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Unit 5
States of Consciousness
Consciousness
The tiredness battle Waking consciousness Disrupting body rhythms can alter your
mood and your ability to function
Consciousness – being aware of yourself and your environment
Body rhythms
Biological rhythms Periodic physical changes in your body that can
have different types of impacts on you
3 major types Circadian – “about a day”
Occur usually once a day – SLEEPING Bright light in the morning activates light sensitive
proteins in the retina Trigger signals to superchiasmic nucleus in
hypothalamus Tells the brain to stop producing melotonin Time zone changes
Benefits of sleep
Strengthens memory Increases concentration Boosts mood Moderates hunger and obesity Boosts immune system
Sleep bank/sleep debt Body needs a certain amount of sleep
Sleep
Lack of sleep can cause Your immune system to stop working correctly Lead to impaired memory or learning More stress More car accidents – increase after daylight
savings time high blood pressure inability to concentrate irritability premature aging
Sleep and Teens
Teenagers average 2 hours less sleep today than they did 70 years ago
More distractions Less hard work?
4 out of 5 teens are dangerously sleep deprived Dement 1999 What time do you wake up on the
weekend/snow day?
Are you sleep deprived?
Answer the following questions in your notebook – keep track of your answers, T or F
1. I need an alarm clock to wake up at the appropriate time.
2. It’s a struggle for me to get out of the bed in the morning
3. Weekday mornings I hit the snooze bar more than once to get more sleep
4. I feel tired, irritable, and stressed during the week5. I have trouble concentrating and remembering6. I feel slow with critical thinking, problem solving, and being creative7. I often fall asleep watching TV8. I often fall asleep in boring meetings or lectures or in warm rooms
9. I often fall asleep after heavy meals10. I often fall asleep while relaxing after dinner11. I often fall asleep within 5 minutes of getting into bed12. I often feel drowsy while driving13. I often sleep extra hours on weekend mornings14. I often need a nap to get through the day15. I have dark circles around my eyes
According to James Maas if you answered True to 3 or more of those questions, you could be considered sleep deprived
Try going to bed 15 minutes earlier every night until you can wake up without an alarm clock and feel alert all day
Why do we sleep?
No complete answer to this question exists
The hypothalamus seems to control the Circadian rhythm of sleep Picks up changes in light and dark Initiates changes in which will put you to
sleep by increasing or decreasing hormone levels Melatonin
Theories of sleep’s necessity Preservation Theory
Traveling at night can be very dangerous Maybe our ancestors who slept at night
survived because of sleep Provides protection from night time
dangers for daytime mammals Bats sleep 20 hours a day Cats 15 Elephants only 3 or 4
Maximizes our safety and survival
Theories of sleep’s necessity Restoration Theory
allows us to recuperate from wear and tear of everyday life
Brain and body remain active while we are sleeping Memories can be filed away body can rebuild itself What we learned can be compartmentalized Free radicals are produced to destroy toxins
Feeds creative thinking – sleep on it Growth process
The Stages of Sleep
Sleep-Wake Cycle is Circadian We all go through 90 minute ultradian
cycles during sleep when 2 different types of sleep occur
Can be measured by scientists if 1. You are asleep 2. You have at least 5 electrodes attached to
your head EEG
What happens when you sleep? EEG shows a number of things happen in
your body Cycle through 4 different levels of sleep before
you start dreaming Stage 1. Small brain waves, irregular –
only lasts about 5 minutes if awoken, you’d probably say you weren’t asleep Sensations like falling or floating
Stage 2. Even smaller brain waves little bursts of activity – SPINDLES First time lasts about 20 minutes, but you will spend
more and more time in this stage over the night Talking in your sleep happens here or lower
What happens when you sleep?
Stage 3/4 Even slower – after about 30 minutes of sleep
2 stages Delta Sleep
Large brain waves that continue to grow in number until you reset to Stage 1
Hard to wake up
Continue cycling down to Stage 4 and back up to Stage 1
NonREM and REM Sleep
Non REM sleep Non Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Initially spend more time here Stages 1-4
After you move back up (4-1) you enter REM Sleep REM sleep is when you are dreaming very
vividly Eyes are moving rapidly under your eye lids The longer you sleep, the more time you
spend here
REM Sleep
Only discovered in 1952
Pulse quickens
Temporarily Paralyzed Body outside is completely relaxed Inside – high state of arousal
Paradoxical Sleep
Harder to be awoken We all dream, every single night, all the time
For about 100 minutes Not everyone can remember, not even a second of
it
Why do we dream?
