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Biology Honors 2014-2015 Name ___________________________________ Block __________ Date __________________ !
Unit 2 - The Dynamic Cell, Membrane Transport !Reading: Text chapter 3, 7.1, 7.5, 7.6 Objectives: Upon completion of this unit, you should be able to:
Topic 5: Cell membrane (Chapter 3)
19. Describe the structure of the phospholipid and how that affects its ability to dissolve in water (3.1 & 3.2).
20. Describe the structure of the cell membrane including proteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids, carbohydrate chains, and cholesterol. Explain the function of each (3.2).
21. Explain why the membrane is often referred to as a “fluid mosaic” model (class notes/web quest).
22. Explain what is meant by selective permeability (3.2).
Topic 6: Membrane transport and messengers (Chapter 3)
23. Define diffusion. Explain why it occurs (3.3).
24. Define concentration gradient and relate it to diffusion (3.3).
25. Describe the roles of passive transport (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis) in the passage of materials into and out of cells (3.4).
26. List the characteristics of active transport, including why a cell would do it (3.4).
27. Define and give examples of the following types of active transport: exocytosis, endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis (3.4).
28. Describe the types of molecules (categories and examples) that can move through the cell membrane by the each of the following methods: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, protein pumps, and endo/exocytosis (3.3 & 3.4).
29. Define the terms hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic as they relate to cells (plant and animal) in a solution (3.3).
Topic 7: Circulation (Chapter 7)
30. Describe the structure and function of the 3 different types of blood vessels – arteries, veins, and capillaries (7.5).
31. Label a drawing of the human heart and discuss the pattern of circulation (7.6).
32. Compare nonvascular and vascular plants – be sure to describe the role of the xylem and phloem (7.1).
Topic 8: Gas Exchange (Chapter 3) 33. Compare gas exchange in organisms in which all cells contact the environment with that in which most cells
do not contact the environment (3.5 & 3.6).
34. Describe the human respiratory system (including organs and functions) (3.6).
35. Explain how the structure of alveoli enables them to be very efficient for gas exchange for a land dwelling organism (including the function of surfactant) (3.6, class notes).
36. Describe the effects of smoking on the respiratory system (supplement).
37. Explain why cystic fibrosis is a disorder of the cell membrane system (p. 86). !!Unit 2 (The Dynamic Cell – Background) Key Terms
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Biology Honors 2014-2015 ! !
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Topic 5: Topic 6:Phospholipids Simple diffusion ExocytosisHydrophilic Passive transport PinocytosisHydrophobic Concentration gradient PhagocytosisCell membrane Equilibrium TurgidLipid bilayer Facilitated diffusion PlasmolysisReceptor protein Osmosis AquaporinGlycoprotein Hypertonic solution Receptor-mediated endocytosisGlycolipid Hypotonic solution Active transportCholesterol Isotonic solution Endocytosis“Fluid Mosaic” model ChannelsSelective permeability Transport protein
Topic 6: Topic 7: Double circulation Xylem PharynxAtria Phloem LarynxVentricles Homeostasis TracheaPulmonary artery Single circulation BronchusPulmonary vein Coronary artery BronchioleAorta Hepatic vein LungSuperior vena cava Hepatic portal vein AlveolusInferior vena cava Mesentery arteries SurfactantSeptum Cystic fibrosisArtery DiaphragmVein CFTR proteinCapillary
Biology Honors 2014-2015 Membrane Webquest Guiding Concepts:
• Life is compartmentalized • Living things use molecular building blocks and energy to maintain homeostasis !
Day 1: Complete steps 1, 2 and 3. !1. Search for cell membranes bozeman biology, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y31DlJ6uGgE Watch video and take notes on graphic organizers in a. – c. a. Re-create the concept map here. Add arrows and words describing relationships between concepts. !! ! !!!!
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Biology Honors 2014-2015 b. Fluid Mosaic Model of Membrane Structure: Label this diagram, similar to the one in the on-line lecture.
! Create your own simple hand drawing: Four major components: 1. 2. 3. 4. c. Cell Walls: A comparative look at their structure and function !
!!!
