UNIT 4: EXPLORE! FROM SKY TO SEA Lesson 4 HUMANblog.hawaii.edu/hcri/files/2017/01/U4L4-Human-Exploration.pdf · Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U4.L4.A1 * Reef Pulse - U4 L4 A1 9 Explain

HUMANExploration

UNIT 4: EXPLORE! FROM SKY TO SEA

Less

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Navigators have developed and improved tools to help them find their way. Students learn how people have invented tools throughout history to fulfill needs. They also learn the need to continue to improve tools. Advances made in navigation often carry over to other areas of society.

HUMANExploration

UNIT 4: EXPLORE! FROM SKY TO SEA

Less

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Table of Contents 4 Launch!

Senses and Tools. Explorers use their senses and develop tools to help them navigate.

6 Compass CapersA1: Directions. Navigators use four main directions to know which way to go.

12 Latitude AttitudeA2: Latitude. Latitude lines run horizontally around a globe.

18 X Marks the SpotA3: Latitude Tools. Navigators developed tools to find their latitude.

26 Along Those LinesA4: Longitude. Longitude lines run vertically around a globe and cross latitude lines.

32 Prime Time PointsA5: Longitude Tools. Navigators measure longitude using time.

38 Ma-a-a-arvelous-ArsA6: Modern Tools. Modern navigation uses tools such as sonar, lidar, radar, and satellites.

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Launch!(Senses and Tools)

Ready?Familiarize yourself with How Did You Get There? (U4.L4.Launch!-page 5).

Create Hawaiian Island cutouts or label sheets of paper with island names. Tape islands on floor as large-scale map of Hawaiian Islands.

Set?Unit 4-Lesson 3-Activity 1: • Star Light, Star Bright (Stars and Constellations)Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 1: • Compass Capers (Directions) Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 2: • Latitude Attitude (Latitude) Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 3: • X Marks the Spot (Latitude Tools)Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 4: • Along Those Lines (Longitude)Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 5: • Prime Time Points (Longitude Tools)Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 6: • Ma-a-a-arvelous-Ars (Modern Tools)

Go!Develop Know-Wonder-Learn chart with students.

MaterialsHow Did You Get There? (mp3 and lyrics)

Explorers use their senses and develop tools to help them navigate.

how do explorers navigate?

senses and tools!

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Launch!Sing and move to How Did You Get There? as a class.

Do the motions as a class as you sing the song.

How it worksSenses and tools! Navigators use their senses to find their way. They also develop and improve tools.

What's in a Word?Navigation comes from the Latin word navis (ship) and agere (drive).

Exploring HistoryVikings brought birds to release on their voyages in order to follow them to the nearest land.

Hawaii NeiAncient Hawaiians watched for either manu o ku (fairy tern) or noio (noddy tern) to know when they were within 40-120 miles of land.

Think about it...How do navigators find their way?

CHORUSHow did you get there?Oh, I’m unaware,I am some place,But I have no clue where.

Repeat

Was it a GPS?Or a compass?A quadrant or a good memory from the last time?

Did you wander to your destination?Or, ask directions at the nearest gas station?

Did you use a chart and calculate Your longitude and latitude?Or did you get lost and get frustrated And have a really bad attitude?

How did you get there?

CHORUS

Repeat

Were you following the North Star?Were you following somebody in another car?Did you paddle west to the sunset?

Is that how you found your way?Did you see a nene and follow him To land the next day?

How did you get there?

CHORUS

Walk slowly around islands.

Sway arms above head.

Put hands on hips and sway.

Swing arms on side of hips.

Walk slowly around islands.

Sway arms above head.

Put hands on hips and sway.

Swing arms on side of hips.

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Compass Capers(Directions)

navigators use four main directions to know which way to go.

HOW DO you know which way to go?

Directions!

Ready?EngageFind north and label that side of classroom, “north.”

Label the east, west, and south walls of your classroom. Cut a big star from cardboard and cover with foil. Hang on north wall. Cut out a rising sun and paste on the east wall and a setting sun for the west wall.

