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Unit 4: Review . AP Psychology. Who conducted the Prison Experiment?. ZIMBARDO. LOSS OF SELF-RESTRAINT THAT OCCURS WHEN GROUP MEMBERS FEEL ANONYMOUS. DEINDIVIDUATION. TENDENCY FOR SOME GROUPS TO MAKE BAD DECISIONS…LIKE KENNEDY’S THE BAYOF PIGS INVASION. GROUPTHINK. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Unit 4: Review AP Psychology
Who conducted the Prison Experiment?
ZIMBARDO
LOSS OF SELF-RESTRAINT THAT OCCURS WHEN GROUP MEMBERS FEEL ANONYMOUS
DEINDIVIDUATION
TENDENCY FOR SOME GROUPS TO MAKE BAD
DECISIONS…LIKE KENNEDY’S THE BAYOF PIGS
INVASION
GROUPTHINK
RULES ABOUT HOW PEOPLE SHOULD ACT IN SOCIAL SITUATIONS, DOESN’T HAVE TO BE
STATED ANYWHERE
NORMS
IN 1974 HE FOUND THAT OVER 60% OF PARTICIPANST
OBEYED THE EXPERIMENTER’S ORDERS
STANELY MILGRAM
SOLOMON ASCH (1951) STUDIED THIS WHEN HE FOUND THAT 1/3 OF THE
SUBJECTS GAVE THE WRONG ANSWER TO AGREE WITHGT
HE GROUP
CONFORMITY
PEOPLE PERFORM BETTER IN FORNT OF AN AUDIENCE THAN THEY DO WHEN THEY
ARE ALONE
SOCIAL FACILITATION
SIMILARITY, PROXIMITY, AND RECIPROCAL LIKING CAUSE US TO BE ______________
TO OTHERS
ATTRACTED
THE MORE PEOPLE THAT WITNESS THE CRIME, THE LESS LIKELY IT IS THAT SOMEONE WILL CALL OR GO FOR HELP
BYSTANDER EFFECT OR
DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY
Sheriff’s research (1966) at a summer camp established the
effectiveness of ________________________
Superordinate Goals
Belief that one’s culture (ethnic or racial group) is superior to
others
ETHNOCENTRISM
AN UNDERSERVED NEGATIVE ATTITUDE TOWARD A GROUP
OF PEOPLE
PREJUDICE
ACTING ON PREJUDICE
DISCRIMINATION
WHEN EXPLAININING OTHERS’ BEHAVIOR, I BLAME INTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS, BUT FOR MY INAPPROPRIATE BX I TEND TO BLAME SITUATIONAL CUES
FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION
ERROR
OUR EXPECTATIONS ABOUT OTHERS CAN INFLUENCE
THE WAY OTHERS BEHAVE
SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY
IF YOU WANT SOMETHING, ASK FOR SOMETHING HUGE FIRST, AFTER YOUR DENIED ASK FOR
SOMETHING MORE REASONABLE
DOOR-IN-THE-FACE EFFECT
FESTINGER & CARLSMITH CONDUCTED A CLASSIC
EXPERIMENT ABOUT THIS IN THE 1950S. THEY FOUND THAT
PARTICIPANTS CHANGED THEIR ATTITUDES AND TOLD OTHERS THEY ACTUALL ENJOYED THE
BORING TASK THEY WERE ASKED TO COMPLETE
COGNITIVE DISSONANCE
THE MORE I EXPERIENCE IT, THE MORE I LIKE IT
MERE EXPOSURE EFFECT
A SET OF BELIEFS AND FEELINGS
ATTITUDE
I AM A THEREAPIST TRAINED IN FREUDIAN
METHODS, I AM A…
PSYCHOANALYSTS
I HAVE AGRADUATE DEGREE (M.A.) IN
PSYCHOLGY, I AM A THEREAPIST, I DEAL WITH LESS SEVERE PROBLEMS
THAN A CLINICAL ONE
COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST
I COUNSEL CLIENTS, BUT HAVE A PH.D., NOT A M.D.
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS
I COUNSEL AND PRESCRIBE MEDS TO MY CLIENTS, I
GRADUATED FROM MEDICAL SCHOOL AND
HAVE A M.D.
PSYCHIATRISTS
A COMMON FORM OF PSYCHOSURGERY IN THE
1940S AND 1950S
PREFRONTAL LOBOTOMY
I AM STILL USED TODAY AS A LAST RESORT TO TREAT
MAJOR DEPRESSION
ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT)
I AM A SOMATIC THERAPY
I AM A TANQUILIZER
I AM COMMONLY CALLED XANAX AND VALIUM
ANTIANXIETY DRUGS
I AM USED TO TREAT MOOD DISORDERS
I MANIPULATE SEROTONIN
SOME REFER TO ME AS PROZAC
ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS
IF YOUR SYPTOMS INCLUDE DELUSIONS OR HALLUCINATIONS
YOUR PSYCHIATRIST WILL PRESCRIBE ME
ANTIPSYCHOTICS, LIKE THORAZINE AND
HALDOL
WHAT IS THE VOCAB TERM FOR DRUGS THAT TREAT
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS?
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
WHAT DO YOU CALL THERAPIES THAT PRODUCE BODILY
CHANGE?
