Unit 5 Concepts 4 & 5 Test Re-take

• May re-take the following– Short response– Extended response– Half of multiple choice questions

• Be sure to re-copy original answer and score for all questions– You will not receive credit otherwise

Homework #17

• Read – – Emmett Till– Jackie Robinson– Thurgood Marshall– Simple Justice– The Mother of Civil Rights Movement– Eisenhower and Civil Rights– Little Rock

US HistoryUnit 5 – Postwar America

Concepts 6 & 7

Key Learning

• Students will use competing historical accounts to trace the development of postwar conformity and change in the United States

Unit Essential Question

• How are contemporary issues of conformity and change problems for postwar America?

• Does this indicate a patter of continuity or change?

• Why have historians come to conflicting conclusions regarding postwar American values?

Unit Concepts

1. 1950s America2. Beginning of Cold War

a. Korean War3. Communism at Home & Space Race4. Kennedy and Johnson Years 1960-685. Vietnam War & Counter Culture6. Civil Rights Movement7. Nixon, Ford & Carter Years 1968-1980

Unit #6 – Beginnings of Civil Rights Movement

• Lesson Essential Question – What events began the Civil Rights Movement?

• VocabularyBoycottLynchingSegregation

Hero or Star

• With a partner, answer the following questions– Is there a difference between a “star” and a

“hero”?– What qualities does a “hero” possess? – Who are your heroes? Why?

The Beginning of Change

• Black servicemen during WWII• Truman - “I am not asking for social equality,

because no such things exist, but I am asking for equality for opportunity for all human beings, and, as long as I stay [in the White House], I am going to continue to fight.”– July 1948 – ends federal discrimination• Hiring federal employees• Armed forces

Breaking the Color Barrier

• April 15 – Jackie Robinson Day• 1946 – Branch Rickey challenged ban on black

players in MLB– Selected Jackie Robinson• 1947 – Rookie of the Year

Class Work

• Jackie Robinson Biography DVD– Answer all questions

Changes to Education

• 1896 – Plessy vs. Ferguson – “separate but equal”

• 1930s – NAACP challenged in court• 1951 – Oliver Brown sued Topeka, KA Board of

Education– Allowed daughter to attend white school

• 1954 – unanimous ruling– Banned “separate but equal” in public education

Changes to Education

• 1955 – SC all local school boards should move to desegregate “with all deliberate speed”

• Central High School (Little Rock, Arkansas)– 1957 –Gov. Orval Faubus declared could not keep

order if integration occurred• posted ARK National Guard at school, turned away 9

black students who tried to enter • Eisenhower placed troops under federal control to

protect black children

Violence shocks the nation

• Emmett Till– Born July 1941, Chicago– Summer 1955 – visiting relatives in Mississippi– Visited store with friends to buy candy– Spoke with Carolyn Bryant

• Witnesses – Till whistled at Bryant; showed pictures of white girlfriend; said “Bye, baby” to Bryant

– Days later – Roy Bryant and JW Milam kidnapped Till• barn, beat him and gouged out one of his eyes, before shooting him

through the head and disposing of his body in the Tallahatchie River, weighting it with a 70-pound (32 kg) cotton gin fan tied around his neck with barbed wire

• Body discovered three days later

Place where Emmett Till body was foundTallahatchie River

Body of Emmett TillMother left casket open for world to see result of attack

Defendants at trial• J. W. Milam and Roy Bryant – acquitted by all white jury

• Admitted in magazine interview they committed crime• Protected by double jeopardy

Grave site

Montgomery Bus Boycott

• December 1955 – Rosa Parks – secretary of NAACP for 12 years took seat in middle section of a bus White man got on bus at next stop and had no seat– Bus driver ordered Parks to give up seat– Parks refused even with threat of being arrested – Next stop – was arrested and ordered to stand

trial for violating segregation laws

Rosa Parks Mug Shot

Rosa Parks Fingerprinted

Bus

Montgomery Bus Boycott

• Martin Luther King, Jr. – spokesperson for movement– “There comes a time when people get tired...tired of being

segregated and humiliated, tired of being kicked about by the brutal feet of oppression. We have no alternative but to protest.”

