UNIT 4 REVIEWUNIT 4 REVIEW

WHAT IS POLITICAL WHAT IS POLITICAL GEOGRAPHYGEOGRAPHY

Political GeographyPolitical Geography

• Study of human political Study of human political organization of the earth at various organization of the earth at various geographic levels.geographic levels.

KEY TERMSKEY TERMS

TerritorialityTerritoriality

• Control over a space and the Control over a space and the assumption of ownership to that assumption of ownership to that space.space.

SovereigntySovereignty

• Internationally recognized control of Internationally recognized control of a state over the people and territory a state over the people and territory within its boundaries. within its boundaries.

StateState

• Political unit with a permanent Political unit with a permanent population, territorial boundaries population, territorial boundaries recognized by other states, an recognized by other states, an effective government, a working effective government, a working economy, and sovereignty.economy, and sovereignty.

NationNation

• Group of people who share a Group of people who share a common culture and identify as a common culture and identify as a cohesive group.cohesive group.

Stateless NationStateless Nation

• Nation without territory to call its Nation without territory to call its ownown

Nation-stateNation-state

• State containing one nation, a State containing one nation, a cohesive group of people linked to cohesive group of people linked to their territory through a shared their territory through a shared government and common goals.government and common goals.

Satellite StateSatellite State

• Country controlled by a more Country controlled by a more powerful state.powerful state.

Centripetal ForceCentripetal Force

• Force that unifies a state’s people Force that unifies a state’s people and regions.and regions.

Centrifugal ForceCentrifugal Force

• Force that divides a state’s people Force that divides a state’s people and regions.and regions.

Federal Government StructureFederal Government Structure

• Organizational structure with a Organizational structure with a central government that shares central government that shares power with strong regional power with strong regional governments.governments.

Unitary Governmental Unitary Governmental StructureStructure

• Organizational structure in which one Organizational structure in which one main governmental decision-making body main governmental decision-making body exists for the entire state. Regions within exists for the entire state. Regions within the country may have their own local the country may have their own local governments, but they are weak and governments, but they are weak and usually serve only as administrative usually serve only as administrative organs of the primary government based organs of the primary government based in the country’s capital.in the country’s capital.

GerrymanderingGerrymandering

• Redrawing electoral boundaries to Redrawing electoral boundaries to give one political party an advantage give one political party an advantage over others. over others.

BOUNDARIESBOUNDARIES

Physical (or natural) political Physical (or natural) political boundaryboundary

• Political boundary that separates Political boundary that separates territories according to natural territories according to natural features in the landscape, such as features in the landscape, such as mountains, deserts, or rivers.mountains, deserts, or rivers.

Superimposed BoundarySuperimposed Boundary

• Boundary forcibly put on a Boundary forcibly put on a landscape by outsiders.landscape by outsiders.

Relict BoundaryRelict Boundary

• Boundary that no longer functions as Boundary that no longer functions as a boundary but only as a reminder of a boundary but only as a reminder of a line that once divided space.a line that once divided space.

SHAPES OF SHAPES OF STATESSTATES

LOOK AT PG. 180 IN YOUR LOOK AT PG. 180 IN YOUR TEST PREP BOOKTEST PREP BOOK

SOUTH AFRICA-PERFORATEDSOUTH AFRICA-PERFORATED

RWANDA-COMPACTRWANDA-COMPACT

THAILAND-PRORUPTEDTHAILAND-PRORUPTED

CHILE-ELONGATEDCHILE-ELONGATED

INDONESIA-FRAGMENTEDINDONESIA-FRAGMENTED

ColonialismColonialism

• Control by a developed state over an Control by a developed state over an underdeveloped area.underdeveloped area.

ImperialismImperialism

• The process of establishing political, The process of establishing political, social, and economic dominance social, and economic dominance over a colonized areaover a colonized area

SupranationalismSupranationalism

• Growing trend of three or more Growing trend of three or more countries forming an alliance for countries forming an alliance for cultural, economic, and political cultural, economic, and political situation.situation.

EXAMPLES OF SUPRANATIONAL EXAMPLES OF SUPRANATIONAL ORGANIZATIONSORGANIZATIONS

• United NationsUnited Nations

• NATONATO

• Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact

• European UnionEuropean Union

• NAFTANAFTA

DevolutionDevolution

• Process of transferring some power Process of transferring some power from the central government to from the central government to regional governments.regional governments.

BalkanizationBalkanization

• Division of a region or state into Division of a region or state into smaller units, usually along ethnic smaller units, usually along ethnic lines.lines.

THEORIESTHEORIES

Dependency TheoryDependency Theory

• According to this theory, former According to this theory, former colonies in South America, Africa, colonies in South America, Africa, and Asia have not been able to heal and Asia have not been able to heal from imperial domination and are from imperial domination and are still dependent on their former still dependent on their former European colonizers.European colonizers.

Mackinder’s Heartland TheoryMackinder’s Heartland Theory

• Geopolitical theory that Eurasia was Geopolitical theory that Eurasia was the “world island” and the key to the “world island” and the key to dominating the world. Ruling this dominating the world. Ruling this world island required controlling world island required controlling eastern Europe; linked to the domino eastern Europe; linked to the domino theory.theory.

Rimland TheoryRimland Theory

• Nicolas Spykman’s theory defining Nicolas Spykman’s theory defining the rimland to be all of Eurasia’s the rimland to be all of Eurasia’s periphery, not its core of Russia and periphery, not its core of Russia and Central Asia. This rimland was the Central Asia. This rimland was the key to controlling the world island.key to controlling the world island.