Kingdom Cell Wall: Present or absent? Composed of: Special Function?
animal absent
plant
fungus
bacteria
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Biology Honors 2014-2015 Guiding Concept: The cell membrane is a mosaic, is asymmetrical and is amphipathic. 2. Go to http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire9e Click on Chapt 6: Cell Membranes Go to Activity 6.1, The Fluid Mosaic Model, and complete the activity and read the “notes” associated with each correct answer. For a. – g. below, answer the following question: How does each type of biomolecule contribute to the structure and/or function of the cell membrane?
a. carbohydrate !!!b. cholesterol ! !!c. extracellular region !!!d. hydrophobic area (fatty acid tails) ! !!e. non-transmembrane, integral protein !!!f. peripheral protein !! !g. transmembrane, integral protein !!!h. Why is it appropriate to say that membranes are like a mosaic? ! !!
Guiding concepts: • The cell membrane is fluid. • Scientists use models to study and understand the natural world.
3. Go to Chapt. 6 Experiment Links and i. read Figure 6.5, Rapid Diffusion of Membrane Proteins. Take notes. !!!!!!!!!j. go to Links and click on the animation describing the experiment:
Animation: Protein Diffusion in the Plane of the Membrane http://course1.winona.edu/sberg/ANIMTNS/frey.htm !!
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Biology Honors 2014-2015 k. Write a detailed paragraph describing how Frye and Edin determined that the plasma membrane
is a very fluid structure. Be sure to use the words cell hybrid and temperature in your description. !!!!!!!!!!!l. Why is it appropriate to say that the cell membrane is fluid? !!!
Guiding concepts: • Living systems transmit and respond to information. • Living systems interact with one another and their environment in different ways. • Living systems use energy to maintain homeostasis.
4. Go to Animated Tutorial 6.1: Passive Transport Define the following terms and answer associated questions.
m. Passive Transport !!!n. Simple Diffusion !
i. What types of molecules can cross a membrane via simple diffusion? !!! ii. How is simple diffusion related to the law of entropy? !!
o. Facilitated Diffusion with Channel Proteins !!!p. Facilitated Diffusion with Carrier Proteins !!!
5. Go back to the start of Passive Transport and take the quiz. Write your answers below in complete sentences: 1. !!!! 2. !!!! 3. !
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Biology Honors 2014-2015 6. Go to the Active Transport Animated Tutorial, 6.2
q. Define Active Transport. !!
r. Cells maintain potassium and sodium gradients across the membrane. Name the membrane structure responsible and describe how it works. !!!
s. What is the main difference between primary active transport and secondary active transport? !!!t. Give an example of each type of active transport named in s. !!!
7. Go back to the start of Active Transport and take the quiz. Write your answers in complete sentences below. 1. !! 2. !!! 3. !! !
8. Go to the Endocytosis/Exocytosis Animated Tutorial, 6.3 Concentrate on steps 1-3 and 11-13.
u. How are very large structures transported into and out of the cell? !!!v. Define endocytosis !!!w. Define phagocytosis. Which cell types use phagocytosis? !!!x. How are phagocytosed particles digested by the cell? !!!y. Define pinocytosis !!!z. Define exocytosis and sketch a diagram to illustrate how exocytosis takes place. !!!!
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Biology Honors 2014-2015 Bubble Membrane Lab/Demo (12 pt total) !INTRO: Soap bubbles are bilayers very similar to cell membrane bilayers, so they can be used to display some of the properties of the cell membrane.
PURPOSE: What are the characteristics of a cell membrane? !MATERIALS: • Pan of soap solution (dish detergent, water, karo syrup) • Membrane holder (2 straws and a string) • Wooden flint stick • Circular thread (or elastic band) !METHODS: Immerse the membrane holder into the pan of soap solution. Demonstrate the following characteristics of a lipid bilayer and RECORD ALL OBSERVATIONS on a separate sheet of paper. Create a table similar to the one below: (1 pt each row) !
!1. Fluidity: Form a layer in the membrane holder. Let the light shine off of its surface and look at the
movement you see within the film. !2. Flexibility: Twist the two straws in opposite directions, and bend it into different types of configurations. !3. Self-sealing: Stick the following objects through the bubble membrane:
a. Wooden flint stick b. Soap-coated flint stick c. Your finger d. Your soap-coated finger
Observe what happens to the membrane when you remove each object as well. Now try your entire arm!
Demo Observations Benefit of this as a model for a cell membrane
Limitation of this as a model for a cell
membrane
Fluidity
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Biology Honors 2014-2015 4. Transport proteins: Form a film in your membrane holder. Dip the thread (or elastic band) in the soap
solution and carefully place it onto the membrane. The thread should float in the membrane. Pop the inside of the circle. Stick your dry finger (or another dry object, like your pencil) through the pore created by the circular thread and gently move it around the membrane. Try to carefully remove the thread from the membrane and see if the membrane is able to self-seal. !