– “During the rush hours the sidewalks were crowded with laborers and domestic workers, many of them well past middle age, trudging patiently to their jobs and home again, sometimes as much as twelve miles. They knew why they walked, and the knowledge was evident in the way they carried themselves. And as I watched them I knew that there is nothing more majestic than the determined courage of individuals willing to suffer and sacrifice for their freedom and dignity.”

Montgomery Bus Boycott

• Next year – 50,000 walked, biked, car pooled to avoid bus

• Buses lost $$$ but would not change policy• Supreme Court – bus segregation was

unconstitutional

Homework #18

• Read – – The state of Black America in 1960– Freedom Now– To the Heart of Dixie– Bombingham– Kennedy Finally Acts

Checking for Understanding

• Which of the events discussed today do you believe had the largest impact on the Civil Rights Movement? Why? Support with details.

Unit #5 – Martin Luther King, Jr.

• Lesson Essential Question – Who was Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.? What role did he play in the Civil Rights Movement?

• VocabularyNonviolenceInterracial

Nonviolence

• What does the word nonviolence mean? • Would you be able to use this kind of

“strategy” to achieve the results you want? • Explain.• Be prepared to share with class.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

• Born in Atlanta and raised in Baptist family• Father and Grand-Father were ministers• Grew up memorizing biblical passages and

watching family members fight for Afr Amer rights• Attended Morehouse College, received divinity

degree from Crozer Theological Seminary in PA, earned Ph.D. from Boston University

• Preached to first congregation in Montgomery, AL• 30-years old – played role in CRM with bus boycott

Martin Luther King, Jr. • Influenced – Mohandas Ghandi– Great Indian leader who won fierce struggle to

gain country’s (India) independence from GB (1947)

– Preached that nonviolence was the only way to achieve victory against much stronger foes

– Those who fought for justice must peacefully refuse to obey unjust laws and remain nonviolent—regardless of violent reaction it might provoke

Nonviolence Training

• 17 rules– Pray for guidance and commit yourself to complete nonviolence

in word and action as you enter the buss...Be loving enough to absorb evil and understanding enough to turn an enemy into a friend...If cursed, do not curse back. If pushed, do not push back. If struck, do not strike back, but evidence love and goodwill at all times....If another person is being molested, do not arise to go to his defense, but pray for the oppressor and use moral and spiritual force to carry on the struggle for justice....Do not be afraid to experiment with new and creative techniques for achieving reconciliation and social change....If you feel you cannot take it, walk for another week or two [rather than ride the bus.]

Nonviolence Training

• Nonviolent protest = practical strategy to struggle, also represented moral philosophy

• King – “To accept passively an unjust system is to cooperate with that system; thereby the oppressed become as evil as the oppressor. Noncooperation with evil is as much a moral obligation as is cooperation with good.”– Told Afr Amer – would be victorious in the end– Also forced whites to confront difficulties Afr Amer

faced and persuaded many to support movement

Freedom Rides

• Boynton vs. VA (1960) – SC expanded an earlier ruling that prohibited segregation on busses traveling across state lines– Result = waiting rooms and dining facilities that

served interstate travelers count not be segregated• Civil rights groups tested decision– FREEDOM RIDES

• African American and white activists on interstate buses heading south

Freedom Rides• Beginning – little trouble• Deep South – ferocious response

– Anniston, AL – bus met by mob of white men at terminal; • carried weapons – guns, knives, blackjacks, chains—visible and used

to intimidate• Riders – test facilities there and move on• James Farmer – “Before the buss pulled out, however, members of

the mob took their sharp instruments and slashed tires. The bus go to the outskirts of Anniston and the tires blew out and the bus ground to a halt. Members of the mob boarded cars and followed the bus, and now with the disabled bus standing there, the members of the mob surrounded it, held the door closed, and a member of the mob threw a firebomb into the bus, breaking a window to do so. Incidentally, there were some local police-men mingling with the mob, fraternizing with them while this was going on.”

