Unit 4 Lesson 3Unit 4 Lesson 3

Your Brain on DrugsYour Brain on Drugs

ObjectivesObjectives

Discuss the effects of the various drugs of Discuss the effects of the various drugs of abuse on the brain abuse on the brain

Explain how drug use can lead to addiction Explain how drug use can lead to addiction

Vocabulary Vocabulary

Your Brain on DrugsYour Brain on Drugs

Drugs and the BrainDrugs and the Brain Addictive drugs enter the body through a number Addictive drugs enter the body through a number

of routes, make their way into the bloodstream, of routes, make their way into the bloodstream, and go straight to the brain where they exert their and go straight to the brain where they exert their effects.effects.

Addictive drugs act on one part of the brain, the Addictive drugs act on one part of the brain, the brain reward system. This part rewards us when brain reward system. This part rewards us when we do the things we must do to survive eating and we do the things we must do to survive eating and drinking. Cells in this part of the brain release drinking. Cells in this part of the brain release chemicals that make us feel good (reward us) chemicals that make us feel good (reward us) when we engage in these behaviors and teach us when we engage in these behaviors and teach us to repeat them.to repeat them.

Drugs Impact on the BrainDrugs Impact on the Brain

Drugs mimic the brain's natural chemicals. Instead of Drugs mimic the brain's natural chemicals. Instead of teaching us to repeat survival-oriented behaviors, teaching us to repeat survival-oriented behaviors, drugs teach us to take more drugs. drugs teach us to take more drugs.

If use continues, drugs gradually change the brain and If use continues, drugs gradually change the brain and these changes can eventually lead to addiction.these changes can eventually lead to addiction.

Such short-term effects as intoxication, impairment of Such short-term effects as intoxication, impairment of judgment, and, occasionally, overdose are also the judgment, and, occasionally, overdose are also the result of drugs' actions on the brainresult of drugs' actions on the brain

HeroinHeroin

Heroin Heroin Heroin is a highly addictive Heroin is a highly addictive

opiateopiate Brain cells can become Brain cells can become

dependent on this drug dependent on this drug users need it in order to users need it in order to

function in their daily function in their daily routine.routine.

leaves the user in a fog for leaves the user in a fog for many hours afterwardsmany hours afterwards

EffectsEffects Depresses the body's ability to Depresses the body's ability to

withstand infectionwithstand infection It produces euphoria, drowsiness, It produces euphoria, drowsiness,

respiratory depression, constricted respiratory depression, constricted pupils, and nauseapupils, and nausea

It is the drug most often associated with It is the drug most often associated with the transmission of HIV/AIDS because the transmission of HIV/AIDS because most users inject the drug, often with most users inject the drug, often with used, contaminated needlesused, contaminated needles

As heroin leaves the brain and body, As heroin leaves the brain and body, users experience withdrawal symptoms. users experience withdrawal symptoms. They include watery eyes, runny nose, They include watery eyes, runny nose, yawning, loss of appetite, tremors, yawning, loss of appetite, tremors, panic, chills, sweating, nausea, muscle panic, chills, sweating, nausea, muscle cramps, and insomnia. Blood pressure, cramps, and insomnia. Blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and temperature all pulse, respiration, and temperature all elevateelevate

Cocaine Cocaine

CocaineCocaine Cocaine and crack come from the Cocaine and crack come from the

leaves of the coca plant, which grows leaves of the coca plant, which grows primarily in South America.primarily in South America.

Cocaine is processed into a white Cocaine is processed into a white powder which people snort or melt powder which people snort or melt and inject.and inject.

Crack is further processed into a Crack is further processed into a substance that can be smokedsubstance that can be smoked

Death occurs from cardiac arrest (the Death occurs from cardiac arrest (the person's heart stops beating), or person's heart stops beating), or seizures followed by respiratory arrest seizures followed by respiratory arrest (the person stops breathing).(the person stops breathing).

EffectsEffects Both forms of the drug trap a Both forms of the drug trap a

chemical called dopamine in the chemical called dopamine in the spaces between the brain's nerve spaces between the brain's nerve cells in a part of the brain called cells in a part of the brain called the reward system.the reward system.

Dopamine stimulates and re-Dopamine stimulates and re-stimulates these nerve cells. stimulates these nerve cells.

The brain responds to the The brain responds to the overabundance of dopamine by overabundance of dopamine by destroying some of it, making less destroying some of it, making less of it, and shutting down the cells' of it, and shutting down the cells' receptors so they can no longer receptors so they can no longer

receive dopamine's messagesreceive dopamine's messages..

