Unit 4.12 Marine Fishes

Unit 4.12

Marine Fishes

Marine Science

Entry Task(s)What characteristics would you use to classify the following

organism?

Marine FishesUnit 4.12 Marine Fishes Vocabulary.

• Using Chapter 12 (pgs. 296-317) of the textbook provide a

definition for each term.

• Be sure to complete the vocabulary as we progress through

the unit, it will be checked prior to the assessment.

Note: The “Unit 4.12 Marine Fishes Vocabulary” worksheet can

be located in google classroom & on the Marine Science

webpage @ link: https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6828

https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6828

Marine FishesFishes

• Ancient group of animals

500 million years.

• More than 25,000 species

• Astonishing variety of

shapes, sizes, & colors

• Most diverse group of

vertebrates in the ocean &

the world.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Barracuda_laban.jpg

Fishes

• Ancient group of animals whose origins date back more than

500 million years.

• More than 25,000 species (freshwater & marine).

Marine FishesWhat Are the Features of Protochordates & Jawless Fishes?

• Vertebrates in the phylum Chordata.

- Structures found in vertebrate embryos: hollow dorsal nerve

cord & a notochord (flexible, rodlike structure).

• Subgroup of protochordates.

Marine FishesWhat Are the Features of Protochordates & Jawless Fishes?

• Of great scientific interest.

- Ancestors evolutionary link between invertebrates &

vertebrates.

Marine FishesCompare Protochordates WS.

• Using Chapter 12 (pgs. 297-299) of the textbook complete the

worksheet.

• Follow the instructions provided on the worksheet.

Note: The “Compare protochordates” worksheet can be located

in google classroom & on the Marine Science webpage @ link:



Entry Task(s)What are the four common characteristics found in all chordates

at some point during development?

• Notochord

• Dorsal hollow nerve cord

• Pharyngeal (gill) slits

• Post-anal tail

Do the following organisms retain the chordate characteristics?

Explain.

• Sea Squirt (tunicate)

• Lancelet

• Acorn Worm

VideoLamprey: Ancient Bloodsucking Parasites | Earth

Unplugged (8:26):

Synopsis: Lamprey are infamous for their bloodsucking

behaviour but little else is know about the life cycle of these

ancient creatures.

Lamprey are prehistoric animals that have a bad reputation as

bloodsucking parasites but there's so much more to these

animals than just their nightmarish mouth parts. Lizzie Daly

travels to south west Ireland to find a Lamprey in the wild and

learn more about this strange but fascinating species.

Link @

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FodQ96zZEnA&t=70s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FodQ96zZEnA&t=70s

VideoDiscovery Channel features Eddie Kisfaludy and Hagfish

(5:36):

Synopsis: Discovery Channel and Pangolin Pictures present

"Nasty by Nature" featuring Eddie Kisfaludy who presents

Hagfish at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD.

Link @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bqk0mnMgwUQ

Eddie Kisfaludy and the Hagfish (5:34):

Synopsis: Eddie Kisfaludy who presents Hagfish at Scripps

Institution of Oceanography, UCSD.

Link @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rE26tBwkz68

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bqk0mnMgwUQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rE26tBwkz68

Marine FishesPet Store Brochure - Jawless Fish

Instructions.

• Log into google classroom & click on the assignment “Pet

Store Brochure - Jawless Fish.”

• Complete the brochure with the required information.

Entry Task(s)Which of the protochordates retain the dorsal nerve cord,

notochord, & gill slits into its adult form?

• Lancelet

• Acorn Worm

What class are the jawless fishes placed in?

• Agnatha

Marine FishesAgnatha: The Jawless Lampreys &

Existed as far back as 550 million years

• Most primitive of the vertebrates.

• Adults retain their larval notochord for

support of their long, flexible bodies.

Do NOT have a lower jaw.

• Have a sucker-like mouth with large

teeth & rasp-like tongue.

Agnatha: The Jawless Lampreys & Hagfish

Existed as far back as 550 million years & still look quite ancient.