EXTENSIONS: If you finish the above, try the following! They’re not as easy as they sound! !5. Cell division: Take a straw and dip the end in the soap solution. Hold it just about the surface and gently
blow to create a bubble. Take a knife, wet it with soap solution and cut the bubble in half so that you create a bilayer across the middle and two bubbles. Now cut both of these bubbles in half. Note how the cells fit together with no spaces between them. !
6. Evolution of Eukaryotes: Try to create a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell. Remember, eukaryotes are more complex, meaning they have internal membrane-bound structures (almost like a bubble within a bubble). !
RESULTS: For each of the methods above (#1-4), describe ALL important observations in the table (4 pts) !CONCLUSION: (On a separate sheet of paper – with your observations) 1. Describe what you observed about the bubble membrane’s “fluidity” and explain how this relates to the
structure of the cell membrane. (1 pt)
2. What are the four major components of the cell membrane and how are they organized? Make sure you discuss polarity in your response. (2 pt)
3. Explain how the “self-sealing” bubble membrane helps to illustrate the passage of molecules through a cell membrane and the property of selective permeability. (1 pt)
4. What happened when you placed a rubber band into the bubble film? Explain why this rubber band represents a transport protein and describe how transport proteins work. (2 pt)
5. Explain how selective permeability maintains homeostasis within a cell. In your answer, define homeostasis. (2 pts)
!!
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Biology Honors 2014-2015 Osmosis Demonstrations !1. Dialysis Tubing A. Dialysis tubing is frequently used as a membrane in model cells. Compare and contrast dialysis tubing with a plasma membrane. !B. What tests will be used to detect glucose and starch in this experiment? !C. Fill in the table below with drawings of (1) experimental setup (2) hypothesis (3) results. !!
!D. Analyze Results: What can you infer from your observations? Explain. !!!!!!!2. Egg osmosis Observe the two eggs at the front of the room. The eggs have been soaking in vinegar (5% acetic acid, CH3COOH). !A. Draw the structural formula for acetic acid. !!!!B. Egg shells are made out of calcium carbonate, CaCO3, like chalk and seashells. The reaction below represents calcium carbonate being dissolved by acetic acid. Circle the visible product of the reaction. !
CaCO3 + CH3COOH Ca2+ + CH3COO + CO2 + H2O !C. Beneath its shell the egg has a membrane called a chorion. Explain why the shell-free egg makes a good subject for an osmosis experiment. !!!!!!
Experimental Setup Hypothesis Results
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Biology Honors 2014-2015 D. One egg will be submerged in water overnight. The other egg will be submerged in corn syrup. Fill in the table below with observations, hypotheses, and results.
!E. Explain these results using the principle of osmosis. !!!!!3. Mini Lab Activity: Plasmolysis In this activity you will use a microscope to observe Elodea cells. !A. Define the following terms as they relate to plant cells: Turgidity !___________________________________________________________________________________ !Flaccidity !____________________________________________________________________________________ !Plasmolysis ! __________________________________________________________________________________ !Procedure: 1. Place a leaf from the growing tip of an elodea plant in a drop of water on a clean slide. Add a coverslip and
examine under low power. Position the slide so that the cells along wine edge of the leaf are near the center. ! 2. Switch to high power, and focus sharply on a few cells near the edge of a leaf. Place a small piece of absorbent
paper at the edge of the coverslip you are observing. (Remember, directions are reversed when you look through a microscope.) Have your lab partner place several drops of salt solution at the coverslip edge nearest the part of the leaf being observed., Use the fine adjustment to adjust focus while the water is being replaced. Continue observing the cells until you see changes in them. !
3. Make simple sketches showing cells both before and after the salt solution was added (in the table).
Day 1 Observations, diameters (mm), mass (g)
Day 1 Hypothesis
Day 2 Results and diameter (mm), mass (g)
Egg 1
Egg 2
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Biology Honors 2014-2015 4. Remove the salt solution, and replace it with distilled water. use a new piece of absorbent paper, and allow 2 or 3
drops of distilled water to flow across the slide into the paper to make sure that most of the salt solution is washed away. Make observations while this is being done. !