SOMATIC THERAPIES
Albert Ellis started this therapy, one is encouraged to expose
and confront dysfunctional thoughts
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
(REBT or RET)
An example of this is REBT developed by
Ellis
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
This therapy locates the cause of the psychological
problem in the way that people think
Solution her is to change unhealthy thought patterns
Cognitive Therapy
A type of behavioral therapy involving operant
conditioningDesired behaviors are identified and rewarded and
rewards are exchanged for desired objects and privileges
Token Economy
Pairing a habit one wishes to break with an
unpleasant stimulus
Like smoking and nausea
Aversion Therapy
This involves having the client address the most
frightening scenario, produces extreme anxiety,
client soon realizes that their fears are irrational
FLOODING
Tries to get client to replace feeling of anxiety with
relaxation, often used to treat specific phobias
Systematic Desensitization
Charlie has been conditioned to cry whenever he enter the doctor’s office. His Mom uses this behavioral therapy technique, when she attempts to replace the conditioned fear of crying with contentment by bringing Charlie’s favorite snacks and toys with them every time they go to the doctors
Counterconditioning
Humanistic therapy that focuses on helping clients
achieve a subjective meaning to their lives
“What is the purpose of life?”
Existential Therapy
Developed by Fritz Perlsfocuses on the importance of the whole, goal is to get clients in touch with their whole selves
Gestalt Therapy
In this method used in client centered therapy, therapist say very little,
they encourage clients to talk = goal is to get clients
to choose a course of action for themselves
Active Listening (Reflective Listening)
The therapist uses blanket acceptance and
support of a person regardless of what the person says or does
Unconditioned Positive Regard
I created client-centered therapy, obviously I am a
humanist
CARL ROGERS (1902-1987)
This branch of therapy focuses on helping people
understand, accept themselves, and strive to
self-actualize
Humanistic Therapies
Psychologists that have been influenced by Freud’s
work
Psychodynamic Theorists
Type of treatment that uses medicine for
psychological disorders, ECT, or psychosurgery
Somatic Treatments
In the course of therapy this sometimes happens when patients begin to have strong feelings toward their therapist, they may think they are in love with
them or view them as a parental figure, or may seethe with hatred toward them
Transference
A term used by psychoanalysts to describe a patient disagreeing with
his/her therapist’s interpretation or suggestions
RESISTANCE
These techniques are used by
psychoanalysts to uncover unconscious
conflicts
Dream Analysis &
Free Association
Term used to refer to all forms of talk therapy
Psychotherapy
I am the center of the universe, I am the best, I
have a personality disorder called
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Sufferers feel constantly persecuted, but it’s not my
dopamine (I don’t have schizophrenia)
Paranoid Personality Disorder
I need a lot of help from others, and their attention,
I may have this pxy disorder
Dependent Personality Disorder
Sufferers are overly concerned with certain
thoughts including compulsions to perform certain behaviors to the
point that their daily routine is significantly altered
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Sufferers like order and rules and live their life very rigidly by
these rules and are often shocked and dismayed that
others may violate these rules
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Personality disorder where sufferers exhibit overly
dramatic behavior
Histrionic Personality
Person has little regard for the feelings of others,
criminals seem to manifest a high incidence
of this disorder
Antisocial Personality
Disorder
OFTEN APPLIEED TO SCHIZOPHRENIA
ENVIROMENTAL STRESSORS CAN PROVIDE THE CIRCUMSTANCE
FOR BIOLOGICAL PREDISPOSITION
THUS ENCOURAGINGTHE ILLNESS TO EXPRESS ITSELF
STRESS-VULNERABILITY
HYPOTHESIS (OR DIATHESIS-STRESS MODEL)
MUSCLE TREMORS AND STIFFNESS
A SIDE EFFECT ANTI-PSYCHOTIC DRUGS
(AFFECTS 15% OF SCHIZOPHRENICS)
TARDIVE DYSKINESIA
States that high levels of dopamine, overactive receptors or too many receptors seem to be
associated with schizophrenia
Dopamine Hypothesis
______________ schizophrenia causes sufferers to remian motionless in
strange postures for hours at a time
Catatonic
__________ schizophrenics evidence use of odd language, inappropriate laughter, or exhibit the flat effect
Disorganized
_____________ schizophrenics have delusions of persecution, sufferers may claim “They are out to get me!”
Paranoid
Belief that you have greater power and influence than you do, like
you believe you are the channel the aliens have chosen to contact mankind, or you believe you are the US ambassador to France
Delusion of Grandeur
Martin Seligman’s research finding on a cause of depression.
Occurs when one’s prior experiences cause someone to view
themselves unable to control aspects of their future, resulting in
passivity and depression
Learned Helplessness
Disorder with both Highs and Lows
Bipolar Disorder
Feeling depressed? Try phototherapy it may be lack
of the sun
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Name some MOOD Disorder
Major depression, Bipolar, Dysthymic, Cyclothymic,
SAD
They used to call me “Multiple Personality Disorder”
Now they call me“DID”
Dissociative Identity Disorder
A dissociative disorder that involves sufferers finding themselves in unfamiliar
environments and psychogenic amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
I can’t move my arm, but doc can’t find any medical explanation for it…my
Psychiatrist say it is________
Conversion Disorder
I have had a headache all week…I bet I have a brain tumor
Last week I had a fluttering heart, I bet I am going to have a heart attack any day
Hypochondriasis“hy po con dry a seeze”
Disorder
Manifest psychological problem into a physical
disorder
Somatoform
Fear of open, public spaces, and worry if can’t
find exit
Agoraphobia If severe they may not leave
home
Anxiety Disorder, in DSM-IV
What does DSM stand for?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders