Unit 3: Chapter 3 and Europe

Climate and Weather

•Weather: the condition of the atmosphere in one place during a limited period of time.

•Climate: the term for the weather patterns that an area typically experiences over a long period of time.

Understannding Climate and Weather

•Earth’s Tilt and Rotation- tilt on axis of 23.5

•Earth’s Revolution

•365 days and 6 hours

•creates seasons

•Equinox- direct rays on the equator (equal day and night)

•The Tropic of Capricorn and Tropic of Cancer- lines of Latitude.

•23.5 S and 23.5 N

•When direct rays are on those lines, the longest day of night and day (Winter Solstice and Summer Solstice)

•Poles- The Poles receive 6 months of sunlight and 6 months of nighttime.

•Greenhouse Effect

•Part of sun’s radiation gets through the atmosphere and the heat is trapped by atmosphere which is necessary for life.

•Great CO2 absorbs more heat which increases the overall temperature => “Global Warming”

Elevation and Climate•As elevation increases, the thinning air

retains less heat and cools.

Oceans and large bodies of water change

climates.

The Great Conveyor Belt

Climate Patterns•Tropical

•tropical rain forest- daily rain, canopy.

•tropical savannah- yearly grasses and trees.

•Dry Climates

•desert- less than 10 inches of rain/year.

•steppe- between 10 and 20 inches of rain/year. Supports grassland.

•Mid-Latitudes- Seasonal Changes

•marine west coast- increased atmospheric pressure due to rise in elevation; heavy precipitation; consistently cool.

•Mediterranean- 40 degrees (N/S). Semi-dry climate.

•Humid subtropical- mild winters, year long rains.

•Humid continental- extreme weather changes

•High Latitudes-

•subarctic- permanent frozen subsoil (permafrost) begins.

•tundra- trees cannot take root.

•ice caps- glaciers are 1-2 miles deep

•Highlands- climate determined by elevation

Europe•In many ways, Europe’s success has been

determined and driven by their access to water.

•Peninsulas

•Scandinavian- Norway, Sweden, Finland

•Jutland- Denmark

•Iberian- Spain and Portugal

•Apennine- Italy

•Balkan- South-Eastern Europe

Scandinavian

Jutland

Iberian

Apennine

Europe

Nations

•Europe is made up of over 50 different countries.

•Migration

•Cultural diffusion: spread of cultural traits from one culture to another.

•Conflict

•Created diversity of ethnic groups

Ethnic Groups

•160 different ethnic groups in Europe

•What is an ethnic group?

•Many countries in Europe are made of one ethnicity. Why?

•Nationalism

•Tension: Majority v. Minority

Bosnian War•Serbs v. Bosnians (Bosniaks)

Ancient Greece

City States

A state with its own government which consists of city and its surrounding villages.

Romans

Roman Empire

Fall of Rome

•The Dark Ages or Medieval Europe

•Power Vacuum: a condition that exists when there is no legitimate central power structure leading to competition to obtain power.

•The most central power in Europe becomes the Catholic Church.

Feudalism

Crusades

•Starting in 1000 AD and ending in the late 1200’s.

•Campaigns sanctioned by the Catholic Church into Eastern Europe and the Middle East.

•Led to cultural diffusion => Strengthened Europe’s Economy, Academia, and led to innovation

Renaissance•Europe’s “rebirth”

•Return to Classical Culture

•Greek and Roman

“Western” Movements•Reformation: the reforming of the Catholic

Church which led to Protestant Christian sects.

•Created power for the Monarchs

•Scientific Revolution: scientific movement that led to the end of Greek foundations and the use of the scientific method.

•Enlightenment: scientific principles were applied to political and social theory to improve social foundations.

Conflict

•Revolution

•Democracy

•Industrialization- Competition

•Military build-up

•Conflict- WWI and WWII

European Union•1950’s- Western Europe needed to rebuild

after WWII

•Links between coal and steel industry

•EEC: European Economic Community

•EC: European Community- common trade policy and removal or trade barriers

•EU: European Union- no restrictions of movement of goods, services, and labor

•Common currency, political standards, financial standards