Unit 2 Working With Computers

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    Unit 2 Working with computers

    Microsoft Officeis an office suiteof desktop applications, servers and services for the Microsoft Windowsand OS

    Xoperating systems. It was first announced by Bill Gatesof Microsoft on August 1, 198

    1. INTRODUCTION TO WORD

    Word from file word beginner.pdf

    Starting Microsoft WordTo load Microsoft Word:1. Click on the Start menu in the bottom left corner of the screen

    2. Choose All Programs then Microsoft Office (from the sub-menu which appears)

    3. Finally click on Microsoft Office Word 2007

    Writing Your DocumentYou next need to decide how you want the rest of your text to appear. It's easiest to set this up before you starttyping - the settings will then be carried forward from one paragraph to the next.

    Changing Fonts

    The starting font for a new document in Word2007 is usually set to Calibri (Body). You might want to use a different style of lettering (font or typeface) topersonalise your work. Several fonts are available in Word. If you want to change the current font:

    1. Click on the list arrow attached to the [Font] button on the Home tab

    2. Click on the font you require, eg Times New Roman you can either scroll down the list to find the font youwant, or type in the name of the font to pick it up more quickly

    Entering Your Text1. Type in a few words, pressing the once after each word to separate them (the spacebar is thelong key along the bottom of the keyboard)

    2. Continue typing across the screen - the words will automatically spill onto a new line when you reach theright-hand side (this is known as wraparound)

    3. Continue typing until you have at least three lines of words then press to mark the end of theparagraph (this is the upside-down L-shaped key on the right of the main keyboard it is also located on the farright of the keyboard, in the numeric keypad, with the word Enter written on it)

    Saving Your Work

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    You should save your work regularly - ideally every 10 minutes so that you don't lose what you have typed

    should the computer stop working. Word does have an autosave facility which should guard against loss of

    work; however this is not a proper save

    and should not be relied on.

    1. Click on the [Office] button in the

    top left-hand corner and then

    choose Save (or use the [Save]

    button on the Quick Access Toolbar )

    For a new

    document, a Save As

    dialog box similar to

    that below will appear:

    2. Type a name for your work (eg my

    first document)

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    2. INTRODUCTION TO EXCEL

    Excel from file tlc_quicktip_excel.pdf

    Microsoft Office Excel is a powerful tool used to create and format spreadsheets. Spreadsheets allowinformation to be organized in rows and tables and analyzed with automatic mathematics. Spreadsheetsare commonly be used to perform many different types of calculations.

    DefinitionsWorkbook vs. Worksheet when you open Excel, a new file is created called Book 1 (until you nameit differently). It is called Book because it is a Workbook that is initially made up of three Worksheets(accessible from the tabs in the lower left corner of your excel window - see Fig. 1). Think of a three ringbinder with three sheets of paper in it. As with a binder, you can:

    Add sheets to your Workbook: Insert > Worksheet, or click on the new worksheet tab to the rightof the tabs for your existing worksheets

    Delete worksheets: by right-clicking on the tab of the worksheet you wish to delete, then selecting

    delete Re-arrange them: by clicking on the worksheet tab and dragging it to the location you desire Rename worksheets: by double-clicking on the worksheet title

    Cell cells are the basic rectangular building blocks of a spreadsheet. They are assigned an address, gen-erally referred to as a cell reference, according to their column and row (e.g. the cell in column B at row 3is referenced as cell B3).

    Rowrows travel horizontally and are numbered.Columncolumns travel vertically and are assigned letters.

    Formula a mathematical formula used to calculate a result based on data from one or more other

    cells. Often they consist of some combination of the standard mathematical operators ( +, -, *, /)(e.g.:=(A1+A5)/B13), but they may also include functions (see below). When you type a formula into acell, that cell will generally display the result obtained by the formula, rather than the formula itself.

    Functions pre-written formulae that perform common (and not so common) calculations, such as sum-mation and averaging. You can combine many functions and operators in a single formula to obtain morecomplex results (e.g.: =SUM(A1:A13)).

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    RibbonThe Ribbon, a panel that houses the command buttons and icons, organizes commands as a set of Tabs,each grouping relevant commands (see Fig. 2 below). Each application has a different set of tabs whichexpose the functionality that application offers.

    Navigating Cells

    To select: Do this (If you are left-handed use Right click in place of Left):

    a single cell Left click on it

    a range of adjacentcells

    Drag from the first cell to the last cell, or click on the first cell, hold the Shift key andclick on the last cell (scrolling if necessary)

    non-adjacent cells or

    ran es

    Hold CTRL (Windows) or Command (Mac) key and click or drag

    an entire row orcolumn

    Left click on the row or column heading

    all cells Left click on the blank header in the upper left corner

    the next cell to theri ht

    Use the Tab key

    the next cell down thecolumn

    Use the Enter key

    the A1 Home cell Press Ctrl + Home keys together

    the last cell in a sheet Press Ctrl + End keys together

    the cells around theactive

    Press Ctrl + Shift + 8 keys together (Select Region)

    DataEntering Data/Text

    Just click on the cell and type away! You can also copy text or data from another source (a word docu-ment, another cell, etc.). Just right-click on the cell and select Paste. If you are working on a Mac (orfor whatever reason cannot right-click), go to the Home tab on the ribbon and select Paste.