Inhalants Inhalants

Inhalants Inhalants Inhalants are legal products Inhalants are legal products

abused by those who sniff abused by those who sniff or inhale them for the or inhale them for the purpose of getting high.purpose of getting high.

Inhalants fall into three Inhalants fall into three categories: categories: volatile solvents volatile solvents such as glue, gasoline, such as glue, gasoline, aerosols; aerosols; anestheticsanesthetics such as such as nitrous oxide; and nitrous oxide; and nitritesnitrites such as amyl and butyl such as amyl and butyl nitrite.nitrite.

EffectsEffects The fatty tissues protecting The fatty tissues protecting

the nerve cells in the brain the nerve cells in the brain are destroyed by inhalant are destroyed by inhalant vapors. vapors.

This slows down or even This slows down or even stops neural transmissions. stops neural transmissions. Effects of inhalants include Effects of inhalants include diminished ability to learn, diminished ability to learn, remember, and solve remember, and solve problemsproblems..

Ecstasy Ecstasy

EcstasyEcstasy Ecstasy (MDMA) is a Ecstasy (MDMA) is a

synthetic drug with both synthetic drug with both hallucinogenic and hallucinogenic and amphetamine-like amphetamine-like properties. properties.

It is chemically similar to It is chemically similar to two other synthetic drugs, two other synthetic drugs, MDA and MDA and methamphetamine, which methamphetamine, which damage brain cells.damage brain cells.

EffectsEffects Users experience increases

in heart rate and blood pressure, nausea, blurred vision, faintness, chills, sweating, and such psychological problems as confusion, depression, sleep problems, craving, severe anxiety, paranoia, and psychotic episodes.

LSDLSD

LSDLSD LSD (lysergic acid LSD (lysergic acid

diethylamide) is one of the diethylamide) is one of the major hallucinogenic drugs major hallucinogenic drugs and one of the most potent and one of the most potent mood-changing chemicals.mood-changing chemicals.

EffectsEffects Results can be unpredictable Results can be unpredictable Physical effects include Physical effects include

higher body temperature, higher body temperature, increased heart rate and increased heart rate and blood pressure.blood pressure.

The user may experience The user may experience delusions and visual delusions and visual hallucinations which can hallucinations which can cause panic.cause panic.

MethamphetamineMethamphetamine

MethamphetamineMethamphetamine Methamphetamine is an Methamphetamine is an

addictive stimulant that addictive stimulant that strongly activates certain strongly activates certain systems in the brain. systems in the brain. 

Ice is methamphetamine Ice is methamphetamine that has been crystallized so that has been crystallized so it can be smoked. Ice is a it can be smoked. Ice is a stimulant. It stimulates the stimulant. It stimulates the central nervous system, central nervous system, resulting in increased resulting in increased activity and alertnessactivity and alertness..

EffectsEffects Physical effects of ice include: Physical effects of ice include:

heart palpitations, blurred vision, heart palpitations, blurred vision, extended wakefulness, and extended wakefulness, and damage to the brain, lungs, and damage to the brain, lungs, and liver.liver.

Methamphetamine can interfere Methamphetamine can interfere with vision, judgment, with vision, judgment, coordination, and reflexes, which coordination, and reflexes, which may lead to automobile and other may lead to automobile and other machinery accidents.machinery accidents.

Behavioral effects include Behavioral effects include violence, hallucinations, violence, hallucinations,

depression, and psychosisdepression, and psychosis..

MarijuanaMarijuanaMarijuanaMarijuana Marijuana contains Marijuana contains

chemicals that act on the chemicals that act on the marijuana receptor in the marijuana receptor in the brainbrain

Scientists have recently Scientists have recently identified the natural identified the natural chemical, anandamide, chemical, anandamide, designed to fit the marijuana designed to fit the marijuana receptorreceptor

Can have a dangerous Can have a dangerous effects on judgment and effects on judgment and reaction time-motor vehicle reaction time-motor vehicle accidents accidents

Effects Effects The parts of the brain that The parts of the brain that

control emotions, memory, control emotions, memory, and judgment are affected and judgment are affected by marijuanaby marijuana

Smoking it can not only Smoking it can not only weaken short-term memory, weaken short-term memory, but can block information but can block information from making it into long-from making it into long-term memoryterm memory

It has also been shown to It has also been shown to weaken problem solving weaken problem solving abilityability

Alcohol Alcohol

AlcoholAlcohol Alcohol is a drug. It impairs Alcohol is a drug. It impairs

judgment and leads to judgment and leads to memory lapses.memory lapses.