Analysis: 1. Did water move into or out of the cells while the leaf was surrounded by the salt solution? What
evidence do you have to support your answer? !!!!! 2. In which direction did water move through the plasma membrane when the cell was surrounded by
distilled water? !!!!! 3. An effective way to kill plants is to pour salt on the ground around them. Using principles discovered in
this investigation, explain why the plants die. !!!!! 4. Bacteria cause food to spoil and meat to rot. Explain why salted pork, strawberry preserves, and sweet
pickles do not spoil even though they are exposed to bacteria. Name other foods preserved in this manner.
Initial Observations Elodea cells in salt water Elodea cells in distilled water
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Biology Honors 2014-2015 POGIL: The Respiratory System !Living cells require energy for the activities of life. Energy is released in cells by the breakdown of sugars and other organic substances in the metabolic process called cellular respiration. As a consequence of this process, gases need to be exchanged between the respiring cells and the environment. In most organisms these gases are carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2). ! !!!
1. In what organelle does cellular respiration occur? !!!2. Which gas is taken into the organism as it breathes? Which gas is released? !!!3. Which gas is taken into the cell for respiration? Which gas is released? !!!4. Relate the process of breathing (gas exchange) to the process of cellular respiration. !!!5. Compare gas exchange in unicellular organisms, where all cells contact the environment, with that in humans, where most cells do not contact the environment. !!!!!!!!!!!
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POGIL:'The'Respiratory'System''Living'cells'require'energy'for'the'activities'of'life.'Energy'is'released'in'cells'by'the'breakdown'of'sugars'and'other'organic'substances'in'the'metabolic'process'called'cellular'respiration.'As'a'consequence'of'this'process,'gases'need'to'be'exchanged'between'the'respiring'cells'and'the'environment.''In'most'organisms'these'gases'are'carbon'dioxide'(CO2)'and'oxygen'(O2).''''Model'1:'The'Need'for'Gas'Exchange'''
'
''
'''1.'In'what'organelle'does'cellular'respiration'occur?'2.'Which'gas'is'taken'into'the'organism'as'it'breathes?'Which'gas'is'released?'3.'Which'gas'is'taken'into'the'cell'for'respiration?'Which'gas'is'released?'4.''Relate'the'process'of'breathing'(gas'exchange)'to'the'process'of'cellular'respiration.'5.''Compare'gas'exchange'in'unicellular'organisms,'where'all'cells'contact'the'environment,'with'that'in'humans,'where'most'cells'do'not'contact'the'environment.''''''''Model'2:'The'Human'Respiratory'System'''
Carbon'Dioxide'(CO2)'
Oxygen'(O2)'
Carbon'Dioxide'(CO2)'Oxygen'(O2)'
Biology Honors 2014-2015 Model 2: The Human Respiratory System
!Lungs are internal sac-like organs found in most amphibians, and all reptiles, birds, and mammals. Gas exchange between the environment and blood occurs in the lungs. The paired lungs of mammals are connected to the outside air by a system of tubular passageways. !6. List the order of structures that air passes through when inhaled. !!!7. Which structure is the actual site of gas exchange between the body and the environment? !!!8. How many cell layers makes up a single air sac? Relate this structure to the function of alveoli. !!!Model 3: Gas Exchange in Alveoli
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Biology Honors 2014-2015 !!9. Which has a higher O2 concentration: your inhaled breath, or the blood arriving in the capillaries outside your lungs? !!!10. Which has a higher CO2 concentration: your inhaled breath, or the blood arriving in the capillaries outside your lungs? !!!11. Why do molecules like O2 and CO2 travel across a cell membrane? !!!12. Is this an example of active or passive transport? Explain. !!!13. When you exhale, are there any O2 molecules in your exhaled breath? Explain. !!!!!
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Biology Honors 2014-2015
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©HSPI – The POGIL Project
Limited Use by Permission Only – Not for Distribution
Circulatory System B1YvM2
1
The Circulatory System
(How are materials moved by the circulatory system?)
Why?
Model 1: Oxygen Content in Blood during Circulation • Percentages are used for comparative purposes only.
1. What structure does the large rectangle represent?
2. What do the arrows in the model represent?
3. Does the % oxygen stay constant throughout the circulation of the blood?
4. Between leaving the right side of the heart and arriving back at the left side of the heart what has happened to the amount of oxygen in the blood?
5. Between leaving the left side of the heart and arriving back at the right side of the heart what has happened to the amount of oxygen in the blood?
Blood is a living, liquid tissue made up of many components. The heart is the pump that forces the blood throughout the body, delivering nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body. If a drop of blood were traced through the body, it would travel through both the left and right side of the heart on one complete journey through the body.