    Editing Data/TextIf you want to entirely replace the data that you previously entered into the cell, just click on it and type

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    the new data. The old data will automatically be erased.If you want to edit data in a cell, click on the cell, then go up to the formula bar and edit the data that ap-pears there (see Fig. 3). If you want to delete part of your entry, just use the backspace keyas usual. Ifyou want to delete the entire contents of a cell (or multiple cells), select the cell(s) you want to clear andpress the delete key.

    Autofill

    Autofill allows you to quickly fill data in a series (e.g. months, days of the week, or a numeric series) intoadjacent cells.

    Using Autofill with a text series

    To use the Autofill function with text, type in the first wordof the series (e.g. January), then rest your mouse on thebottom right corner of that cell. The cross will switch fromwhite to black: this is the autofill cross (see fig. 4). Clickand drag the series down or across the number of cells youwould like to fill with this series.

    Excel knows how to Autofill months (January or Jan) and days of the week (Monday or Mon). You canteach Excel to Autofill other text series

    Using Autofill with a numeric series

    You can also use Autofill to quickly enter numeric patterns (e.g. 1, 2, 3 or 10, 20, 30) into adjacent cells.

    To use Autofill with numeric patterns, enter the first two values in the series, one value in one cell and thenext in the cell immediately below or to the right. Now select (highlight) both cells, release your mousebutton, then rest your cursor on the bottom right corner of the selected area so you see the Autofill cross.When you see the Autofill cross, click and drag down or across the cells you want to fill, then release themouse button.

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    Operation: Sign: Example:Addition + =A1+B1+C1+D1

    Subtraction - =A1-A2Multiplication * =C4*C5

    Division / =C4/D4

    Combination ( ) = A1*(B1+C1)

    Sorting and Filtering

    Sorting data is simply a way of automatically re-ordering rows on a spreadsheet to put them in a moreuseful order. For instance, you might sort an address book alphabetically by last name, or a list of itemsyoud like to buy from most expensive to least expensive. Start by selecting the data you want to sort. Its important to select all the columns in the data, not just

    the column you want to sort by. For instance, if you have a list of items in one column, with the prices in the next column, you would select both columns before running the sort. If your sheet has a headerrow at the top with labels for your columns (like name, or price) its a good idea to include that rowin your selection as well, as youll see in a moment. Once you have your data selected, click on the Data tab in the ribbon and then select Sort. This will causethe sort window to appear (see fig. 7). If your data has a header row, be sure My data has headers in the upper right corner is checked. Excel will then use your labels in the Sort by drop-down menu instead

    of the usual (unhelpful) Column A, Column B, etc. Now you can use the Sort by box to select the

    column youd like to sort the data by, then use the Sort On drop -down menu to select how you would

    like to sort the data (Values means numeric order for a list of numbers and alphabetically for a list of

    words). If you want a way to sort data in case of a tie, click on Add Level in the upper left corner. Thiswill add another set of similar options below your original sorting criteria.

    Another way to organize data is to filter it. A filter only displays data that meet a certain criteria, such as all records for a certain day. To do this, go to Data tab > Filter. A dropdown arrow will appear in the header

    cell of each column of your worksheet. Click on the arrow and select the criteria that you would like to use as a filter (e.g. April 10th). The worksheet will now display only the records from that day. You can also use the AutoFilter tool to display the top or bottom 10 numbers in a column, only records with blank spaces in that particular column, records that have a value greater than a certain number in the column that you are filtering, etc. These options are all available under the dropdown arrow that you will see after going to Data tab > Filter.

    FormulasSelect the cell that the formula result is going to be displayed in.The formula can be constructed in the formula bar or typed di-rectly into the cell in which you want the formula to begin. You

    must always put the = sign before a formula, as this is how Excelrecognizes what you are entering as a formula. Autofill helpsyou fill in formulae quickly once you have constructed one in acell. In order to Autofill, select the cell with the formula. Placeyour cursor so the small black cross appears in the lower right

    corner of the cell (+). Once that cursor is visible, simply drag your formula down the column (or across therow as the case may be). Autofill will change the cell references accordingly. (E.g.: If the formula in A3 is

    =A1+A2, when you drag that formula over to B3 then the formula becomes =B1+B2.) Note that cell references can also change automatically when you copy and paste a formula using the

    clipboard, unless you use an absolute cell reference (see below).Cell References

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    There are two different types of cell references:Relative Cell References: cell references that change when the formula is autofilledinto different cells,as in the example above.Absolute Cell References: if you don't want a certain part of your cell reference to change when you copy the formula to a new cell, you need to put a $ in front of the row and/or column part of the refer- ence.

    E.g.: If the formula in A3 is =$A$1+A2, when you drag that formula over to B3 the formula becomes =$A$1+B2.

    AutosumThe AutoSum button allows you to quickly insert the SUM function. It is located in two places on the rib-bon: on the right end of the Home tab in the editingsection, and on the far left of the Formula tab.Select the cell where you want to put the total and then click on the AutoSum button. Excel will insert theSUM function and take a guess as to what cell range youd like to sum by listing the first and last cell inthe sum, separated by a colon. Check to make sure the cell range is correct, then press enter to accept thefunction.

