Unit 4.1 Review

Essential Question # 1What are the structures that make up the human heart

and how are they organized?

Essential Question # 2: How do the heart and lungs work together to

pick up and deliver oxygen to the cells?

• The cardiovascular system is responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and other wastes

• The pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs to unload CO2 and pick up O2

• The systemic circulation carries blood throughout the body

Mechanism for Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide transport in the Blood

(remember, it’s all based on the gases’ partial pressure)

Plasma

Alveolarair

space

Red blood cellPulmonarycapillary

O2

O2

O2

O2Hb

Hb

O2 pickup

Plasma

Alveolarair

space

O2 pickup O2 delivery

Systemiccapillary

Red blood cellsPulmonarycapillary

O2

O2

O2

O2Hb

Hb

Hb O2

Plasma

Alveolarair

space

O2 pickup O2 delivery

Systemiccapillary

Red blood cellsPulmonarycapillary

Cells inperipheraltissues

O2

O2

O2

O2Hb

Hb

Hb O2 O2

Hb O2

O2

Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood

CO2 pickup

Systemiccapillary

CO2

CO2

CO2 pickup

Systemiccapillary

H2CO3

H2O

CO2Hb

Hb CO2

CO2

CO2 pickup

Systemiccapillary

Chlorideshift

Hb

HCO3–

Cl–H+ + HCO3–

H2CO3

H2O

H+Hb

CO2Hb

Hb CO2

CO2

CO2 delivery CO2 pickup

Systemiccapillary

Pulmonarycapillary

Chlorideshift

CO2

CO2Hb

HCO3–

Cl–

Hb

HCO3–

Cl–H+ + HCO3–

H2CO3

H2O

H+Hb

CO2Hb

Hb CO2

CO2

CO2 delivery

H+

Hb

CO2 pickup

Systemiccapillary

Pulmonarycapillary

Chlorideshift

CO2 CO2

CO2

CO2

Hb

Hb

H+ + HCO3–

HCO3–

Cl–

H2CO3

H2O

Hb

HCO3–

Cl–H+ + HCO3–

H2CO3

H2O

H+Hb

CO2Hb

Hb CO2

CO2

CO2 delivery

H+

Hb

CO2 pickup

Systemiccapillary

Pulmonarycapillary

Chlorideshift

CO2 CO2

CO2

CO2

Hb

Hb

Hb

H+ + HCO3–

HCO3–

Cl–

H2CO3

H2O

Hb

HCO3–

Cl–H+ + HCO3–

H2CO3

H2O

H+Hb

CO2Hb

Hb CO2

CO2

Essential Question # 3What is the pathway that blood takes as it

passes through the heart?

Essential Question # 4What is the function of valves in the heart?

• To prevent the backflow of blood. – The A-V valves prevent backflow of blood into the

atria – The semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood

into the ventricles

The valves of the heart

The valves of the heart

Essential Question # 5How does the structure of arteries and veins relate to their functions?

• Blood Vessel Review– Arteries carry blood away from the heart• High pressure• Pulmonary trunk to lungs• Aorta to everything else

– Microcirculation is where exchange occurs• Arterioles to feed the capillaries• Capillaries exchange with the tissues• Venules to receive capillary blood

– Veins bring it back to the heart• Low pressure

How does the structure of arteries and veins relate to their functions?

Autopsy Report• Pacemaker: issues with heart

rhythm require a pacemaker to maintain a normal rhythm

• Enlarged heart: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy– L.V. works too hard and

becomes overly thick– Due to high blood pressure

and obesity– Coronary arteries can cut off

the blood supply to the heart– Linked to heart attacks,

arrhythmias, and heart failure

Autopsy Report

• Mitral Valve Prolapse– Mitral valve doesn’t close properly– It can lead to mitral valve regurgitation (some blood flows back into

the L.A.)• Complications include arrhythmias and heart valve infection (endocarditis)

• Atherosclerosis– The formation of plaques on the inside of vessels.– Excess of cholesterol deposited on the inside of arteries supplying

both the heart and the brain• Complications include heart attack and stroke

• Peripheral Vascular Disease– Plaques are beginning to form in the vessels of the legs

• Stent in LAD – Coronary arteries are blocked and stent opens up the vessels to

allow for blood flow