Set?Unit 1-Lesson 4-Activity 4: • Magnetic Personalities (Electromagnets) Unit 4-Lesson 3-Activity 1: • Star Light, Star Bright (North Star)Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 6: • Ma-a-a-arvelous-Ars (Modern Tools)


MaterialsCompass (1 per group)CardboardScissorsAluminum foilConstruction paper TapeBar magnet (1 per group)Small plastic bowl (1 per group)Large plastic bowl(1 per group) WaterTreasure Paper Drawing materials

Hawaii StandardsSC.K.2.1SC.K.6.1

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EngageUse your senses to find north individually.

Stand up.•

Face north. • Point to the north star. Say, “North!”

Face south.• Point. Say, “South!”

Turn back to the north star.• Say, “North!”

Point your right arm to the rising sun. • Turn your head. Say, “East!”

Point your left arm to the setting sun. • Turn your head. Say, “West!”

Face south.• Point. Say, “South!”

Find east and west again.•

Repeat.•

Keiki StorytimeNorth, South, East, and West by Allan Fowler (J 526 F)

Just for FunSay “Never Eat Soggy Wheat!” to remember the order of north, east, south, west.

Hawaii NeiUnlike cardinal directions, mauka (toward the mountain) and makai (toward the sea) change depending on your position.

Historical noteAccording to his map, Magellan thought Asia would be a few days past South America. Eighty-nine days later, with a crew reduced to eating rats, leather, and sawdust, they arrived in Guam.

Think about it...Can you find directions using only your senses?

NORTH!

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ExploreBuild and use a water compass in small groups.

Label north side of bar magnet. •

Tape bar magnet inside small plastic bowl.•

Float small bowl in a large bowl of water. •

Use this to find north.•

Compass Capers

Think about it...How can you tell which side is north?

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ExplainKnowing direction plays an important part of exploration. Otherwise, you could not figure out how to get to where you want to go! North, south, east, and west represent the four cardinal directions. North points toward the north pole and south points opposite. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

Can you find direction using only your senses?Yes! You can find the north star in the night sky or the sun in the day with your sense of sight. Once you know one direction, you can always figure out the other three. They never change in relation to each other!

What tool can you use to find direction?Compass! Navigators need to know their direction all the time. Since they can only see the North Star on clear nights, they invented a simple tool called a compass that always points north.

What's in a word?Geography comes from Greek words ge (Earth) and graphia (description).

Historical noteVikings used a sun compass to explore the southern coast of Greenland (which used to be green). Vikings farmed there from 982 AD until the little Ice Age, which began in the 1500s.

Hawaii NeiAncient Hawaiians created star houses as the foundation for their navigation.

www.mgf-hawaii.org >>Resources >> Let’s Go Voyaging

NOAA LinkNOAA’s ships, such as Ka’imimoana, use a gyrocompass rather than a magnetic compass for navigation.

www.moc.noaa.gov/ka/index.html


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ElaborateUse a modern-day compass to follow a treasure map in small groups.

Practice using a compass.• Find north. Walk ten steps east. From there, walk twenty steps south.

Hide your group’s “treasure”.• Mark spot.

Draw a map with directions to get from a landmark to your treasure.• Example: Start at door. Walk two steps east. Turn north. Walk ten steps. Make sure to note what you used to mark your treasure spot!

Switch maps! • Find another group’s treasure using the compass and map.

How it worksMagnets! Think of your water compass. Auntie says the north end of a magnet points north because Earth’s magnetic field acts like a great, big magnet.

Compass Capers

Think about it...How does a compass work?

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EvaluateHow do you know which way to go? Answer by playing Simon Says as a class.

Go outside.• Choose one student to be Simon.

Simon: Stand on north side of students. • Hold up North Star.

Simon: Give directions.• Examples: “Simon says, ‘Take two steps west.’” “Take three steps east.”

Class: Listen to directions.• When Simon says “Simon says...” follow the command. If Simon does not say “Simon says” before the command, do not follow command.

If you head north and turn left, what direction is now behind you?

AssessSC.K.2.1 Identify different types of technology at home, in the classroom

and/or world.SC.K.6.1 Classify objects by their attributes (e.g., physical properties,

materials of which they are made).

SC.1.1.1 Collect, record, and organize data using simple tools, equipment, and techniques safely.