• Most primitive of the vertebrates.

http://anintrospectiveworld.blogspot.com/2014/05/lamprey.html https://mistralmtn.blogspot.com/2013/03/hagfish-what-is-it.html

Marine FishesAgnatha: The Jawless Lampreys & Hagfish

Body structure:

• Flexible cartilage skeleton

• Small fins

• Elongated snake-like body

Many lampreys & hagfish make the Great Lakes their home.

http://dp0a.info/sea-lamprey-classification.html http://animalia-life.club/other/hagfish-anatomy.html

Agnatha: The Jawless Lampreys

Existed as far back as 550 million

• Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)

• Hagfish

- Pacific Hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii)

- Atlantic Hagfish (Myxine glutinosa)


Live as parasites & can grow up to one meter.

Travel by attaching to more mobile fish.

Two types of jawless fish.

http://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/1999https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lamprey


Sea lamprey feeding

• Uses sucking disk on mouth to attach to

host fish.

• Teeth & rasping tongue make a hole in

host.

• Sucks blood & tissue from host.

Does NOT have scales.


Sea lamprey feeding

• Uses sucking disk on mouth to attach to living trout or other

host fish.

Marine FishesAgnatha: The Jawless Lampreys

Hagfish feeding

• Uses sharp teeth to burrow

fish.

Hagfish defense

• Excretes a protein from

glands along ventral side that

reacts with seawater to form a

thick slime.

https://interestingengineering.com/slime-engineering-hagfish


Hagfish feeding

• Uses sharp teeth to burrow into the bodies of dead or dying

fish.

• Feed from the inside out.

Hagfish defense

Marine FishesHagfish.

Marine FishesComplete the following pertaining to section 12.1.

• Read pgs. 297-300 in the textbook.

• Complete the following section review questions in your

“Section Review” worksheet.

1) How can you tell tunicates & lancelets are protochordates?

2) Why are all fishes classified as vertebrates in phylum

Chordata?

3) Why are lampreys & hagfish referred to as primitive fishes?

AssessmentMSS9-4.12 Marine Fishes Assessment_01

• Grab a copy of the assessment.

• Only using your knowledge of what you have learned

complete the assessment.

• Once complete, raise your hand so I can collect your paper.

VideoGrab a copy of the “Mystery Sharks of Seattle” question

worksheet from the front counter.

Instructions:

• Carefully watch the video.

• Complete the questions as you find the answers in the video.

• Turn in the question worksheet at the end of the period.

Note: The “Mystery Sharks of Seattle” question worksheet can

be located on the Marine Science webpage @ link:



VideoWildlife Detectives: Mystery Sharks of Seattle (51:09):

Synopsis: One of the world's largest & most elusive predatory

sharks, the sixgill, suddenly appears in Seattle's waters. These

creatures typically dwell in darkness several thousands of feet

beneath the surface. Little is known about them. What would

make them appear in the shallows of Puget Sound? And what

does it say about our oceans? Researchers are hunting for

answers.

Link @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQwThFPjdGM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQwThFPjdGM

Entry Task(s)How would you classify the fish shown below?

• Jawless Fish (Agnatha)

How does the organism above feed?

• Sucking disk on mouth attaches to host fish; teeth & rasping

tongue make a hole; sucks blood & tissue from host.

Marine Fishes“Conservation: Shark Attack or Attack on Sharks?” article

Instructions:

• Read the article highlighting or underlining key information.

• Answer the questions following the article.

Note: The “Conservation: Shark Attack or Attack on Sharks?”

worksheet can be located in google classroom & on the Marine

Science webpage @ link:



Entry Task(s)What is the term used for fast-moving fish?

• Nekton or Pelagic

What are the three major groups of cartilaginous fishes?

• Sharks

• Skates

• Rays

Marine FishesCartilaginous Fishes: Sharks & Rays

Class of Chondrichthyes (“cartilage

• Cartilage makes up the entire

• Of the 25,000 species of fishes, the

cartilaginous species consists of fewer

than 700 species.

• Ancient class that includes species of

sharks, skates, & rays.

Cartilaginous Fishes

Class of Chondrichthyes (“cartilage fishes”).

• Cartilage makes up the entire skeleton of cartilaginous fishes.

Graphic OrganizerCartilaginous Fishes Graphic Organizer

Instructions:

• Read through the introduction to the graphic organizer.

• Using pgs. 300-305 of the textbook, fill in the graphic

organizer with crustacean information.

Note: The “Cartilaginous Fishes” graphic organizer can be

located in google classroom & on the Marine Science

webpage @ link: https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6828


Entry Task(s)What is the structure called that covers the gills of bony fish, but

not cartilaginous fish?