• Riders – escaped from bus; but were beaten as they made their way out of it

Integration of Ole Miss

• Sept 1962 – James Meredith – air force veteran was student at Jackson State College, wanted to transfer to Univ. Of Miss. – Denied entrance on racial grounds– Sued and carried case to SC

• Miss Gov (Ross Barnett) – different ideas– Declared that Meredith would not be allowed to

enroll and even blocked way to admissions office– Did not care what SC said

Governor Ross Barnett

James Meredith

Integration of Ole Miss

• Major riot ensued – – Resident tried to drive bulldozer into adm building – Whites destroyed vehicles carrying marshals to

campus– 2 men died and hundreds were injured

• Pres. JFK – sent in army troops to restore order and guarantee Meredith’s safety

Riot at Ole Miss

Birmingham, Alabama

• 1962 – Fred Shuttlesworth (head of AL Christian Movement for Human Rights in Birmingham, AL) decided city was site for another nonviolent campaign

• April 1963- invited MLK• Local business leaders (afraid of losing money) trying to

negotiate with Shuttlesworth• Activists faced police commissioner Eugene “Bull” Connor –

determined to crush protest– Reporters – asked MLK how long he would stay– MLK – biblical story – said would remain until “Pharaoh let his

people go.”– Connor – “I got plenty of room in the jail.”

Birmingham, Alabama• Activists faced police commissioner Eugene

“Bull” Connor – determined to crush protest– Reporters – asked MLK how long he would stay– MLK – biblical story – said would remain until

“Pharaoh let his people go.”– Connor – “I got plenty of room in the jail.”

Birmingham, Alabama

• Activists challenged discriminatory hiring practices and segregated facilities

• City officials – protests violated law prohibiting parades without permit and arrested Kin

• White clergy criticized campaign as ill-timed threat to law and order

Birmingham, Alabama• MLK – Arrested by Birmingham Police

– “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” – – “For years now I have heard the word “Wait!”

It rings in the ear of every Negro with a piercing familiarity....but when you have seen vicious mobs lynch your mothers and fathers at will and drown your sisters and brothers at whim; when you have seen hate filled policemen curse, kick, brutalize and even kill your black brothers and sisters with impunity;...when you have to concoct an answer for a five-year-old son who is asking in agonizing pathos: “Daddy, why do white people treat colored people so mean?”...then you will understand why we find it difficult to wait.”

Birmingham, Alabama

• More than week – MLK posted bail and was released – Decided to allow children to participate to test

conscience of Birmingham authorities and nation• Bull Connor arrested more than 900 children– Police turned high-pressure fire hoses on

demonstrators– Brought out police dogs that attacked arms and legs

of marchers– Protesters fell to ground were beaten by police

Activists tear gassed and beaten by police

Fire hoses used on protesters

Fire hoses used on protesters

Fire hoses used on protesters

Fire hoses turned on protesters

Police dogs attack nonviolent marcher.

Police dogs used on protester

Police dog used on protester

Protester Arrested

Young nonviolent protesters on their way to jail

Birmingham, Alabama

• TV cameras recorded scenes– Those unsympathetic to CRM were revolted– Eric Sevareid (reporter) – “A newspaper or

television picture of a snarling police dog set upon a human being is recorded in the permanent photo-electric file of every human being.”

March on Washington

• Civil rights leaders proposed march on DC to get bill passed– JFK tried to sidestep proposal

• Feared it would alienate Congress and set off racial violence in DC

– LBJ – march might backfire; time for political deal making in Congress

– MLK – “I have never engaged in any direct action movement which did not seem ill-timed.”

• August 1963 – 200,000 people– Afr Amer celebrities – Ralph Bunce, James Baldwin, Sammy

Davis, Jr., Harry Belafonte, Jackie Robinson– Musicians – Peter, Paul and Mary, Joan Baez, Bob Dylan –

“Blowin’ in the Wind” and “We Shall Overcome”

March on Washington

March on Washington• “I have a dream that one day this nation will

rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed, ‘We hold these truths to be self-evident, that ll men are created equal.’ I have a dream that on day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood....I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character...When we allow freedom to ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God’s children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual: ‘Free at last. Free at last. Thank God Almighty, we are free at last.’”

