER BIRDS• PERCHING BIRDS• FLIGHTLESS BIRDS

CLASS MAMMALIA• ENDOTHERMIC VERTEBRATES• HAIR - DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTIC• MAMMARY GLANDS - PRODUCE MILK FOR

YOUNG• INTERNAL FERTILIZATION• YOUNG ARE BORN ALIVE• CLASSIFIED INTO THREE MAJOR GROUPS

BASED ON THE WAY THEY BARE THEIR YOUNG

THREE MAIN GROUPS OF MAMMALS

• MONOTREMES - EGG LAYING MAMMALS -VERY RARE, ONLY TWO LIVING MONOTREMES (DUCK-BILLED PLATYPUSAND THE SPINY ANTEATER) FOUND ONLY IN AUSTRALIA

• MARSUPIALS - POUCHED MAMMALS (KOALA, KANGEROO, OPPOSUM)

• PLACENTAL MAMMALS - YOUNG DEVELOP COMPLETELY WITHIN THE MOTHER

MONOTREMES

MARSUPIALS

ORDERS OF PLACENTAL MAMMALS (CLASSIFIED BY

THEIR TEETH AND FEET)• RODENTIA (RODENTS) - GNAWING

MAMMALS WITH CHISEL-LIKE INCISOR TEETH (SQUIRRELS, RATS, MICE, BEAVERS, PORCUPINES)

CHIROPTERA (FLYING MAMMALS) - BATS

INSECTIVORA (INSECT EATING MAMMALS) MOLES AND SHREWS

CARNIVORA (CANINES) - FLESH EATING MAMMALS WITH LARGE CANINE TEETH (LIONS, TIGERS

AND BEARS, OH MY!)

PRIMATES - MOST INTELLIGENT MAMMALS HAVING BINOCULAR

VISION AND OPPOSABLE THUMBS (PROSIMIANS,

MONKEYS, APES AND HUMANS)

ARTIODACTYLA - HOOVED MAMMALS - HERBIVORES WITH LARGE MOLARS FOR GRINDING PLANT MATTER (DEER, SHEEP, PIGS, ANTELOPE, CATTLE AND

GIRAFFES)

CETACEA - AQUATIC MAMMALS - WHALES, DOLPHINS AND

PORPOISES

PINNIPEDA - MARINE CARNIVORES WITH LIMBS MODIFIED FOR SWIMMING

(SEALS, SEA-LIONS AND WALRUSES)

EDENTATA - TOOTHLESS MAMMALS (SLOTHS, ANTEATERS

AND ARMIDILLOS)

PERISSODACTYLA - HOOFED MAMMALS WITH ONE OR THREE

TOES (HORSES, ZEBRAS, RHINOCEROSES AND TAPIRS)

PROBOSCIDEA - TRUNKED MAMMALS (ELEPHANTS)

LAGOMORPHA - RODENT-LIKE MAMMALS (RABBITS AND

HARES)