    FunctionsExcel has created hundreds of functions that prevent you from having to write

    out complex or repetitive formulae yourself. Functions can be inserted by byclicking on the function symbol (see fig. 8) to the left of the formula bar (see fig.9). Functions can also be inserted by clicking on the Insert Function button onthe Formula tab or jumping to any of the subcategories of functions on thattab (see fig. 10). Yet another way to insert a function is to type the equals signinto a cell and begin to type the name of formula. A drop down menu will appear, from which you canselect the formula.Functions can also be 'nested'; that is inserted into larger functions by using the appropriate amount ofbrackets. =AVERAGE(SUM(B2:F2), SUM(B3:F3))

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    AutocalculateExcel will automatically perform calcu-lation on a set of cells that you select anddisplay the results on the status bar inthe bottom right of your window (see fig.

    11). The default calculation is the SUMfunction, but you can change thecalculation by right-clicking (Win) orControl + clicking (Mac) on theAutoCalculate result.

    Name Manager

    You can use Name Manager to name a group of cells, andtherefore only type one name when you want to perform acalculation with that group. This can be useful when you areperforming many different calculations on the same set of

    numbers, especially when you want to perform these calcula-tions across multiple sheets. To do this, select the cells youwould like to name and name them in the name box next tothe formula bar (see fig. 12). You can then perform any functionon these cells (on any page of your workbook) by just typingthe name you gave the cells in- stead of referencing the cellnumbers (ex: =sum(Days)). You can edit the names you gavethe cells and change which cells they refer to by clicking onName Manager on the Formula tab.

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    ChartsA full discussion of Excels many charting options is

    beyond the scope of this handout. However, it isfairly straightforward to create a simple chart (andsome complicated ones) using the chart wizard.

    Just highlight the data you wish to base your chart on(including header rows, if you have any) andclick on the Insert tab and you will see the availablecharts there. When you click on a type of chart, youwill be promted to select a subtype of chart. Onceyou have done so, the chart will appear on yourspreadsheet. Three additional tabs will also appear onyour ribbon (see fig. 13), through which youcan alter your chart by adding titles, changing datapoints, and many other options.

    Pivot TableA pivot table is a great reporting tool that sorts and sums independent of the original data layout in thespreadsheet. It is an interactive representation of a data table. One can rearrange the data and choosewhat to display and what to hide. The best way to find out what a pivot table can do is to create one.Lets try an example:

    Inserting a Pivot Table

    First, set up categories and create some data (See Table 1):

    Table 1: Original Data

    Who Week What Amount Spent

    Joe 3 Activities $18

    Beth 4 Food $17

    Janet 5 Activities $14

    Joe 3 Food $12

    Joe 4 Activities $19

    Janet 5 Car $12

    Now choose any cell in this table and choose the Insert tab > Pivot Table. Excel will select all of the cellsin your table, and this range will appear next to Table/Range in the pivot table menu. At the bottom ofthis window you can choose where you would like the Pivot Table to be placed: new sheet or in an exist-

    ing sheet. If you select Existing sheet, you can choose the Pivot Tables location by selecting or typing thename of the cell that you would like the top left corner to be. Click OK.

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    Arranging data on the table

    Drag the headers Who, Week and What into the Row Labels area, and the Amount header into the Values

    area. (Leave the Column area blank for now.) To change the placement of an item, drag the header title to

    the desired area. If the Amount tag does not show "Sum of Amount", click on it, select Value Field Set-

    tings, and choose the Sum option. You can use different functions other than sum, such as (sum, average,

    count, etc.) by changing this. Clicking on the arrows next to the headers gives options of showing/hid-

    ing specific data and reorganizing items in the column. Right-clicking on the row labels in the pivot table

    allows you to remove subtotaling for that category. You can also change the look of your Pivot Table by

    selecting the Design tab on the Pivot Table Tools portion of the ribbon.

    Lets try another example. This time, drag Who into the Row Labels field, What into the Column Labels

    field and Amount into the Values field. This sorts your data in a different way. You can change the order

    of the columns the same way you changed the rows: by clicking on the arrow next to Column Labels.

    See fig. 14 (next page) for clarification of these steps.

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    Click this tab to changethe appearance of yourPivot Table

    Click here tochange the orderof the Row Labels

    Right-click hereto remove thesubtotal acrossfrom it (and allof the subtotalsacross from theother items inthat category)

    Fig. 14: Pivot Table

    Drag thesecatego- riesinto the fieldsbelow

    Click here

    and go toValue FieldSettings tochange thefunctionperformed onthis category

    Troubleshooting

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    Common sources of errors are parentheses that dont match or missing arguments for functions. If your

    formula is free from those errors, here are some error values you might get:

    ###### There is nothing wrong with your formula; the cell simply isnt big enough to display theresult. Widen the column.

    #DIV/0 You are trying to divide by zero

    Correct the divisor

    #NAME? There is a name in the formula that Excel doesnt recognize.

    If you used a natural language name, check the spelling

    #REF! A cell reference is not valid. Check to make sure your formula references the right cells.

    #VALUE! The formula uses the wrong type of operand or argument. Check to see that youre not pe r-forming math operations on labels or that arguments or functions that need to numeric arenot referring to cells containing labels. This can also happen if you try to perform an impos-sible mathematical function (ex: taking the square root of a negative number).