Loss of a Leader

• April 1968 – MLK in Memphis, TE– Beginning Poor People’s Campaign– April 4 – shot and killed while standing on balcony

outside motel room– Shot by James Earl Ray– Conspiracy

Class work

• MLK Assassination DVD– Answer all questions

Homework #19

• The March on Washington• Civil Rights Act of 1964• Voting Rights • Civil Rights Movement Moves North• Great Society and Drive for Black Equality

Checking for Understanding

• Why do you think it took seeing children being sprayed with fire hoses for the nation to “wake-up” to the issues regarding equality?

Unit #5 – Martin Luther King, Jr.

• Lesson Essential Question – What was the lasting impact of MLK on the Civil Rights Movement and the nation as a whole?

• Vocab

Martyr

• What is a martyr? • Does MLK, Jr. fit your definition? Why or why

not? • Be prepared to share with class.

Class work

• MLK Assassination DVD

Impact of Civil Rights Movement

• Civil Rights Act of 1964 – – Banned discrimination in all public

accommodations– Justice Dept authority to act in school segregation

and voting rights cases– Equal opportunity provision that prohibited

discrimination hiring on basis of race, sex, religion or national origin in companies with more than 25 employees

Impact of Civil Rights Movement

• Voting Rights Act of 1965 – – Early 1965 – LBJ to joint session of Congress and national TV –

“the command of the Constitution is plain. There is no moral issue. It is wrong—deadly wrong—to deny any of your fellow Americans the right to vote in the country.” “And...we...shall...overcome.”

– LBJ received response – Voting Rights Act• Authorized Attorney Gen to appoint federal examiners to register

voters where local officials prevented African American from voting• Singled out South – 6 states and ½ of another did not pass test of

having 50% of voting-age population registered in 1964• Created new voting population• Led to African American representation at local, state and federal levels

Homework #20

• Black Nationalism and Black Power• White Backlash• The Struggle Continues

Checking for Understanding

• What may have happened with the Civil Rights Movement if MLK was not assassinated in April 1968? Explain your answer.

Unit #5 – Black Power

• Lesson Essential Question – Why did some groups in the Civil Rights Movement take a more active or violent approach to bringing about equality?

• Vocabulary – • De jure segregation• De facto segregation

Does nonviolence work?

• “Turn the other cheek” or “Take Action”– Which phrase best describes you and the way you

approach getting something you want? – Be specific

Malcolm X

• Born - Malcolm Little (1925) Omaha, Nebraska• Early Life – – Father – Baptist minister – “Back to Africa”; died

when Malcolm was young– Raised in ghettos in Detroit, Boston, NY– Youth – involved in criminal activities– 20 years old – arrested for attempted burglary and

served 7 yrs in jail• Jail – read books and became interested in Nation of

Islam

Malcolm X• Nation of Islam – founded in 1933 in Chicago (Elijah

Muhammad)– Taught – Allah, the God of Islam, would bring about a

“Black Nation” composed of all nonwhite peoples of the world

– Key’s to self-knowledge = knowing one’s enemy (white man and white supremacy)

– Members did not seek change through political means; waited for Allah to create Black Nation

– Led righteous life and worked to become economically self-sufficient

Malcolm X

• 1952 – released from Prison, converted to Nation of Islam and changed name to Malcolm X, became disciple of Elijah Muhammad

• 12 years spread gospel of new faith

Malcolm X & Civil Rights Movement

• Disagreed with tactics and goals– March on DC = “Farce on Washington”– Irritated at “all of this non-violent, begging-the-white-man kind of dying...all of this

sitting-in, sliding-in, wading-in, eating-in, diving-in and all the rest.”• Preached – integration would not work; African American had to take destiny

into own hands:– No sane black man really wants integration! No sane white man really wants

integration! No sane black man really believes that the white man ever will give the black man anything more than token integration. No! The Honorable Elijah Muhammad teaches that for the black man in America the only solution is complete separation from the white man....The American black man should be focusing his effort toward building his own businesses, and decent homes for himself. As other ethnic groups have done, let the black people, wherever possible, however possible, patronize their own kind, hire their own kind, and start in those ways to build up the black race’s ability to do for itself. That’s the only way the American black man is ever going to get respect.

Malcolm X Changes

• Malcolm developed worldwide following– 1963 – Elijah Muhammad jealous of attention X was

receiving• Elijah Muhammad objected to remark X made

about JFK assassination– X left Nation of Islam and formed Muslim Mosque, Inc.