SC.1.1.2 Explain the results of an investigation to an audience using simple data organizers (e.g., charts, graphs, pictures).

SC.1.2.1 Explain why people create technological devices.

SC.2.2.1 Describe changes that have occurred in society as a result of new technologies.

SC.2.7.1 Identify the properties of magnets.

Invention CenterWhen compasses were first invented in China, they used them for fortune-telling and NOT navigation!

Historical NoteAncient Phoenicians sailed and traded around the Mediterranean Sea. Until 200 years ago, navigators called the North Star the Phoenician Star.

Think about itWhere do you find the magnet in your modern compass?

Answer: The needle!

Literature LinkThe Librarian Who Measured the Earth by Kathryn Lasky(B Eratosthenes)


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Latitude Attitude(Latitude)

Ready?ExploreChoose a tall object outside for students to use during activity.

ElaborateBlow up balloons (one per pair).

Set?Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 3: • X Marks the Spot (Latitude Tools) Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 4: • Along Those Lines (Longitude)Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 6: • Ma-a-a-arvelous-Ars (Modern Tools)


MaterialsGlobeBalloon (one per pair)Permanent markers (red, black)String

Latitude lines run horizontally around a globe.

What lines run across the

globe?

lAtitude!


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EngagePlay Latitude-Altitude as a class.

Stand up. • Make sure you have enough space around you.

Teacher: Say, • Latitude!Students: Lie down flat on the floor.

Teacher: Say, • Altitude! Students: Stand up tall.

Repeat several times.• Take turns calling out latitude and altitude.

Scientists say......parallel as another name for latitude.

What's in aWord?Latitude comes from the Latin word latitudo, which means “width.”

Hawaii NeiFor a complete curriculum on Polynesian and Micronesian navigation see

www.ethnomath.org/resources/prel1996.pdf

NOAA LinkThe Office of Ocean Exploration leads US efforts in discovering Earth’s final frontier.

www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov

Think about it...What direction do latitude lines lie?

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ExploreWatch a tree disappear as a class.

Lead student: Call out, “Latitude!” •

Other students: Lie down.• Look out the window at a tall object (example: tree).

Lead student: Call out, “Altitude!” •

Other students: Stand up.• Look at the same tall object outside. Observe differences.

Repeat many times.•

Latitude Attitude

Think about it...How does latitude link with altitude?

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ExplainLatitude lines measure a point’s distance from the equator. In other words, they tell you your altitude from the equator. Uncle says latitude lines run east-west (horizontal) like steps of a ladder, but measure north and south (altitude). In what direction do latitude lines lie?

East-west! these horizontal imaginary lines encircle the globe. Tutu says latitude lines on a globe look like they lie down, like you did when you said latitude!

How does latitude link with altitude?Height! Latitude measures altitude (up/down distance). Uncle says at different latitudes, such as from the floor or standing upright, you see the same object from a different angle. Latitude lines act similarly. Objects in the sky, such as the North Star, look different from different latitudes. Human explorers measure this difference to calculate their latitude.

What's in a word?Altitude emerges from Latin for high (altus).

Did you Know?Besides the equator, four other lines of latitude have names: Arctic Circle, Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, and Antarctic Circle.

Hawaii NeiThe Tropic of Cancer runs through the northwestern Hawaiian Islands.


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ElaborateObserve latitude on a globe in pairs.

Find latitude lines on a globe.• Observe their numbers.

Partner one: Hold red marker very still at center of balloon.• Partner two: Rotate balloon slowly and steadily so a straight line connects with its beginning.

Partner one: Label line 0• o.

Repeat one inch above red line with black marker to create a second line. • Label line 20o N.

Create third circle near top with black marker. • Label line 70o N.

Duplicate with two lines below middle line. Change the N to a S in the label.•

How it worksNumber and letter! The equator equals zero degrees latitude. As you head north or south from the equator, the numbers go upwards! This shows the increasing distance from the equator. Look at the latitude lines directly above and below the equator. They share the same number. This tells us they are the same distance from the equator. To tell the difference between them, we label latitude lines north (N) or south (S).

Latitude Attitude

Think about it...How are latitude lines labeled on a globe?

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EvaluateWhat lines run across the globe?