Right Side
Left Side
50%
50%
95%
95%
Biology Honors 2014-2015
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©HSPI – The POGIL Project
Limited Use by Permission Only – Not for Distribution
Circulatory System B1YvM2
2
Model 2: Circulation of Blood
6. To what letter on the diagram did the blood flow to in between leaving the right side
and re-entering the left side?
7. What structure in the body would this letter represent?
8. How does this explain what happened to the amount of oxygen?
9. To what letter on the diagram did the blood flow to in between leaving the left side
and re-entering on the right side? 10. What structure(s) in the body would this letter represent?
11. How does this explain what happened to the amount of oxygen?
50%
50% 95%
95%
Right
Side Left
Side
A
B
Biology Honors 2014-2015
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©HSPI – The POGIL Project
Limited Use by Permission Only – Not for Distribution
Circulatory System B1YvM2
3
Read This
12. Shade the diagram, including the arrows as follows:
a. Use red to represent oxygenated blood. b. Use blue to represent deoxygenated blood.
13 What is the name of the circuit that connects the heart & lungs?
14. What is the name of the circuit that connects the heart to all parts of the body except the lungs?
15. The blood on the right side only contains 50% oxygen, but it has 95% total gases. What gas other than oxygen do you think might be dissolved in the blood on the right side of the heart?
16. What process produced this gas?
17. What happens to this gas before the blood re-enters the left side of the heart?
18. Looking at the arrows on the model, how would you describe the flow pattern of the blood inside the circulatory system?
19. What features might the entrances and exits to the heart need in order to maintain
this flow pattern?
Blood that contains higher levels of oxygen is called oxygenated blood. Blood with lower levels of oxygen is called deoxygenated blood. The circuit that carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart and brings oxygenated blood back to the left side of the heart is called the pulmonary circuit. The circuit that carries oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart and then returns deoxygenated blood from the body back to the right side of the heart is called the systemic circuit.
Biology Honors 2014-2015
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©HSPI – The POGIL Project
Limited Use by Permission Only – Not for Distribution
Circulatory System B1YvM2
4
Extension Questions
20. A “hole in the heart” is actually a hole in the wall dividing the left and right sides of the heart. This dividing wall is called the septum. This causes the deoxygenated blood from the right side to mix with the oxygenated blood from the left side. What do you think the effects are for someone with a hole in the heart?
21. Oxygen is carried in the blood by red blood cells. At high altitudes the body cannot
take in as much oxygen because of the low pressures, so to compensate your body produces more red blood cells. Even when you return to low altitudes these extra red blood cells remain for about 2 weeks. Using this information, why do you think athletes often train at high altitudes before a competition, and how does this help them?
Biology Honors 2014-2015 Objective 31: Label a drawing of the human heart and discuss the pattern of circulation (7.6).
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1!
2!
3! 4!
5!5!
6!
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7! 8!
9!
Colo
r Cod
e:
RED
= O
2-ric
h/CO
2-poo
r BL
UE
= O
2-poo
r/CO
2-ric
h
Directions for Diagram: 1. Starting with the right atrium, draw arrows to show the direction of blood flow. 2. Color code, with red as O2-rich/CO2 -poor and blue as O2-poor and CO2-rich 3. Label each of the following: right pulmonary artery, left pulmonary artery, right pulmonary vein, left pulmonary vein 4. True or false? Only the left pulmonary vein (not the right pulmonary vein) goes to the left atrium. ________
Biology Honors 2014-2015 Objective 34: Describe the human respiratory system (including organs and functions) (3.6).
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A
C
D
E
F
G
H (a
ir sa
cs)
I
J
HK
(blo
od
vess
els)
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Biology Honors 2014-2015 CUT-OUTS: Cut these out an paste them into your notebook! (NOTE: They aren’t in order!) Objective 19:
!Objective 19:
Objective 29:
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Figure 1:
Biology Honors 2014-2015 Objective 28: Describe the types of molecules (categories and examples) that can move through the cell membrane by the each of the following methods: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, protein pumps, and endo/exocytosis."
!!!!!!Objective 35:
Passes freely through the membrane (simple diffusion)
Needs a special protein transporter (facilitated diffusion or protein pump)
Needs to use other methods of pass through (exo- or endo-cytosis)
Polarity and size
!!!!!!Electric Charge
!!!!!Examples !!
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Biology Honors 2014-2015 Objective 31:
� !!!
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