• Pilgrimage to Mecca (holy city of Islam in Saudi Arabia)– Return – wrong to preach hatred of white people

Death of Malcolm X

• February 1965 – X was assassinated– 3 members of Nation of Islam were charged

Black Panthers

• Fall 1966 – Wanted African Americans to lead own communities and demanded that the fed gov’t rebuild the nation’s ghettos in repayment for years of discrimination

• Huey Newton – repeated words of Mao Zedong – “Power flows from the barrel of a gun.”

• Gentle side – developed day-care centers, health-care facilities and free breakfast programs

Watts – Los Angeles, CA

• August 11, 1965 – Watts neighborhood (LA) – Police pulled over 21 year old African American for drunk driving– Beginning interaction was friendly between all (cops, suspect

and crowd)– Suspect resisted arrest and one cop panicked and began

swinging riot baton• Began 6 days of rioting

– Thousands in streets– Burned cars and stores– Stole merchandise– Sniped fire fighters

Burning Buildings

Watts – Los Angeles, CA

• End – 34 dead, 1,000 injured • 1966 and 1967 – violence spread– “Get Whitey” and “Burn, Baby, Burn” replaced

gentler slogans of early CRM– National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders

(Kerner Commission) – 1968 – “The nation is rapidly moving toward two increasingly separate Americas.”

Class work

• Malcolm X DVD• Civil Rights Movement Worksheets

Homework #21

• Read – Watergate, Crisis of Political Leadership, Restraining the Imperial Presidency,

Checking for Understanding

• Did the violent side of the Civil Rights Movement help or hurt the push for equality? Explain.

Unit #5 – Concept #7: Nixon, Ford & Carter

• Lesson Essential Question – Why will 1968 be one of the worst years in American history? How will Richard Nixon’s administration change the American people’s view of our government?

Vocabulary – Imperial Presidency EmbargoOPEC Busing Realpolitik SALTDétente

Leadership

• Create a list of words and ideas that you associate with this term.

• Be prepared to share with class.

1968 – A Turning Point

• April 1968 – MLK, Jr. assassinated• Robert F. Kennedy – JFK’s younger brother– Running for president• LBJ vulnerable following NH Primary• Mary 31 – LBJ addresses nation

– Opposed to Vietnam; Focus on domestic issues– Summer 1968 – Primary battles• June – won victory in CA

1968: A Turning Point• RFK – following victory speech leaving

Ambassador hotel through kitchen– Shot by Sirhan Sirhan

Class Work

• RFK Assassination DVD– Answer all questions

Election of 1968

• Republicans – Richard Nixon– Law & order– End to Vietnam War

• Democrats – Hubert Humphrey– LBJ’s VP

• Nixon wins election

Class Work

• President Richard Nixon DVD– Answer all questions

Nixon Administration• “Law-and-order” – used federal funds to help local police departments

– Named 4 Justices to Supreme Court (conservative) – Called student demonstrators “bums”

• Students caused tragedy at Kent State• Imperial Presidency• Economic Problems –

– US depends on oil from Middle East (1/3 of nation energy needs)– Crisis in Mid East – Israel fought Egypt and Syria

• US backed Israel • Arab nations form Organization of Petroleum Exporting Counties (OPEC)

– Imposed oil embargo on US– Quadrupled prices

– Embargo effect other areas• Bread 28 cents in early 1970s = now 89 cents• 25 cents gallon gas, 65 cents

• Opposed Great Society – Cut $ for job training, low-income housing and education• 1972 Election – easily defeated Dem candidate Senator George McGovern

– McGovern – leader of movement against Vietnam War

Nixon Foreign Policy

• “I’ve always thought this country could run itself domestically without a President.”

• Détente – greatest accomplishment• US – did not recognize Communist China (even when

SU-CH alliance stopped)– Recognized Chiang Kai-Shek and Taiwan

• 1971 – Nixon relaxed regulations against China– Chinese invited American Ping-Pong team to mainland– July – Nixon announced going to visit China

» Pressures to allow China into UN» Use new friendship with China when dealing with SU

Nixon Foreign Policy

• Feb 1972 – flew to China– Met with Mao Zedong– Toured Great Wall with wife

• Soviet Union – visited May 1972– 2 nations signed treaty to limit number of nuclear

warheads and missiles built• SALT Agreement – Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

Homework #22

• Read – New Style Presidents, Wrenching Economic Transformations, The Age of Inflation, Oil Embargo, Foreign Competition

Checking for Understanding

• What impact do you think Bobby Kennedy would have had on America if he would not have been assassinated?