Answer by measuring different latitute lines in pairs.

Measure the length of the equator.• Wrap string around a globe or your balloon globe at the equator. Measure the length with a ruler. Record.

Measure the length of the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle.• Record.

Compare the lengths of these latitue lines. • Why is the the equator the longest?

Is Hawaii located higher or lower degrees latitude than Alaska?

AssessSC.K.1.3 Collect data about living and non-living things.SC.K.6.1 Classify objects by their attributes (e.g., physical properties,

materials of which they are made).

Keiki StorytimeThe Island-Below-the-Star by James Rumford (E H Ru)

Just for FunPut your finger over the Hawaiian Islands on a globe. Slowly spin the globe. What countries share the same latitude?

NOAA LinkThe National Geophysical Data Center offers an online calculator to find the latitude of your community!

www.ngdc.noaa.gov Search “latitude”


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Ready?ElaboratePhotocopy Quadrant Template (U4.L4.A3-page 24) (one per student).

Glue onto thin cardboard or poster board. Cut around edges. Fold on dotted line. Tape edge with dotted line under ruler. Quadrant should hang.Dry under heavy book.Cut string into six-inch lengths (one per student).

Set?Unit 4-Lesson 3-Activity 1: • Star Light, Star Bright (North Star) Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 2: • Latitude Attitude (Latitude) Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 6: • Ma-a-a-arvelous-Ars (Modern Tools)



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X Marks the Spot(Latitude Tools)

how do you measure the angle between an object in the sky and

the horizon?

Navigators developed tools to find their latitude.

MaterialsPipe cleaner (1 per student)Ruler (1 per student)TapePen cap (Bic brand)(1 per student)Quadrant template (U4.L4.A3-p.24)Cardboard (thin)GlueHole punchStringBrad (1 per student)Bead (1 per student)

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EngageMake a Polynesian latitude hook individually.

Draw the North Star (Polaris) on white board in classroom. •

Make loop in middle of pipe cleaner.• Hold up two fingers. Place middle of pipe cleaner on fingers Twist pipe cleaner to make a loop.

Place loop on ruler.• Hold ruler vertically. Tape loop on top of ruler.

Hold latitude hook in front of you.• Hold at arm’s length, with hook on top.

Look through loop and align North Star inside loop.•

Change your latitude.• Walk five to ten steps north, toward the star.

Hold latitude hook in front of you again.• Hold it at the same arm’s length as the first trial.

Observe the location of the • North Star.Star should be above the loop.

To find your original latitute, • turn and walk south till the North Star is again in your loop.

Keep the same latitude.• Walk five to ten steps east or west.

Hold latitude hook in front of • you again.Hold it at the same arm’s length as the first trial.

Hawaii NeiHōkūpa’a is the Hawaiian name for the North Star.

Invention CenterOver the years, people invented tools to measure latitude:1400s: Quadrant (plum line)1730s: Octant (double reflecting mirrors)1760s: Sextant (false horizon)

Historical noteThomas Jefferson personally taught Meriwether Lewis how to determine latitude using an octant.

On a Related NotePrince Henry the Navigator invented a new way to determine latitude in the 1400s: the sun! He used a quadrant and a book of coordinates to explore the coasts of Africa and find a new route to India from Europe.

Think about it...What tool did ancient Polynesians use to calculate latitude?

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ExploreMake a cross-staff individually.

Placing your staff.• Rest edge of a ruler carefully below your eye, keeping eye closed. Ruler should stick straight out toward horizon.

Adjusting your transom.• Rest pen cap on ruler. Cap stem should stick down below ruler against its edge.

Look at objects of various heights. • Close eye near cross-staff (ruler).Looking with other eye, slide pen cap back and forth along ruler. Line up bottom of cap stem with horizon. Line up top of pen cap with object.

Notice pen cap will be closer to your eye for some objects and farther away for • other objects.

X Marks the Spot

Think about it...What tool did Europeans use to find latitude?

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ExplainThroughout history, navigators have developed different tools to measure latitude. These tools use the horizon (line where land and sky appear to meet) and a set object (often the north star) to calculate latitude.