Several theories
Wish fulfillment Freud believed dreams were key to solving
internal conflicts Interpretation of Dreams – Freud 1900 Ability to do things that you cant do in real
life Manifest Content – what you can remember Latent Content – underlying theme of a dream
Why we dream
Information Processing Theory A way of tying up loose ends from the day Info gets sorted out and sifted REM sleep helps with memory storage
Develop and Preserve neural pathways REM stimulates the brain Babies sleep a lot – need more time to
develop
Why we dream
Activation Synthesis/Neural Static The brain is trying to make sense out of
random neural firing that happens while you are sleeping
Cognitive Development Reflects dreamer’s cognitive development Kids dreams aren’t as vivid
Sleep Disorders
Insomnia Recurring problems in falling asleep or
staying asleep Sleeping pills can make it worse
Restrict or inhibit REM sleep So does alcohol
Perception of time? Those with insomnia feel like it takes 2x as long
to fall asleep
Sleep Disorders
How to help insomnia Stay away from caffeine after 3 pm
Soda, Coffee, chocolate Get up the same time every morning
Waking up late on the weekend can create problems
Avoid night time activities that get you riled up
Don’t stress about not being able to fall asleep Give it time, it will happen
Sleep Disorders
Sleep Apnea Temporary cessation of breathing Constantly waking yourself up Lots of snoring Can happen as many as 400x one night Usually happens to overweight men over
40
CPAP machine – Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
Sleep Disorders
Narcolepsy Uncontrollable sleep attacks “numbness seizure” Heritable Strong emotions will cause individuals to
fall asleep Happiness, fear
Fall immediately into REM sleep
Treatable with medication
Sleep Disorders
Somnambulism - Sleep walking Cant happen during REM sleep
Night Terrors – different than nightmares Hard to remember
Bruxism –Grinding your teeth Enuresis – Bed wetting Myoclonus – sudden sharp body
movements
Hypnosis
Social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
Evidence of two track mind or split consciousness
All about how open to suggestion you are How often do you lose yourself in a movie? Postural Sway
Hypnosis
Recalling lost/suppressed memories Memories are not always locked away
They are often lost forever Even hypnosis cant retrieve them
Age Regression
Hypnotic Refreshing – framing questions/hints Inception?
Hypnosis
Can you make people act against their will? Put their hand in acid or throw it in someone’s face Individuals who were asked to pretend they were
hypnotized did the same thing Power of Authority – Milgram Experiment
Can be helpful in therapy Obesity Not so much in smoking, drugs, and alcohol
addiction Post Hypnotic Suggestion
Hypnosis
Hilgard – Pain Selective attention
“Hidden Observer” The hypnotized brain acts differently –
dissociation Pain can be reduced by blocking attention to
pain
Hypnosis works due to both social influence and dissociation
Psychoactive drugs
Chemicals that change perceptions about mood by interactions at the synapse
These interactions can cause dependence Physical – causing pain and cravings Psychological – a way of stemming negative
emotions
Tolerance + Withdrawal
The more drugs you do the more it will take to feel the same effect Tolerance Blood chem changes to offset drugs in the body
(neuroadaptation) Heart, brain, liver tolerance?
Withdrawal Body becomes used to drugs Without drug, dependence becomes more obvious
Addiction
Addiction – compulsive craving for something even though it may have adverse consequences May present with physical symptoms
Aches Nausea Stress / anxiety
Are addictions irresistible?