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    Printing

    The page breaks can be changed on an Excel spreadsheet so that it prints a bit nicer. Thiscan also help to

    reduce the number of pages that get printed.

    1. First, check out how it is currently set to print with Microsoft (MS) OfficeButton >Print> Print

    Preview.

    2. If you want to change the page breaks, go back to the document and click the Viewtab> Page

    Break Preview button.

    3. Now you will see the spreadsheet broken up by blue lines with a page number ineach region

    (see fig. 15).

    4. You can move these dashed lines by clicking on them and dragging them to changethe page

    breaks.

    You

    canadjustth

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    epage

    breaksbydr

    ag-gingthes

    elines

    Fig. 15: Page Break Preview

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    Printing Only Part of theSpreadsheet

    1. Highlight the area that you want to print.

    2. From the menu bar, select Page Layout > Print Area > Set Print Area

    3. Now when you go to MS Office Button > Print Preview, you will see only the area that youhighlighted.

    4. To go back to printing the entire document, use Page Layout > Print Area > Clear PrintArea

    Printing a Section onEach Page

    If you want to print a section of your spreadsheet on every page you print (for example,printing the titles

    of your columns on every page in a long list of data), go to Page Layout > Print Titles, andselect or type

    the name(s) of the row(s)/column(s) you would like to repeat on each page.

    We hope this Quicktip has been helpful for you. If you have any further questions, please visit any TLC during

    staffed hours

    (Sun-Thurs 8pm-11pm, Fri 1pm-3pm). If you have any comments on this quicktip, please go to:

    http://www.tlc.housing.wisc.edu/feedback.php

    3. INTRODUCTION TO POWERPOINT

    Microsoft Office Button & Quick Access Toolbar

    http://www.tlc.housing.wisc.edu/feedback.phphttp://www.tlc.housing.wisc.edu/feedback.phphttp://www.tlc.housing.wisc.edu/feedback.php
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    The Ribbon is located at the top of the Powerpoint Window. At the top of the Ribbon there are several

    tables; clicking a table displaces serveral replated group commands. You can click on the command

    buttons to issue commands or to access menus.

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    PowerPoint Window

    STATUS BAR Appears at the bottom of the window. The status bar displays the slide

    number that is currently displayed and also the total number of slides.

    OUTLINE/SLIDES TABS Displays the text contained in your presentation. The slides tab displays a

    thumbnail of all your slides.

    Splits your screen into three major sections: slides/outline tabs, the slide

    NORMAL VIEW

    pane, and the note area. The outline and slides tab are on your left side

    of your window. They allow you to shift between different ways of

    viewing your slides.

    SLIDE SORTER VIEWThis view shows you the thumbnails of all your slides and allows you to

    easily add, delete, or change the order of your slides.

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    SLIDE SHOWUse the slide show view when you want to view your slides as they will

    look in your final presentation.

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    Saving for the First Time

    Saving Your Work

    (Save your work frequently by saving it to

    a flash drive, email it to yourself, or use

    FTP to save a copy of your PowerPoint

    Presentation).

    Click Microsoft Office Button

    Click Save

    Renaming and Saving as an Earlier

    Version of PowerPoint

    Click Microsoft Office Button

    Click Save As

    Type in a Name for your

    presentation

    In the Save as Type box, choose

    PowerPoint 972003.

    Blank Presentation

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    Click the Microsoft

    Office Button

    Click New

    Click Blank

    Presentation

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    Add Slides

    Office Themes

    Select the slide immediately before where

    you want the new slide.

    Click the New Slide button on the Home

    tab.

    Click the slide choice that fits your

    material.

    Duplicate Selected Slides

    Select the slide to duplicate.

    Click the New Slide button on the Home

    tab.

    Click Duplicate Selected Slides.

    Theme

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    Themes are designed that can be applied to an entire presentation that allows for consistency

    throughout the presentation. You can also apply new colors to a theme.

    Themes

    Click the Design tab.

    Choose one of the

    displayed Themes.

    Apply Colors Themes

    Click the Colors dropdown arrow.

    Choose a color set or

    click Create New

    Theme Color.

    Background Theme

    Click the Background

    Styles button on the

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    Design tab.

    Adding Video and Audio

    Adding video clips Adding Audio

    Click the Movies button on the Insert tab. Click the Audio button on the Insert tab.

    Choose Movies from File or Movie from Choose Sound from File, Sound from Clip

    Clip Organizer. Organizer, Play CD Audio Tract, or Record

    Sound.

    To add a picture:

    Click on the Insert tab.

    Click on the Picture

    button.

    Browse to the picture

    from your files

    Select the picture you

    want to insert inPowerPoint

    Click Insert.

    Adding Pictures

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    To add clip art:

    Click the Insert Tab.

    Click the Clip Art button.

    Search for the clip art

    using the search Clips Art

    dialog box.

    Select the graphic you

    would like to add.

    To move the graphic,

    click it and drag it to

    where you want it.

    To add Shapes:

    Click the Insert tab.

    Click the Shapes button.

    Click the shape you choose.

    How to Format the Shapes:

    Click on your shape (object).