What tool did Polynesians use to find latitude?Latitude hook! The latitude hook measures the distance between the north star and the horizon. Polynesians could sail east or west and make sure they remained at the same latitude by keeping the North Star in the hook. They could sail north to a different latitude, and see the North Star rise above their hook. They could return to their original latitude by sailing south until the North Star realigned in their hook.

What tool did European navigators use to find latitude?Cross-staff! With the cross-staff, navigators first lined up the transom with the horizon and the north star, just like you did. They could then use the corresponding number on the staff to calculate latitude.

What's in a word?Horizon comes directly from Greek via Latin it means “bounding (circle)”.

Think about itHorizontal originally meant “relating to the horizon.” How does horizontal link to latitude?

Invention CenterAn early version of the cross-staff dates to the Chaldeans in 400 BC. They used it as a religious tool, rather than a exploration one.

NOAA LinkMake another tool to measure latitude!

www.noaa.gov Search “Make Your Own Astrolabe”


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ElaborateMake a quadrant individually.

Punch hole in black circle of prepared • Quadrant (U4.L4.A3-page 24).Place brad through hole.

Tie six-inch string around brad.• Tie bead to other end of string. Bead should hang off the edge of quadrant an inch.

Test quadrant.• Hold ruler in line with your eye with quadrant pointing down. Press string against scale. Read number. Point toward ceiling. Press and hold string against scale. Read number.

Compare heights of different objects in room with quadrant.• When you point upward, the number should go higher.

How it worksMeasures latitude! The taller an object, the higher the latitude and bigger the number. Just like with the cross-staff, explorers could use a quadrant to calculate their latitude.

X Marks the Spot

Think about it...How does a quadrant work?

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EvaluateHow do you measure the angle between an object in the sky and the horizon?

Answer by using one of your tools to measure latitude.

How do you think explorers have improved these tools since the 1400s?

AssessSC.K.2.1 Identify different types of technologies at home, in the classroom,

and/or in the world.SC.K.8.2 Identify different types of celestial objects seen in the day and

night sky.



What's in a Word?Quarter means one-fourth of anythingQuart: one-fourth of a gallonQuadrant: one-fourth of a circleQuadrat: four-sided squareQuadruped: four-footed animal

Think about itIn 300 BC, the Romans stole a sundial and placed it at a temple in Rome. About 100 years later, folks noticed it did not measure time correctly. Why?

Answer: The latitude differed from its original location!

Historical NoteColumbus knew the earth was round. He and other navigators learned about its shape and size from writings of ancient Greeks who calculated it quite accurately using math!

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Along Those Lines(Longitude)

MaterialsPainter’s tapeIndex cardsBagBalloons (U4.L4.A2-page 16) (1 per pair)Black marker (1 per pair)Red marker (1 per pair)Map or globe

Ready?ExploreTape multiple three-by-three foot grids on floor using painter’s tape (one per four students).

Label grids A through C across and 1 through 3 down. Label each individual square for younger students. Write each coordinate on a separate index card (A1, A2, etcetera). Place index cards in bag.

EvaluateFind the coordinates for several different places.

Set?Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity-2: • Latitude Attitude (Latitude) Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity-5: • Prime Time Points (Longitude Tools) Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity-6: • Ma-a-a-arvelous-Ars (Modern Tools)


Longitude lines run vertically around a globe and cross latitude lines.

What lines run up-and-down the

globe?Longitude!


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EngagePlay Say that Again in pairs!

Face a partner. • Put your hands on the sides of your mouth and your chin.

Say, “Long Loooongitude.”• Notice how your mouth stretches long.

Now say, “Flat Laaaaatitude.”• Notice how your mouth stretches flat.

Repeat several times.•

Reading ResourceLatitude and Longitude by Rebecca Aberg (J 526.6 Ab)

Scientists say......lines of meridian for lines of longitude.

NOAA LinkMake an origami map of the world using images from the National Geophysical Data Center.

www.noaa.govSearth “Earth Origami”

Think about it...How do longitude and latitude lines differ?

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ExplorePlay Battling Ships in groups of four.

Divide into pairs. • Choose one explorer and one ship per pair. Assign two teams to each grid.