It can lead to blackouts. It It can lead to blackouts. It distorts vision, shortens distorts vision, shortens coordinationcoordination

Can cause damage to brain, Can cause damage to brain, kidneys, and liverkidneys, and liver

EffectsEffects Drunk drivers kill about 23,000 Drunk drivers kill about 23,000

Americans a year.Americans a year. Very large amounts of alcohol Very large amounts of alcohol

can cause death from overdose by can cause death from overdose by reducing the number of messages reducing the number of messages the brain sends to the chest the brain sends to the chest muscles that regulate breathing. muscles that regulate breathing.

Can lead to physical dependence.Can lead to physical dependence. Causes many kinds of cancer and Causes many kinds of cancer and

can permanently damage the braincan permanently damage the brain Alcohol can destroy the part of Alcohol can destroy the part of

the brain where short-term the brain where short-term memory occurs, making it memory occurs, making it impossible to learn anything newimpossible to learn anything new

Temperance movement-lead by many religious movements and womenTemperance movement-lead by many religious movements and women 1852 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan Anthony found the New York State 1852 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan Anthony found the New York State

Women's Temperance SocietyWomen's Temperance Society 1874 Women's Christian Temperance Union founded1874 Women's Christian Temperance Union founded

October 1919, 18October 1919, 18thth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which prohibited the Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which prohibited the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States. manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States.

The complete ban on alcohol was put into effect by the Volstead Act President The complete ban on alcohol was put into effect by the Volstead Act President Wilson vetoed the act, but Congress overrode the veto and the United States Wilson vetoed the act, but Congress overrode the veto and the United States became officially dry in January 1920.became officially dry in January 1920.

On December 5, 1933, the 21On December 5, 1933, the 21stst Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified, Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified, and the "noble experiment" was dismantled.and the "noble experiment" was dismantled.

SteroidsSteroids

Steroids Steroids Anabolic steroids are used to Anabolic steroids are used to

improve athletic performance improve athletic performance and gain muscle bulk.and gain muscle bulk.

Steroids are derivatives of the Steroids are derivatives of the male hormone, testosterone.male hormone, testosterone.

Promote the growth of skeletal Promote the growth of skeletal muscle and increase lean body muscle and increase lean body massmass

Athletes and non-athletes use Athletes and non-athletes use steroids illegally to enhance steroids illegally to enhance performance and to improve performance and to improve physical appearancephysical appearance

Effects Effects Steroids cause moodiness, Steroids cause moodiness,

even aggressivenesseven aggressiveness Can permanently impair Can permanently impair

learning and memory learning and memory abilitiesabilities

TobaccoTobacco

Tobacco Tobacco Tobacco is a dangerous drug, and it Tobacco is a dangerous drug, and it

works by putting nicotine, into the bodyworks by putting nicotine, into the body Nicotine affects the brain quickly, like Nicotine affects the brain quickly, like

other inhalants, producing feelings of other inhalants, producing feelings of pleasure, like cocaine, and is highly pleasure, like cocaine, and is highly addictive, like heroinaddictive, like heroin

Tobacco is a plant grown in the United Tobacco is a plant grown in the United States that is harvested and processed States that is harvested and processed into cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco, into cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco, chewing tobacco, and snuffchewing tobacco, and snuff

Nicotine itself is toxic–high doses can Nicotine itself is toxic–high doses can kill, but do so rarely. Its most kill, but do so rarely. Its most destructive property is its ability to destructive property is its ability to addict users rapidlyaddict users rapidly

EffectsEffects Smokers expose their brains and bodies to Smokers expose their brains and bodies to

hundreds of toxic chemicals contained in hundreds of toxic chemicals contained in tobacco and tobacco smoketobacco and tobacco smoke

Cancers of the mouth, head, and neck , and Cancers of the mouth, head, and neck , and cancers involving most of the vital organscancers involving most of the vital organs

Smoking also causes heart disease, Smoking also causes heart disease, emphysema, and other lung diseasesemphysema, and other lung diseases

Cigarette smoke can also harm nonsmokers. Cigarette smoke can also harm nonsmokers. Children whose parents smoke suffer higher Children whose parents smoke suffer higher rates of bronchitis and other lung infections, rates of bronchitis and other lung infections, and nonsmoking spouses of smokers have and nonsmoking spouses of smokers have higher rates of lung cancer than those whose higher rates of lung cancer than those whose spouses do not smokespouses do not smoke

Every year, tobacco kills more than 400,000 Every year, tobacco kills more than 400,000 Americans. This is more deaths than all Americans. This is more deaths than all Americans killed in World War I, World War Americans killed in World War I, World War II, and the Korean and Vietnam wars II, and the Korean and Vietnam wars combinedcombined

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