• Operculum

What allows some bottom dwelling cartilaginous fish to continue

breathing when lying on the bottom & not swimming?

• Spiracles

Marine FishesCharacteristics of Cartilaginous Fishes

Placoid Scales

• Small toothlike structures (scales) embedded in the skin, also

called dermal denticles.

• Point backward, from posterior to anterior feels rough (like

sandpaper)

https://erinmdillon.wordpress.com/2015/08/18/dermal-denticles-up-close-and-personal/ http://www.thesuperfins.com/why-is-shark-skin-so-rough/


• Breathe through visible or exposed gills slits.

- No operculum.

- Many sharks cannot force water over their gills to breathe,

must keep swimming or rely on currents.

www.johneasley.comhttps://www.flickr.com/photos/sharkpix/31094720390


• Bottom-dwelling cartilaginous fishes have a pair of dorsal

breathing holes (spiracles).

- Water flows through spiracles into gill chambers.

- Can actively pump water.

http://www.mesa.edu.au/seaweek2005/infosheet01.asp


• Fins are more rigid than those of bony fish.

- Rely on the lift of winglike pectoral fins that help prevent

sinking.

Marine FishesCharacteristics of Cartilaginous

• Rays & skates have more

- Up-&-down movements

flight.

- Wingspan of up to 7 meters

long.

- While “flying” they open

mouth to filter feed on

plankton.

http://www.discoverwildlife.com/animals/facts-about-manta-rays

Characteristics of Cartilaginous Fishes

• Rays & skates have more highly developed pectoral fins.

- Up-&-down movements resemble the wings of a bird in

flight.


• Some live close to shore.

- Southern stingray

- Skate (Raja)

• Others live in deeper waters & feed

on plankton.

- Eagle ray

- Manta ray

https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animal-guide/fishes/southern-stingray

http://sfbaywildlife.info/species/sharks.htmhttp://dreamstop.com/manta-ray-dream-symbol/ http://www.elasmodiver.com/whitespotted_eagle_ray.htm


Few rays can be dangerous.

• Stingrays have sharp, poisonous barb near the bottom of its

tail.

- Sticks in skin & causes infection.

http://www.oceanwideimages.com/categories.asp?cID=197 http://www.julianrocks.net/Shells2/ShlPgs/StingraySpine.html


Few rays can be dangerous.

• To avoid being stung drag your feet along bottom as you walk.

• If you are stung…

- Do NOT try to remove the spine yourself.

- Remain calm, apply cold compress, & seek medical

attention quickly.

Marine FishesCharacteristics of

Sawfish (Pristis)

• Long bladelike snout

either side.

• Uses snout like a

- Swings back & forth as

it swims through

school of fish.

- Stunning & killing fish.

https://imgur.com/gallery/Yly7p/comment/593317362

Characteristics of Cartilaginous Fishes

Sawfish (Pristis)

• Long bladelike snout contains 24 or more teeth sticking out to

either side.

• Uses snout like a weapon.

Marine FishesThe Sharks

About 350 known species of sharks.

Sharks vary greatly in size.

• Smallest @ 25 cm = pigmy shark

(Squaliolus laticaudus)

• Except for whales, whale sharks

(Rhincodon typus) & basking

sharks are the largest.

- Grow to 15 meters.

- Docile & gentle plankton feeders.http://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/leptobarbus-rubripinna/https://www.finsunited.co.nz/bite-blog/pygmy-shark


Only 35 have shown themselves to be dangerous to humans.

• Most feared = great white shark (Carcharodon Carcharias)

- Does deserve respect; grows as large as 6 meters in length

& one of the fastest swimming of all sharks.

- Tends to live in colder waters near large prey = seals

• Tiger shark, bull shark, & hammerhead sharks among best

known.

https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/595103/Craig-Ison-Evans-Head-shark-attack-Great-White-Australian


http://www.fhm.com/posts/9-scary-shark-movies-that-ll-keep-you-outta-the-water-134377/photos/sharks-jaws-256130#photo-anchor


Perception by the public is that sharks are dangerous

maneaters; sharp teeth chomping off body parts.

• Attacks are not as common as the media leads us to believe.

• < 100 people a year & very few result in death.

• More people are hit by lightning each year.

• Regardless, media continues to mark them as a constant &

overwhelming threat to beachgoers.

Marine FishesStructure & Behavior of Sharks

Swimming the seas for over 300 million years.

• Often called “living fossils” because they closely resemble

some early ancestral forms.

https://www.redballoon.co.nz/product/water/shark-diving/certified-diving-with-hammerhead-

sharks

https://magazine.diviac.com/diving-with-whale-sharks-everything-you-should-know/

Cold Blooded SwimmersStructure & Behavior of Sharks

• Sharks have many sense organs that aid them in locating &

attacking potential prey.

- Lateral line organ.

- Ampullae of Lorenzini

- Keen sense of smell.

- Protective eyelids

- Hinged jaws

- Rows of teeth

http://ultimate-animals.com/a-description-of-the-great-white-shark-behaviour-at-seal-island/


• Lateral line organ used in feeling vibrations.

- Lateral line = Line of sensitive sound receptors along each

side of the fish’s body.

- When vibrations reach the shark it feels a change in

pressure that becomes irritating.


• Pair of nostrils used for detecting smells

- Smell so sharp, a small amount of blood can be detected

nearly half a kilometer away (1 part per million).

- Brain size responsible for keen sense of smell (2/3 utilized

for detecting smells).


• Ampullae of Lorenzini detects electrical fields generated by

the muscles of fish & other animals.

- Network of jelly filled pores

- Explains the bizarre behavior of attacking metal boat

propellers & consuming metal cans & license plates.

Marine FishesSharks: Built for the Hunt

• Numerous rows of overlapping

- Can be quickly regrown when

down.

- Similar to a conveyor belt

replacing teeth within a day.

- Most sharks have about 5

rows of teeth; the bull shark

has 50 rows.

Structure & Behavior of Sharks

• Numerous rows of overlapping razor-sharp teeth

- Can be quickly regrown when teeth are broken off or worn

down.

http://www.sharkwatchsa.com/en/blog/category/482/post/1206/white-shark-teeth-how-many/


Basic body structure characterized by…

• Fins; used to push or propel themselves through water.


• Pectoral fins provide lift & prevents the shark from sinking.

- Possess large oily livers to help maintain buoyancy.

• Anal fins present in only some sharks.





1) Why are sharks, skates, & rays place in their own class?

2) In what kind of habitat are skates & rays found? What do

they usually eat?

3) What special receptors does the shark have for detecting

prey?

Entry TaskHow can you tell the difference between a female & male shark?

• Male sharks have claspers between the pelvic fin & anal fin.

What is the difference between the lateral line & the ampullae

of Lorenzini?

• Line of sensitive sound receptors along each side of the fish’s

body that detect vibrations.

• Network of jelly filled pores that detects electrical fields

generated by the muscles of fish & other animals.

AssessmentMSS9-4.12 Marine Fishes Assessment_02

• Grab a copy of the assessment.

• Only using your knowledge of what you have learned

complete the assessment.

• Once complete, raise your hand so I can collect your paper.

Marine FishesHow Are the Bony Fish Adapted to Their Environment?

Bony fish belong to the class of Osteichthyes (“bony fish”)

• Skeleton made of bone.

• Backbone made of a chain of individual bones (vertebrae).

95% of all fish on Earth.

• Found in every type of aquatic environment.

Pg. 306

Marine FishesHow Are the Bony Fish Adapted to

Bony fish have a protective covering

• Loosely attached to the skin.

• Skin secretes a protective mucus

that coats the scales.

• Mucus serves two functions:

- Barrier against infection.

- Reduces friction.

How Are the Bony Fish Adapted to Their Environment?

Bony fish have a protective covering of scales.

• Loosely attached to the skin.

Pg. 306

Marine FishesHow Are the Bony Fish Adapted

Scales can indicate the

• Contain growth rings called

• As fish grows older, new circuli

• A single band may represent

about a year’s growth, similar

to a clam.

How Are the Bony Fish Adapted to Their Environment?

Scales can indicate the approximate age of a fish.

• Contain growth rings called circuli.

• As fish grows older, new circuli are produced, forming bands.

Marine FishesDetermine how bony fish do the following:

• Breathe

• Locomotion (include buoyancy)

• Food-getting (include digestion)

• Sensitivity

• Reproduce





1) Explain how the different fins of a fish enable it to move.

2) How does a fish use its gills to breathe?

3) Describe several methods of food-getting in fish.

What structure(s) in the bony fish carries out the function of

flotation?

• Swim Bladder

During the reproduction of bony fish, do the following occur

external or internal?

• Fertilization = External

• Development = External

Entry Task(s)What structure(s) in the bony fish carries out the function of

flotation?

• Swim Bladder

During the reproduction of bony fish, do the following occur

external or internal?

• Fertilization =

• Development =

Marine FishesWhat Are Some Unusual

• Porcupine fish (Diodon)

- Can inflate itself like the puffer

threatened.

• Also has sharp spines that project

outward when inflated to further

discourage predators.

http://www.visitcocosisland.com/porcupine-fish/

What Are Some Unusual Adaptations Among Fish?

Porcupine fish (Diodon)

• Can inflate itself like the puffer fish (Chilomycterus) when

threatened.

Marine FishesCamouflage in Fish

Flounder (Platichthys)

• Contains pigments in their cells.

• Pigments enable the flounder to

the background.

- Pigments expand to darken &

contract to lighten.

• Can even change color to match

mottled patterns

https://www.saltwaterfish.com/product-sand-flounder

Camouflage in Fish

Flounder (Platichthys)

• Contains pigments in their cells.

• Pigments enable the flounder to darken or lighten to match

the background.


Sargassum fish

• Resembles the shape, color, & texture of sargassum

seaweed.

• Blends into environment.

Trumpetfish (Aulostomus)

• Floats motionless, head facing down, alongside

branching corals & sponges.

• Escapes detection.

Pg. 314

Marine FishesStrange Shapes & Behaviors of Fish

Sea Horse (Hippocampus)

• To prevent being tossed by waves, it wraps its

flexible tail around seaweed, marsh grass, or

coral.

• Uses horselike snout to suck up plankton &

other food particles.

• During reproduction, externally fertilized eggs

are transferred into males brood pouch until

baby fish hatch (2 wks).

Pg. 315


Flying fish (Cypselurus)

• Vibrates caudal fin (40 beats

the water.

• Expands winglike pectoral fins

to give lift.

• Glides as far as 30 meters &

as high as 12 meters.

https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/supply-trade/france-and-eastern-caribbean-collaborate-on-flying-fish-management-study

Strange Shapes & Behaviors of Fish

Flying fish (Cypselurus)

• Vibrates caudal fin (40 beats per sec.) to propel itself out of

the water.


Dragonfish, Viperfish, & Anglerfish

• At depths of about 500-2000 meters

• Wide-opening mouths with huge spiky teeth.

• Often have the ability to produce light (bioluminescence) to

lure prey or attract mates.

• Uses bioluminescent lure to attract prey.

Pg. 316


Dragonfish, Viperfish, & Anglerfish

• At depths of about 500-2000

meters.

Marine FishesStrange Shapes & Behaviors of Fish

Mola (Mola mola) or ocean sunfish

• 3 m long & 2,275 kg, biggest of the bony

fish.

• Feeds on jellyfish, small fish, & plankton.

• Swim using their elongated dorsal & anal fins

• Docile & slow moving making them vulnerable to predation by

sea lions, killer whales, & humans.

• Female produces 300 million eggs, to help ensure survival.

Pg. 316

Marine FishesStrange Shapes & Behaviors of

Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae)

• “Rediscovered” in the 1900s,

more than 60 million years.

• Scientifically important because

fins resemble those of fossil

- Lobefin fish = probable

ancestor of early amphibians.

• Considered rare & protected by

law.

Pg. 317


Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae)

• “Rediscovered” in the 1900s, thought to have been extinct for

more than 60 million years.

• Scientifically important because paddlelike pectoral & pelvic

fins resemble those of fossil lobefin fish.





1) Describe two adaptations of the flounder to life as a benthic

organism.

2) What are some unusual characteristics of the sea horse?

3) What features do deep-sea fishes have for capturing prey?

EchinodermsUnit 4.12 Review.

• Pgs. 318-321 in the textbook.

• Answer Chapter 112 Review questions 1-24 on the worksheet

provided.

- You will need to write in the answers from the textbook.

• Pages have been scanned & loaded as an assignment in

google classroom (“MSS9-4.12 Assessment Review”).

Documents

Unit 4.12 Marine Fishes