Explorer: Choose coordinate orders from bag. • Do not let other team see the secret location of your ship!

Explorer: Call out coordinates. Ship: Move to location.• Try to sink other team’s ship.

Opposing team’s explorer: Say, “Hit!” or “Miss!”•

Ship: Place index card on missed spots.• Remember their ship is not in those spaces!

Continue until one team sinks the other team’s ship. •

Along Those Lines

Think about it...What are coordinates?

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ExplainLongitude lines link to Earth’s rotation. Think back to the lesson on spinning (U4-L2-A2). Earth rotates completely once each day. Longitude tracks the passing of time as Earth rotates.

How do longitude and latitude lines differ?Lots of ways! Longitude lines run vertically (north to south). Latitude lines run horizontally (east to west). Tutu Kane says to think of how your mouth stretched up and down when you said “longitude” and went flat when you said “latitude.”

What are coordinates?Specific places! Uncle says coordinates just take latitude and longitude and combine them. If you know both, then you know your coordinates. Every place on Earth has its own latitude and longitude coordinate, just like in the game.

Did you know?A complete circle has 360o along its outside measure.

Interesting factSince there are 24 hours in a day and 360o in a circle, time zones are spaced 15o apart (360o/24hrs=15o).

Hawaii neiHawaii-Aluetian Time zone is 10 hours behind Greenwich time. Thus, Hawaii lies near 150o west longitude (15ox10hrs=150o).


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ElaborateMake a globe in pairs.

Start with your balloon from • Latitude Attitude Elaborate (U4.L4.A2-page 16).

Draw the Prime Meridian in red marker.• Draw a straight line from the top of the balloon to the bottom.

Draw five other longitude lines with black marker.• Space evenly around the globe.

How it worksGrids! Remember the battling ships game (U4.L4.A4-page 28)? You used a grid on the floor to refer to a specific place to find the ship. Imaginary latitude and longitude lines on a globe (or map) do the same thing for navigators.

Along Those Lines

Think about it...What do longitude and latitude lines look like on a globe?

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EvaluateWhat lines run up-and-down the globe?

Answer by looking at a labeled globe/map as a class.

When your teacher calls out coordinates, find the place those coordinates name.

What are the latitude and longitude coordinates closest to where you live?

AssessSC.K.2.1 Identify different types of technologies at home, in the classroom,

and/or in the world.



Did You Know?The Prime Meridian in Greenwich, England is the starting point for longitude lines (0 degrees).

http://www.nmm.ac.uk>>Places>> Royal Observatory>>Prime Meridian”

Hawaii NeiJust for fun - find the coordinates for the main Hawaiian islands.Kauai: 22o north; 159o westOahu: 21o north; 157o westMaui: 20o north; 156o westHawaii Island: 19o north; 155o west

Just for funOnly eight countries lie on the Prime Meridian. Can you find and name them?

Answer: United Kingdom, France, Spain, Algeria, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo


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Prime Time Points(Longitude Tools)

Navigators measure longitude using time.

Longitude tools!

Ready?EngageTie knots on a long piece of rope to mark every foot.

Make starting line using painter’s tape.

Set?Links

Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 4: • Along Those Lines (Longitude)Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 6: • Ma-a-a-arvelous-Ars (Modern Tools)


MaterialsRopePainter’s tapeSand timer (1 minute) (1 per group)Cardboard (1 per group)Watch (with second hand) (1 per group)


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sea?

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EngageRun the Mismatched Race as a class.

Divide into two groups.• Line up along starting line.

First group: Run straight ahead as fast as you can for three • seconds. When teacher says, “Stop”, stop and sit.

Second group: Tiptoe with baby steps straight ahead very slowly • for three seconds. When teacher says, “Stop”, stop and sit.

Compare how far each group went.• Use knotted rope to measure distances.

Scientists say......meridan instead of longitude.

Reading ResourceSea Clocks: The Story of Longitude by Louise Borden (J 526.62 Bo)

Interesting FactUnlike latitude, a single longitude line does not encircle the globe.

NOAA LinkThe National Geodetic Survey defines and manages our national coordinate system.

www.geodesy.noaa.gov

Think about it...What does speed have to do with longitude?

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ExploreUse a sand timer in groups of five.