Myths about addiction
1. Addictive drugs become addictive immediately and lead to other drugs Morphine + Heroine Morphine used to reduce pain in hospitals More often than not, does not lead to
addiction Cocaine – can be very addictive, but only
15-16% of people get hooked
Myths about addiction
2. Addictions cannot be overcome voluntarily, must use therapy Therapy can be helpful for many, but isn’t
necessary for all
Addiction a disease? Hope Self control
Myths about addiction
3. Addiction can cover more than just drug use, but other pleasure seeking behaviors
Eating, shopping, exercise, gambling, work All purpose excuse Compulsive behavior is different than
addiction Though a stretch, some think you can label
these people addicts Can present with dysfunctional qualities
Psychoactive drugs
Three major categories Depressants Stimulants Hallucinogens
They will mimic, inhibit or stimulate the brains natural chemical messengers
Depressants
Alcohol Slows different parts of the brain and may
cause you to act differently Relaxation Slurs speech Slows reaction time
Disinhibition - increases helpful and hurtful tendencies Urges you feel sober are more likely to be
acted out when drunk
Alcohol – cont’d
Memory disruption – doesn’t allow memories to become long term
Reduces self awareness and control Might be driven to drink to forget about
shortcomings/failures
Can alter expectations “social drinkers”
Depressants
Barbiturates Tranquilizers Induce sleep or quell anxiety Too much can cause death
Especially when combined with alcohol
Depressants
Opiates Opium Heroine Codeine and morphine Creates a sense of bliss Can become very addictive in some
The brain can stop producing endorphins
Stimulants
Temporarily excite neural activity
Caffeine and nicotine, amphetamines (cocaine, ecstasy, methamphetamine)
Stay awake, lose weight, boost mood and athletic performance
Stimulants
Meth – speed
Can give 8+ hours of euphoria and increased energy
More dopamine released in men May be why more men become addicted
Body may stop producing dopamine completely Rely on this to feel good
Stimulants
Caffeine Worlds most used drug
Small doses can last 3-4 hours
Constant use will dull effects Tolerance Withdrawal
Stimulants
Nicotine 250 Million packs consumed daily
5.4 Million deaths/year By 2030 – 8M
Teens – more likely to start Image/Rebellion If you make it to college w/o smoking, you
probably never start
Nicotine
If both parents and best friends don’t smoke, you probably wont either
Quitting can cause withdrawal Irritability, anxiety, insomnia
All it takes to remove these symptoms is another cigarette
Nicotine
Compulsive and Mood altering
Hits of nicotine enter the body within 7 seconds Effect epin. And norepi. Suppress appetite and boost mental efficiency Also calms anxiety and reduces pain sensitivity
“Slow Motion Suicide” About 50% chance of dying from the habit
Stimulants
Cocaine
Enters the blood stream quickly
Crack – crystallized cocaine Even faster, more potent
Monkeys addicted have pressed levers more than 12,000x to get one more hit
Stimulants
Ecstasy Both a stimulant and mild hallucinogen MDMA
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Triggers dopamine release also releases serotonin
and blocks its reabsorbtion Feel good flood – lasts 3-4 hours
Causes dehydration (club drug – can lead to death) Inability to produce serotonin (depression) Impairs immune system and memory
Hallucinogens
Distort perception and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
Psychedelics Mind manifesting
Hallucinogens
LSD – Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
Created by Albert Hofmann in 1938 Ingested by accident in 1943
Perceptions can alter the high/trip
LSD
Hallucinations begin with seeing shapes
Then images or past experiences
Feeling of being separated from your body
Marijuana
THC – active ingredient
Relaxes and disinhibits like alcohol
Amplifies sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes, smells
Less tolerance effect, unlike other drugs
Marijuana
Can delay reaction time, dangerous to drive
Problems with short term memory
Cannabinoid receptors Special areas of the brain that react to
marijuana Help reduce pain
Influences of drug use
Biological influences Heredity
Adopted individuals are more likely if biological parents have history (alcohol)
Identical twins more likely than fraternal Mice have been bred to prefer alcoholic drinks
rather than water Psychological
Feeling meaningless High school dropouts vs married Depression, stress – dulls pain of self
awareness?
Influences of drug use
Social influences Most drinking in teens occurs socially Cities more than small towns
Genetic populations?
Peer influence Believing that your friends are doing it can be
enough People who started because of peer group also
more likely to stop when peer group changes Smokers quitting together