    Click the Format tab.

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    Add Clip Art

    Add Shape

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    To add SmartArt:

    Click The Insert tab.

    Click the SmartArt button.

    Click the StartArt you

    choose.

    Drag it to the desired

    location in the slide

    Add SmartArt

    Create a Table

    To create a table:

    Place the cursor on the page where you

    want the new table.

    Click on the Insert tab of the ribbon.

    Click on Tables, and enter the number of

    rows and columns.

    Place the cursor in the cell where you wish

    to enter information and begin typing.

    Click on your table and then the Design

    tab to customize your tables.

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    To insert a chart:

    Click the Insert

    tab.

    Click the type of

    Chart you want to

    create.

    Insert the Data

    and Labels.

    Edit Chart Data:

    Click on the chart

    Click Edit Data on

    the Design tab.

    Edit data in the spreadsheet.

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    Create a

    Chart

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    SLIDE TRANSITION

    Slide Transitions are effects that are in place when you switch from one slide to the next.

    1

    To add slide transitions:

    Select the slide that you want to transition.

    Click the Animations tab.

    Choose the appropriate animation or click Transition dialog box.

    2

    To add Transition Sound:

    Add sound by clicking the arrow next to Transition Sound.

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    3

    To modify transition speed:

    Modify the transition speed by clicking the arrow next to Transition Speed.

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    SLIDE ANIMATION

    Slide animations are special effects that you can add to objects on a slide.

    1

    To apply animation effects:

    Select the object you want to animate.

    Click the Animation tab on the Ribbon.

    Click Add Effect.

    Choose the effect you want on your object.

    2

    To preview the animation on a slide:

    Click the Preview button on the Animation tab.

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    3

    Slide Show Options:

    Preview the slide show from the beginning.

    Preview the slide show from current slide.

    Set up slide show.

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    To print:

    Click Microsoft Office

    Button.

    Click Print

    PRINTING

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    Slides:

    These are slides that you would see if you were showing

    the presentation, one slide per page.

    Handouts:

    This option allows for more slides per page (2, 3, 4, 6, or 9).

    Notes Page:

    This includes the slides and the speakersnotes.

    Outline View: This will print out the outline of the

    presentation.

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    FOR MORE

    HELP

    For More Help:

    Click on the Microsoft Office PowerPoint

    Help button.

    A new window will appear.

    You can ask a question

    then click on search or

    choose one of the topics

    from the Browse

    PowerPoint Help

    window.

    Powerpoint from file powerpoint_pc.pdf

    4. Internet and web

    5. E-commerce

    Q. Define Ecommerce. Explain the types of ecommerce

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    E-commerce is the use of Internet and the web to transact business but when we focus on

    digitally enabled commercial transactions between and among organizations and individuals

    involving information systems under the control of the firm it takes the form of e-business.

    There are mainly five types of e-commerce models:

    1. Business to Consumer (B2C) - As the name suggests, it is the model involving

    businesses and consumers. This is the most common e-commerce

    segment. In this model, online businesses sell to individual consumers.

    When B2C started, it had a small share in the market but after 1995 its

    growth was exponential. The basic concept behind this type is that the

    online retailers and marketers can sell their products to the online

    consumer by using crystal clear data which is made available via

    various online marketing tools. E.g. An online pharmacy giving free

    medical consultation and selling medicines to patients is following B2C

    model.

    2. Business to Business (B2B) - It is the largest form of e-commerce involving

    business of trillions of dollars. In this form, the buyers and sellers are

    both business entities and do not involve an individual consumer. It is

    like the manufacturer supplying goods to the retailer or wholesaler.

    E.g. Dell sells computers and other related accessories online but it is

    does not manufacture all those products. So, in order to sell those

    products, it first purchases them from different businesses i.e. the

    manufacturers of those products.

    3. Consumer to Consumer (C2C) - It facilitates the online transaction of goods or

    services between two people. Though there is no visible intermediary

    involved but the parties cannot carry out the transactions without the

    platform which is provided by the online market maker such as eBay.

    4. Peer to Peer (P2P)- Though it is an e-commerce model but it is more than that.

    It is a technology in itself which helps people to directly share

    computer files and computer resources without having to go through a

    central web server. To use this, both sides need to install the required

    software so that they can communicate on the common platform. Thistype of e-commerce has quite low revenue generation as from the

    beginning it has been inclined to the free usage due to which it

    sometimes got entangled in cyber laws.

    5. m-Commerce - It refers to the use of mobile devices for conducting the

    transactions. The mobile device holders can contact each other and

    can conduct the business. Even the web design and development

    companies optimize the websites to be viewed correctly on mobile

    devices.

    There are other types of e-commerce business models too like Business to

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    Employee (B2E), Government to Business (G2B) and Government to Citizen (G2C) but in

    essence they are similar to the above mentioned types. Moreover, it is not necessary that

    these models are dedicatedly followed in all the online business types. It may be the case

    that a business is using all the models or only one of them or some of them as per its needs.

    Types of data exchange[edit]

    Many E-commerce software retrieve the information from a certain back-end system,

    such as anEnterprise resource planning(ERP) orCustomer relationship

    management(CRM) system. This information is stored in the database of that system.