Time five minutes.• First person: Turn over (one-minute) sand timer. Stand when it stops. Second person: Turn over sand timer immediately. Stand when it stops.Repeat, until all five are standing.

Place timer on piece of cardboard.•

Time five minutes again on a rocking ship.• Repeat earlier activity. When it is your turn, hold cardboard as you rock back and forth like you are on a ship. Try not to knock over the timer!

Prime Time Points

Think about it...What was one problem with measuring time at sea?

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ExplainLongitude can be measured by time. For a long time, early navigators had trouble measuring longitude at sea because they did not have a tool accurate enough to measure the exact time.

What does speed have to do with longitude?Time! To measure longitude, you need to know how far you have traveled in a specific period of time. Sailors would drop knotted rope into the sea and keep track of how fast they traveled by counting the knots. Currents or winds could mess up their calculations though.

What was one problem with measuring time at sea?Inaccuracy! Every time the sand ran out, the person on watch turned it over and kept track. But the waves made it difficult. Think of the activity. When you rocked back and forth, the sand timer fell over! Even if it only lost a few seconds, those seconds add up to a lot of time by the end of the watch!

Interesting FactWhile modern sailors no longer use knotted ropes, we still refer to speed on the ocean in knots.

Literature linkListen to the exciting adventure story Around the World in Eighty Days by Jules Verne. What role did longitude have at the end of the story?

Did You Know?Natural features define many eastern US state borders, while longitude and latitude lines demarcate a lot of western states.


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ElaborateUse a chronometer in groups.

Repeat Explore activity (U4.L4.A5-page 34).Use a watch instead of a sand timer.

How it worksAccuracy! Similar to a clock, a chronometer could keep time at sea. Each longitudinal line represents a difference of one hour. If you had an accurate time piece and knew the time at a set point (Prime Meridian), you could calculate your distance from the Prime Meridian by counting the number of knots travelled in a given time.

Prime Time Points

Think about it...How did the chronometer improve longitude measurements?

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EvaluateHow do you measure time at sea?

Answer by comparing a sand timer and a chronometer.

What problem might sundials have had in measuring longitude?


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What's in a Word?Chronometer comes from the Greek khronos (time) and metron (measure). Other words from the same root include chronology, chronic, and chronicle.

invention CenterThe chronometer, a timepiece that kept accurate time even at sea, was invented in 1761. It looked much like our clocks of today.

Greek MythologyOnce upon a time, Chronos became the original Father Time, complete with long, grey beard.

Historical noteCaptain James Cook was one of the first people to use the new accurate chronometer in his voyages of discovery. He called it “our trusty friend the Watch.”


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Ma-a-a-arvelous-Ars(Modern Tools)

Ready?ExploreFamiliarize yourself with Radar, Sonar, and Lidar lyrics in Explore (U4.L4.A6-page 40).

ElaborateCheck out a satellite atlas, such as The Satellite Atlas by David Flint (J 912 Fl).

Set?Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 1: • Compass Capers (Directions) Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 3: • X Marks the Spot (Latitude Tools)Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 5: • Prime Time Points (Longitude Tools)


MaterialsBaking sheetMarblesRadar, Sonar, and Lidar (mp3 and lyrics)Satellite atlas FoilTissue paperVarious materials (examples: paper cups, cardboard, pipe cleaners)

Modern navigation uses tools such as sonar, lidar, radar, and satellites.

Modern tools!

how do you combine information about several areas of

navigation?


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EngageListen to marbles rolling as a class.

Students: Sit in a row on the floor. • Close your eyes.

Teacher: Place baking sheet upright on one side of classroom. • Stand close to baking sheet and roll marbles toward it.

Students: Listen to how long it takes marbles to hit baking sheet.•

Teacher: Back away from baking sheet and roll marbles again. •

Repeat. • Can you tell when the teacher stands closer to the wall?

Interesting FactScientists invented sonar soon after the famous sinking of the Titanic. Sonar can help ships avoid icebergs.

Did you Know?Fishermen use a type of sonar called a fishfinder. It helps them to locate fish near their boat.

On A Related NoteSome animals, like dolphins and whales, use their own form of sonar. Scientists call it biosonar.

