Unit 3 Day 6

Warm Up1. List the three types of waves and explain

the difference.

2. What is a seismograph?

3. Which wave arrives at the seismograph first? Second? Last?

4. What is another name for p-wave? S-wave?

5. Explain the difference between the asthenosphere and lithosphere? What takes place in each of these layers?

6. List and describe the 3 types of volcanoes.

Objective & LEQ

• SWBAT demonstrate mastery of all Unit 3 objectives by reviewing all key concepts.

• What steps must I take to ensure success on the Unit 3 test?

Big Goal

• 85% mastery of all objectives

• Act, think, and work on a college-level

• Become more GLOBALLY AWARE

**WE’RE GETTING CLOSER!

Agenda

• Warm Up (5 minutes)• Daily Goal• Destruction from Earthquakes (5 minutes)• Reflection (15 minutes)• Unit 3 Cornell Notes (15 minutes)• Unit 3 Study Guide (20 minutes)• Jeopardy• A Tale of Two Earthquakes (10 min)• Exit Ticket (5 min)

Activating Strategy“A major 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck southern Haiti in Jan 2010, knocking down buildings and power lines and inflicting a catastrophe for the Western Hemisphere's poorest nation.”

…However, a 7.0 magnitude has

also hit California without causing

as much damage.

Why do you think Haiti had more damage even though the earthquake was the same intensity?

What type of destruction occurs from Earthquakes?

Haiti and Chile: A Tale of Two Earthquakes

“The 8.8-magnitude earthquake that hit Chile early on Feb. 27 was 500 times stronger than the 7.0 quake that killed an estimated 200,000 Haitians last month. And yet the number of casualties in Chile appears to be exponentially smaller, with the official death toll still in the hundreds. Far fewer people were rendered homeless than in Haiti, and much of the telephone service in Santiago and parts of central Chile had been restored within five hours”

Major Earthquakes of the World

• San Francisco, CA (7.2 mag)

• Haiti (7 mag)

• Mexico (8 mag)

• Chile (8.8 mag)

• El Salvador (8 mag)

• Kobe, Japan (6.4 mag)

Wealth of Nations

• San Francisco, CA = $46,381• Haiti $733• Mexico = $8, 144• Chile = $9,200• El Salvador = $3,100• Kobe, Japan = $39, 731

(expressed as GDP, Gross Domestic Product, or the average wealth per individual)

Destruction from Earthquakes• Tsunamis:

– A tsunami triggered by an earthquake occurs where a slab of the ocean floor is displaced vertically along a fault.

– It can also occur when the vibration of a quake sets an underwater landslide in motion.

• Landslides:– With many earthquakes, the

greatest damage to structures is from landslides and ground subsidence, or the sinking of the ground triggered by vibrations.

– Liquefaction occurs when soil loses its strength and behaves like a liquid, causing foundations to collapse.

• Fires:– The greatest destruction is often

caused by fires when gas and electrical lines are cut and water lines are also broken, so the fire can’t be stopped.

– More than 100,000 people died in fires from a 1923 earthquake in Japan.

Reflection

• You have 10 minutes of silent reflection.

• Use the reflection sheet as a guide.

• Your reflection must include 4 paragraphs (each paragraph must have 3 sentences).

• You will take your reflection sheet home tonight, review it with your parent/guardian, have it signed, and return it tomorrow.

Unit 3 Review

• Cornell Notes!

• Write everything in BOLD!

• 5 Concepts = 5 questions = 5 answers

1.Layers of the Earth

2.Plate Tectonics

3.Volcanoes

4.Earthquake Anatomy

5.Earthquake Waves

Why do the plates move and what is the cause?

• The unequal distribution of heat within the Earth causes convection in the asthenosphere.

**You need to know what

Convection currents are!!**

Think: density

Hot = less dense = rises

Cold = more dense = sinks

How do the plates of the lithosphere interact and what are the outcomes?

• Convergent Boundary– Plates move together– Lithosphere destroyed– Trench, mountains

• Divergent Boundary– Plates move apart– Lithosphere created– Rift valleys

• Transform Fault Boundary– Plates slide horizontally– Lithosphere neither created nor destroyed– Earthquakes

Volcanoes• What factors determine how a volcano will erupt and why

is this significant?– Viscosity

• 3 factors affect viscosity:– Temperature– Silica content– Dissolved gases

• List and describe the 3 types of volcanoes.– Shield

• Broad shape, non-violent– Cinder Cone

• Steep sides, short-life span– Composite

• Largest, violent eruptions

List and describe the different aspects of an earthquake?

• Epicenter

• Focus

• Fault

How do scientists use p-waves and s-waves to determine the epicenter

of an earthquake?• Epicenter = S-wave – P-wave

Unit 3 Study Guide

• Use your notes to work SILENTLY & INDEPENDENTLY on your study guide

• You have 15 minutes

Exit Ticket• What are the layers of the Earth?

• What are convection currents? Where do they occur?

• Describe the lithosphere? What takes place in the lithosphere?

• What happens to the plates at a convergent boundary and what is formed? Divergent boundary? Transform fault?

• What 3 things affect viscosity?

• So how can we prevent this damage??

Earthquake-Proof Buildings:• More flexible wood-framed

homes or steel-framed buildings are less damaged

• Light-weight building materials

• Bolted or welded connections that can withstand loads well above the design load

• Flexible beams in the building frame

• Floors securely fastened to the frames

What needs to be considered when constructing an earthquake-proof building?

• Distribution of weight

• Variation in shape

• Variation in height

• Variation in foundation

material

San Francisco's TransAmerica pyramid is famous for its architecture. Diagonal trusses at its base protect it from both horizontal and vertical forces.

An exemplary Model• The Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey has

survived all magnitudes of earthquakes for nearly 1,500 years.

Engineering an Earthquake-Proof Building

PRE-LAB: After reading the article on Earthquake Engineering and the Background section above, complete the following questions:

1. As a building gets taller, what happens to its flexibility? Give an example.

2. Other than height, what are two main factors that affect a building’s stability? Give examples for each of them.

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS & GRADING PROCEDURES

• Dimensions: -Height at least 12 in-Bottom dimensions are no

more than 4 inches on any side• Base Material: Any non-edible material• Grading: Detailed & Labeled Design

Sketch (20 pts)Originality & Creativity (10 pts)Data Sheet (10 pts)

+ Effort & Participation (10 pts)

Total Project Grade (50 pts)

But wait…can you afford it?

• 1 cardboard square = $500

• 1 popsicle stick = $200

• 1 toothpick = $100

• 1 gold tab (“nail”) = $1,000

• Superglue = $200 per minute

• PLAN ACCORDINGLY!

Wealth of Nations

• San Francisco, CA = $46,381• Haiti $733• Mexico = $8, 144• Chile = $9,200• El Salvador = $3,100• Kobe, Japan = $39, 731

(expressed as GDP, Gross Domestic Product, or the average wealth per individual)

Testing Your Building

• As your building is being tested, make at least 3 observations on your data sheet

Analysis and Conclusion

1. Did your design work as you had expected? Why or why not? (3 complete sentences!)

2. What could you do to redesign your tower and make it work better? (3 complete sentences!)

3. How did the wealth of your country help or hinder your engineering?

Exit Ticket

1) Why is fire a concern during earthquakes?

2) What is liquefaction and what happens as a result?

3) What are 2 things that should be taken into account when building an earthquake proof building?