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4.01 Describe and explain the apparent motion of celestial bodies. Include:
• Moon • Sun • Planets • Comets • Asteroids
4.03 List examples of constellations and recognize them on a sky chart. Include:
Ursa MajorBig Bear (Big Dipper)
Ursa MinorLittle Bear (Little Dipper
Seasonal Constellations• Occur because the
earth moves around the sun allowing us to see different part of the sky every season
• See page 360 for examples
Winter Constellation
4.04 Identify that celestial body movement involves:• Celestial bodies move in cyclic paths
called orbits.• These orbits result from gravitational
forces.
4.05 Identify that planets and moons revolve on a central axis.
• Planets, suns and moons revolve on a central axis.
• Stars generally move from east to west.• The point around which the stars rotate
is the North Star… Polaris.• Ursa Major and Minor, and Cassiopeia
never go below the horizon.
4.07 Describe the contributions made by various individuals to our knowledge and
understanding of celestial bodies and their motions. Include:
• Aristotle • Ptolemy • Copernicus • Galileo • Kepler • Newton
Aristotle(383-322 B.C.E.)
• Visualized the universe as being geocentric. This means the Earth is the centre of the universe and everything else revolves around it.
Aristotle(383-322 B.C.E.)
• He believed that the Earth was a sphere due to the curved edges observed during a lunar eclipse.
Ptolemy(83-168 C.E.)• Based his model on his
observations of Mars.• Mars orbital path creates
a loop or s-shape in the sky.
• His model showed each planet attached to a crystal sphere with its centre at Earth.
Ptolemy(83-168 C.E.)
• Each planet was not attached directly to its sphere but to an off-centre wheel (epicycle).
• Accepted for nearly 1500 years.
Copernicus(1473-1543)• Believed in a heliocentric
universe (Sun at the centre).
• The Earth rotated on its axis once daily and revolved around the Sun once a year.
Galileo(1564-1642)
• First person to view the “heavens” through a telescope.
• Allowed him to see objects Craters on the MoonSpots on the SunFour “stars” orbiting Jupiter
(called the Galilean Moons)
Johannes Kepler(1571-1630)3 Laws of Planetary Motion1. All planets move in ellipses
with the Sun at one focus.2.Planets sweep out at equal
areas of their elliptical orbit in equal times.
3. The time a planet takes to revolve around the Sun is directly related to how far away it is from the Sun.
Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727)• Developed the three laws of
motion.• First to show that the force of
gravity affects all celestial bodies, causing them to stay in orbit.
Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727)
• Invented the reflecting telescope which uses a curved mirror to focus the light to a point at an eyepiece.
4.08 Identify early technologies that advanced scientific observations about the solar system. Include: Stone CirclesDesigned and used
by ancient people to help predict the movement of celestial bodies
Help predict seasons and other natural phenomena
• Along with a compass, it could be used to describe the position of any celestial body in relation to the direction North and to the horizon.
• Allowed for more accurate observations.
• Mariner’s used astrolabe to help navigate on the ocean.
• An optical device that uses lenses to gather and focus light to provide a magnified image.
• Invented by Galileo
The Telescope