NOAA LinkThe National Geodetic Survey conducts research using remote sensing technology to create shoreline maps.

www.ngs.noaa.gov

Think about it...How does sonar work?

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ExploreSing and dance flamenco to Radar, Sonar, and Lidar.

Sonar uses sound. It helps you check all around.It helps you find a fish. Or a submarine if you wish.

Radar uses radio. Got your boom box in tow.You can predict the weather. You can land your plane as light as a feather.

Lidar uses light. Measuring wind on a stormy night.The position of an earthquake. A map of Mars that takes the cake.

Basic Flamenco paso:

Stand in circle.•

Arm positions:• One arm upwards, other arm “hug” (but not touch) in front of body.Both arms form circle above head.Both arms “hug.”Both arms outstretched.

Hold each position briefly. • Switch fluidly to next position. Gently shift class circle back and forth.

**Activity Extension**Bounce light in pairs.

Student 1: Beam flashlight on ceiling. • Sit on floor. Shine flashlight onto ceiling.

Student 2: Use mirror to bounce beam of light back • toward ground.Place mirror at different heights.

Think about it...What is radar? What is lidar?

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ExplainModern technology allows navigators to combine many tools into one. Instead of separate tools to find distance, latitude, and longitude, modern tools combine them.

How does sonar work?Sound, navigation, and ranging! Sonar bounces sound waves like an echo. A ship makes a sound underwater. Then it listens for the same sound to bounce back. Think of the baking sheet. Listening to sound helped you know how far the teacher stood from the baking sheet.

What is radar? Radio, detecting, and ranging! Radar works like sonar, but with radio waves instead of sound waves. Radar can identify objects in the air and ocean surface.

What is lidar?Light and radar! Lidar bounces light waves and can measure how much living material covers an area on land and in the ocean. Scientists also use it to measure hurricanes.

Invention centerIn 1978, the US government established the NAVSTAR GPS system to help our military. Now the system is available to everyone.

Did You Know?The GPS satellite system costs $750 million every year, just for maintenance.

Career CornerPolice use lidar to catch speeders. Unlike radar guns they cannot be detected.

NOAA LinkThe Office of Coast Survey measures the ocean depth and floor bottoms to produce maps that will ensure safe navigation.

www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov


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ElaborateBuild a trash art satellite model individually.

Construct a trash art NOAA satellite model with used, but clean cardboard, newspaper, foil, and other trash.

Download pictures of different satellites (www.scijinks.jpl.nasa.gov, Search “satellites”).

How it worksInformation! Satellites, like the ones used by NOAA, gather data from space to monitor our planet. Data is gathered to monitor our oceans, track hurricans, predict weather, and many other navigation-related uses. Instead of using individual devices like compasses or latitude hooks, satellites and computers combine data for use by a single navigation tool.

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Think about itHow do satellites help explorers?

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EvaluateHow do you combine information about several areas of navigation?

Answer by making a fold out book of modern tools individually.

Tape two half sheets together to form one long paper.•

Starting at one end, fold paper every three inches.• Fold one panel then flip over and fold again. Continue so it folds like an accordian. There should be seven panels.

Make a title page on the first panel, • Modern Navigational Tools.

Draw one type of navigational tool on each panel.• Write a little description of each tool on the back panel (optional).

Can you come up with an idea for a new tool that can help navigators find their way? Share your ideas with the class!


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Reading ResourceSatellites and the GPS by Natalie M. Rosinsky (J 910.285 Ro)

What's in a Word?Satellite comes from the Latin word satellitem, meaning “attendant”.

Hawaii NeiWhen Pearl Harbor was attacked in World War II, the military had just started using radar. Some soldiers saw the Japanese planes with the radar but the young warfighters mistook them for American ones.

NOAA LinkThe National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service uses satellites to monitor everything from hurricanes to coral reefs.

www.goes.noaa.gov

Documents

UNIT 4: EXPLORE! FROM SKY TO SEA Lesson 4 HUMANblog.hawaii.edu/hcri/files/2017/01/U4L4-Human-Exploration.pdf · Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U4.L4.A1 * Reef Pulse - U4 L4 A1 9 Explain