    TheBusiness logiccontains all of the business rules that define the way data is stored,

    created, displayed, calculated and is being recreated inside an ERP or CRM system. For

    example: different product discounts are applied for different customer accounts. In

    order to retrieve the information, two types of data exchange are taken into account.

    Q. Differentiate between traditional commerce and E-commerce. O06

    Traditional Commerce vs e-Commerce

    Items e-Commerce TraditionalCommerce

    Definition E-commerce means processing of

    information using one digital

    application (EDI or Internet) and

    only a few quick steps .

    Traditional commerce means

    communicating (ordering, paying) with

    customer and supplier using different

    applications in many time-consuming

    different steps.

    Sales Channel Enterprise Internet

    Consumer

    Manufacturer Wholesaler Retailer

    Consumer

    Sales Hour /Region Entire world

    24x7

    Restricted area

    Restricted sales hour

    Sales place/method Market space (Network)

    Sale based on information

    Market space (store)

    Sale based on display

    Multiple media vs a

    single one

    everything is digital multiple media (like magazines, letters,

    mail, fax, etc) are used

    Customer

    information

    acquisition

    Any time acquisition through

    internet

    Digital Data without no re-entry

    Market survey and salesman

    Require information re-entry

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Integrated_E-commerce.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning
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    Marketing activity 1:1 Marketing via bi-directional

    communication

    One way marketing to consumer

    Customer support Real time support for

    customer Dissatisfaction

    Real time acquisition ofcustomer needs

    Delayed support for customer

    Dissatisfaction

    Time different for catching customerneeds

    Capital small large

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    6. E-Learning

    e-learning means education via the Internet, network, or standalone computer. e-

    learning is essentially the network-enabled transfer of skills and knowledge. e-learning

    refers to using electronic applications and processes to learn. e-learning applications

    and processes includeWeb-based learning, computer-based learning, virtualclassroomsand digital collaboration. Content is delivered via the Internet, intranet/extranet, audio

    or video tape, satellite TV, and CD-ROM. e-learning was first called "Internet-Based

    training" then "Web-Based Training"

    The term e-learning therefore essentially covers the use of computers and technology as a vehicle

    for knowledge exchange within teaching and learning.

    Benefits of e-learning

    An immediate potential benefit of considering to implement e-learning is that it can be seen as an

    additional avenue with which to support teaching and learning practice. E-learning covers such awide sphere that it is difficult to point out any benefit as a given, so any benefits should initially be

    termed potential benefits. However, many cite the following as broad benefits that e -learning

    supports:

    The ability to provide distance learning (learning not on campus)

    A blended learning/teaching approach (using face-to-face and technology)

    The use of technology to support a wide range of educational activity

    Uses of e-learning

    At this point in the document you may be asking what real-world uses does e-learning potentially

    have to offer to the practitioner? The answer is that e-learning provides many opportunities

    including large scale online delivery of modules and courses.

    Each practitioner will have their own goals and so providing an exhaustive list of possibilities is

    difficult. However here are some uses of e-learning.

    Uses for those very new to e-learning include engaging your students to use the web as:

    A source of research material (whilst also building critical literacy skills) to support study

    A platform for discussion

    A resource for finding and using other peoples educational materials such as those created

    under the Open Educational Resources initiative or those which you have to ensure you seek

    permission and/or a licence to use

    Uses for the next steps include creating multimedia rich resources to engage your students with.

    This can include for example:

    Producing interactive web pages hosted on your institutions VLE

    Including multimedia elements into teaching materials to add context on a subject to help

    achieve the learning objective

    Using theVirtual learning environment(VLE) to build tasks

    Offer collaborative opportunities via the VLE Online assessment

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    Levels of e-learning

    E-learning falls into four categories, from the very basic to the very advanced. The categories

    are:

    Knowledge databases -- While not necessarily seen as actual training, these databases are

    the most basic form of e-learning. You've probably seen knowledge databases on softwaresites offering indexed explanations and guidance for software questions, along with step-by-

    step instructions for performing specific tasks. These are usually moderatelyinteractive,

    meaning that you can either type in a key word or phrase to search the database, or make a

    selection from an alphabetical list.

    Online support -- Online support is also a form of e-learning and functions in a similar

    manner to knowledge databases. Online support comes in the form offorums, chat rooms,

    online bulletin boards,e-mail, or liveinstant-messagingsupport. Slightly more interactive

    than knowledge databases, online support offers the opportunity for more specific questions

    and answers, as well as more immediate answers.

    Asynchronous training -- This is e-learning in the more traditional sense of the word. It

    involves self-paced learning, either CD-ROM-based, Network-based, Intranet-based or

    Internet-based. It may include access to instructors through online bulletin boards, online

    discussion groups and e-mail. Or, it may be totally self-contained with links to reference

    materials in place of a live instructor.

    Synchronous training -- Synchronous training is done in real-time with a live instructor

    facilitating the training. Everyone logs in at a set time and can communicate directly with

    the instructor and with each other. You can raise your cyber hand and even view the cyber

    whiteboard. It lasts for a set amount of time -- from a single session to several weeks,

    months or even years. This type of training usually takes place via Internet Web sites, audio-or video-conferencing,Internet telephony,or even two-way live broadcasts to students in a

    classroom.