Unit #5 – Richard Nixon

• Lesson Essential Question – How will a conspiracy by the White House impact America’s view on the government?

• VocabularyConspiracyCover-upWatergate

Watergate

• June 17, 1972 – police caught 5 men breaking into Democratic party headquarters in the Watergate apartment building in DC– Evidence – suggests the burglars linked to Nixon’s

reelection committee– President assured public that no one in White

House was involved

Woodward and BernsteinJournalists who exposed conspiracy

W Mark Felt, Jr.Woodward & Bernstein source – Nicknamed “Deep Throat”

Watergate

• May 1973 – Senate committee began public hearings because of new evidence linking burglars to White House– Hearings – revealed that Nixon had made secret

tape recordings of all conversations in his office• Tapes showed that President and advisers had been

involved in trying to cover up break-in

Watergate

• VP Spiro Agnew – accused of taking bribes forced to resign

• 25th Amendment – President must choose new VP• Selected Gerald Ford (Michigan)

• July 1974 – House passed 3 articles of impeachment• August 9, 1974 – Nixon resigns Presidency

Class work

• Watergate and Nixon Worksheets

Homework #23

• Read - Whipping Stagflation, A New American Role in the World, Détente, Foreign Policy Triumphs, No Islands of Stability

Checking for Understanding

• How will America recover from this scandal involving the highest office in our government?

Unit #5 – Ford & Carter

• Lesson Essential Question – How will the federal government work to regain the trust of the American people?

• VocabularyPardonHelsinki AgreementCamp David Accords

Forgiveness

• Think of a time when you excused or forgave a friend, family member or class mate

• What does offering a pardon imply about the guilt or innocence of the person pardoned?

• Be prepared to share with class.

A Time to Heal

• Gerald Ford – “Our long national nightmare is over.” – Pledged to be open and honest– Granted Nixon a “full, free & absolute pardon”

Class Work

• President Gerald Ford DVD– Answer all questions

1976 Election

– Ford vs Jimmy Carter (Dem)• Carter promised changes in DC politics and scandals

– Carter wins election

Class work

• President Jimmy Carter DVD– Answer all questions

Jimmy Carter

• Domestic Issues– Dozens of bills sent to Congress • Tax laws, reforms to social security

– “Double-digit” inflation (10% or higher)

Jimmy Carter – Foreign Policy

• 1975 – Helsinki Agreement• Camp David Accords– Peace agreement between Israel and Egypt

• Panama Canal• Détente continued– SALT II Treaty

Jimmy Carter – Foreign Policy

• Détente Ends– December 1979 - Soviet Union invades Afghanistan• Carter – “The Soviet Union must pay a price for its

aggression.”– Ended grain sales to Soviet Union– US athletes boycotting 1980 Summer Olympics

• War became Soviet Union’s “Vietnam”

Iran

• US supported Shah Mohammad R Pahlavi• Jan 1979 – Muslim revolution– Led by Ayatollah Khomeini– Shah fled

Iran

• Oct 1979 – Carter let Shah enter US for medical care

• Nov 4, 1979 – Iranian students seize US embassy taking 66 hostages– Held 52 for 444 days

Class work

• Iran-Contra DVD– Answer all questions

Carter’s Reaction

• Broke diplomatic relations• Khomeini – send Shah back• Carter – commando rescue mission– Operation Eagle Claw

1980 Election

• Democrats – Jimmy Carter• Republicans – Ronald Reagan• 1981 – Iran agreed to release hostages– Released day after Carter left office

Checking for Understanding

• Do you think America was able to recover during the 1970s following the Watergate Scandal? Have we recovered yet or is there still a distrust of the Federal Government?

Homework #24

• Study for Unit 5 Concepts 6 & 7 Test

Unit #5 Test

Concepts 6 & 7Civil Rights Movement, Nixon, Ford &

Carter