    Common e-learning terms/toolsThere are countless tools, techniques, people, acronyms and resources associated with e-learning.

    Below we cover some of the ones we think you are likely to come across.

    Tool / Term Description

    Virtual learning

    environment (VLE)

    An online space provided by the institution to support e-learning. There is

    a wide range of VLEs on the market.

    Personal learning

    environment (PLE)

    A concept of understanding that individuals utilise a range of networks

    combining both institutional and personal networks and devices to learn.

    Podcast, either video

    or audio

    A method of delivering multimedia content. The video podcasts are

    sometimes called vodcasts/vidcasts.

    RSS A method used to push and pull content across the Internet.

    Face-to-face teaching

    A method of delivering teaching and learning that is normally used to

    distinguish between the classroom teaching environment and online.

    http://www.howstuffworks.com/forum-welcome.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/forum-welcome.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/forum-welcome.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/e-mail-messaging/email.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/e-mail-messaging/email.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/e-mail-messaging/email.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/e-mail-messaging/instant-messaging.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/e-mail-messaging/instant-messaging.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/e-mail-messaging/instant-messaging.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/ip-telephony.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/ip-telephony.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/ip-telephony.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/ip-telephony.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/e-mail-messaging/instant-messaging.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/e-mail-messaging/email.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/forum-welcome.htm
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    Learning object

    An object such as an audio file. Courses are typically made of many

    learning objects

    Blended learning

    A method of delivering teaching and learning that involves both face-to-

    face teaching and the use of technology together at the same time. For

    example the internet may be used to support a session that includes

    interactive tasks for the learner.

    Distance learning

    Delivering teaching and learning remotely, typically using technology and

    the internet Multimedia resource are often incorporated to provide

    context to text-based resources.

    Discussion forum

    A communication tool for posting messages/work/comments/opinions.

    Often text-based but some do offer the ability to use multimedia.

    Blog

    A way of posting educational material online, normally organised by date

    and topic category. Images, video and audio can be shared in this

    manner.

    Wiki

    An editable tool for working with others that has a trackable history of

    changes (wikipedia is the most popular example).

    Web service

    A web delivered service that can be used for many types of activity

    including the storage and delivery of multimedia. Examples of web

    services include YouTube and web storage.

    Netbook

    A laptop that is very lightweight, portable and is often cheaper than most

    laptops. They can be used to create, use, manage and deliver multimedia.

    e-book reader Used to read digital e-books.

    Flash player A plug-in piece of software that adds functionality to the browser.

    Mobile learning (use

    of mobile phones and

    other handhelddevices)

    Using mobile devices including mobile phones to facilitate teaching andlearning.

    Open-source software

    Software that is provided under a license that permits the user to have

    access to the source code.

    HTML

    The structural code that makes websites. Multimedia is typically

    delivered from websites that are built from HTML.

    Websites in turn allow us to produce e-learning for teaching and learning.

    Web browser

    A browser is a piece of software that allows us to interact with the web

    via a computer. Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox are two popular

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    examples of web browsers that provide access to e-learning material and

    multimedia resources

    Social media

    Social media tools are used to communicate between people on the web

    and can be used to support teaching and learning.

    advantages and disadvantages

    Key advantages of e-learning include:

    Improved open access to education, including access to full degree programs

    Better integration for non-full-time students, particularly in continuing education,

    Improved interactions between students and instructors,

    Provision of tools to enable students to independently solve problems

    Acquisition of technological skills through practice with tools and computers.

    No age-based restrictions on difficulty level, i.e. students can go at their own pace.

    Key disadvantages of e-learning, that have been found to make learning less effective than

    traditional class room settings, include:

    Ease of cheating

    Bias towards tech-savvy students over non-technical students,

    Teachers' lack of knowledge and experience to manage virtual teacher-student interaction,

    Lack of social interaction between teacher and students

    Lack of direct and immediate feedback from teachers,

    Asynchronic communication hinders fast exchange of question,

    Danger of procrastination.

    E-businessE-business (or electronic business) is the term used to describe using the internet to operate

    your business. E-business represents only a fraction of worldwide business, but is one of the

    fastest growing sectors and provides entrepreneurs with excellent opportunities to enter the

    market.

    In a historical sense, the internet is a relatively new way in which to do business, with the

    growth of e-business taking off in the 1990's. The internet provides consumers with an

    increasing amount of ways to interact with businesses and has made buying and selling more

    competitive worldwide. The rate of globalisation has been significantly impacted by the

    internet, making it easier for people and organisations separated by distance to communicate

    and interact with each other.

    E-business can be as simple as using the internet to send emails between staff orcommunicate with suppliers. A business can be considered an e-business even if it doesn't

    buy and sell products over the internet, as the term refers to business activities that

    are assisted by the internet. For example, a successful shop front business may decide to

    create a website to promote their business but not actually sell products directly through the

    internet. Almost all businesses are now an e-business to at least some extent, however, many

    have taken a step further and are involved with e-commerce.

    E-commerce specifically refers to ordering, buying, selling and paying for products and

    services using the internet. E-commerce is a subset of e-business and can make up the

    entirety of the business or be used alongside existing, traditional business models. E-

    commerce uses the internet to market, sell and conduct transactions with customers without

    face to face contact between the buyer and seller. Many e-businesses now conduct all of their

    operations online and have no physical store that customers are able to visit.

    http://www.winningbusinessonline.com.au/part/1/1/1/2http://www.winningbusinessonline.com.au/part/1/8/32/19http://www.winningbusinessonline.com.au/part/1/8/32/19http://www.winningbusinessonline.com.au/part/1/1/1/2
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    As the internet continues to grow in popularity, technology improves and access becomes

    more widely available, more and more entrepreneurs are expected to capitalise on the

    potential of using the internet to operate their business.

    E-business Advantages

    The internet and the emergence of e-business has provided entrepreneurs with many

    newadvantages and opportunities. The internet has created a business environment in whichtime and distance are less important, people have access to more information to help them

    make decisions and consumers have better access to a broader range of products and services.

    A significant benefit for entrepreneurs is that the initial investment for starting up an e-

    business is generally lower than the costs associated with starting an equivalent business

    using a traditional model. The technology used to setup and operate an e-business is

    becoming more advanced whilst also becoming cheaper to obtain. Many successful e-

    businesses are started using only a home based office with a personal computer, some

    basicsoftware and a connection to the internet.

    Low start-up costs mean that more people are able to enter the market with their business

    ideas. Many of the barriers to opening your own business have been reduced or removed,

    with many people able to operate an e-business whilst remaining employed in their regular

    day job. People who lacked the confidence to start a full scale business are now able to test

    their abilities and ideas online for a relatively small initial outlay.

    The increases in technology and falling prices also provide online businesses with a steady

    stream of new customers as more people move online to shop for products and services. Cost

    and access is becoming less of a barrier for consumers and people are becoming increasingly

    comfortable with making purchasers online.

    E-business makes it easier, faster and cheaper for businesses to communicate with their

    suppliers and theircustomers.Using email and online ordering systems, communication and

    transactions can occur almost instantly between organisations situated anywhere in the world.

    The internet is accessible twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. This means that buyersand sellers can conduct transactions at any time, as opposed to the regular trading hours of

    traditional business models. The internet can also make it easier and more cost effective for

    business managers to track and analyse the buying patterns of their customers, and in turn

    tailor the business to better suit their needs and expectations.

    E-business can provide cost saving advantages for both buyers and sellers. Online sellers are

    able to reduce their overheads as they don't need expensive shop fronts, as many employees

    or need to hold as much inventory on hand. In turn, this allows them to reduce their prices

    and pass the savings on to their customers, who save time and money by shopping from their

    own homes. The fact that consumers have such wide access to a diverse range of sellers also

    helps them to save money as they can search, shop around and compare prices quickly and

    easily.Successful E-business Models

    Different organisations and individuals will choose to use different levels of e-business.

    Some businesses will only use email for communication and don't require a website, whereas

    others will operate almost entirely online. There are a number of successfule-business

    models that you should consider when determining what level of e-business is right for your

    individual circumstances.

    An important point that you need to consider is the difference between operating an e-

    business and using a website to promote your traditional business. An e-business model

    maintains that revenue is generated as a direct result of operating some part of the business

    online, as opposed to just using the internet as a promotional method. Remember that none of

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    the following e-business models have to be used exclusively, you can use them in addition to

    an existing traditional business model.

    Online shopfronts are one of the most popular and common types of e-business sites. Online

    shops are designed to provide information to consumers about products and services and to

    accept orders online.

    Generally, online shops utilise a "shopping cart" application that allows users to complete anonline order form and process orders and payments. Physical products are then shipped to the

    customer or electronic products can be downloaded instantly.

    Online shops are only successful when they are able to offer something equal or better than

    traditional business models.Customers want to be able to save time or save money when

    purchasing online. They also expect similar levels of customer service and the option to deal

    with a real person if a problem arises.

    It is possible to create a commercial viable e-business without actually selling products or

    services to the general public. Popular websites that feature high amounts of web traffic are

    able rent out advertising space on the website to other businesses for a fee. The key is to build

    a website that offers targeted, high quality content that users will return to view over and

    over, and to offer advertising to businesses that are in some way related to the informationyou provide.

    Some e-businesses operate simply by offering content that is useful enough for users to

    register and pay a fee to use. However, it can be difficult for paid subscription services to

    compete in a market where there is extensive information available for free. You need to be

    sure that people value what you offer highly enough to want to pay for it before you consider

    charging a fee for your online content.

    Online auctions are another popular and relatively successful model for operating a business

    online. Sellers post up items at a reserve price, and registered users bid on the item until the

    end of the auction. The website operator usually collects a small fee after the item is sold as

    commission on the transaction. Internet auctions are popular as they allow people to sell their

    products even if they aren't interested or don't have the need to set up a business or website of

    their own.

    E-learning is an expanding industry in which businesses can operate online. Offering

    education and training packages that can be completed either partially or entirely online can

    be a way for people with specialist skills to educate others about a particular area of interest.

    It could be in the form of an accredited program with a registered training organisation or as

    simple as posting up a how-to guide, advice and instructional video about a particular area of

    interest.

    http://www.winningbusinessonline.com.au/part/1/9/7/108http://www.winningbusinessonline.com.au/part/1/9/7/108