Unit 2: Religion: Consensus and Conflict Christianity

Unit 2: Religion: Unit 2: Religion: Consensus and ConflictConsensus and Conflict

ChristianityChristianity


The Importance of The Importance of JerusalemJerusalemFor the Jews:For the Jews:

- - Capital city of Judea after the return from Capital city of Judea after the return from

Babylonian exile.Babylonian exile. - - The site of the ancient temple built by King The site of the ancient temple built by King

Solomon.Solomon.

The Importance of The Importance of JerusalemJerusalemFor Christians:For Christians:

• Jesus Christ was crucified by the Romans outside Jesus Christ was crucified by the Romans outside Jerusalem.Jerusalem.

http://www.golgotha.net/images/golgotha-site-large-distant.jpg

The Importance of The Importance of JerusalemJerusalemFor Muslims:For Muslims:

• Muslims believe that the prophet Muhammad made his Muslims believe that the prophet Muhammad made his night journey into the Heavens from Jerusalem and that night journey into the Heavens from Jerusalem and that Jerusalem would be the site on which the Resurrection Jerusalem would be the site on which the Resurrection would take place on the Last Day.would take place on the Last Day.

• After Mecca and Medina, it is the holiest city in Islam.After Mecca and Medina, it is the holiest city in Islam.

I. The FaithI. The Faith

• Born in Nazareth – the Holy Land.Born in Nazareth – the Holy Land.

• His birth is believed by Christians to be the His birth is believed by Christians to be the fulfillment of prophecies in the Jewish Old fulfillment of prophecies in the Jewish Old Testament which claimed that a Messiah would Testament which claimed that a Messiah would deliver the Jewish people from captivity.deliver the Jewish people from captivity.

• From the age of 29-30: spent three years From the age of 29-30: spent three years teaching, healing and working miracles.teaching, healing and working miracles.

I. The FaithI. The Faith

• ““Christians” began separating themselves as a Christians” began separating themselves as a faith distinct from Judaism when:faith distinct from Judaism when:

1. Paul, a Jew who originally rejected the idea of 1. Paul, a Jew who originally rejected the idea of Jesus Jesus as the son of God, converted and spread as the son of God, converted and spread Jesus’s Jesus’s message. (executed by Roman message. (executed by Roman authorities – 65 CE)authorities – 65 CE)

2. The Roman destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE.2. The Roman destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE.

II. Persecution and Struggle:II. Persecution and Struggle:The Death of Jesus ChristThe Death of Jesus Christ

• Jesus’ popularity among the Jesus’ popularity among the people of Palestine was growing.people of Palestine was growing.

• He rode into Jerusalem on a He rode into Jerusalem on a donkey and was mobbed by donkey and was mobbed by supporters.supporters.

• The next day he raided the The next day he raided the Temple, the heart of the Jewish Temple, the heart of the Jewish religion, and attacked money-religion, and attacked money-changers for defiling a holy changers for defiling a holy place.place.

• Shortly after, Jesus was Shortly after, Jesus was arrested….why? Who did he arrested….why? Who did he threaten?threaten?


1.1. Jesus threatened the authority of Jewish Jesus threatened the authority of Jewish religious leadersreligious leaders

- by criticizing some of their practices, he was winning - by criticizing some of their practices, he was winning over over many followersmany followers

- Joseph (- Joseph (Caiaphas)Caiaphas), the Jewish leader of the Sanhedrin , the Jewish leader of the Sanhedrin and High and High Priest of the Temple in Jerusalem, felt his Priest of the Temple in Jerusalem, felt his authority threatened authority threatened by Jesus.by Jesus.

- the Sanhedrin was the Jewish council that controlled - the Sanhedrin was the Jewish council that controlled civic and civic and religious laws in Palestinereligious laws in Palestine


- Caiaphas owed his position as leader of the - Caiaphas owed his position as leader of the Sandhedrin to the Romans. He needed to keep Sandhedrin to the Romans. He needed to keep order in Palestine if he as to keep their support.order in Palestine if he as to keep their support.

- Caiaphas did not want to be humiliated by Jesus in Caiaphas did not want to be humiliated by Jesus in Jerusalem during Passover when the city was Jerusalem during Passover when the city was packed with Jewish pilgrims.packed with Jewish pilgrims.

- He had Jesus arrested and put on trial by the - He had Jesus arrested and put on trial by the Sanhedrin.Sanhedrin.


2. Jesus was a threat to Roman imperial authority:2. Jesus was a threat to Roman imperial authority:

- - Pontius Pilate, the Governor of Judea, owed his Pontius Pilate, the Governor of Judea, owed his career to the Roman imperial authorities. His job career to the Roman imperial authorities. His job

was to keep was to keep the peace in his province. the peace in his province.

- He had only 6,000 troops to keep the peace in - He had only 6,000 troops to keep the peace in Jerusalem Jerusalem which had a population of 2.5 million Jews which had a population of 2.5 million Jews during Passover.during Passover.

- Since the Jewish religious authorities wanted to see - Since the Jewish religious authorities wanted to see Jesus Jesus dead, Pilate sacrificed him to preserve Roman rule dead, Pilate sacrificed him to preserve Roman rule and his and his own career. own career.

Jesus on TrialJesus on Trial


• Caiaphas rigged the trial and violated some key Caiaphas rigged the trial and violated some key rules that applied to Jewish trials:rules that applied to Jewish trials:

1. It was night – Jewish trials had to take place during the 1. It was night – Jewish trials had to take place during the day.day.

2. It took place on a feast day which was prohibited.2. It took place on a feast day which was prohibited.

3. It took place in Caiaphas’s house – it should have been 3. It took place in Caiaphas’s house – it should have been conducted in the council chambersconducted in the council chambers


• Caiaphas got Jesus to claim that he was the son of Caiaphas got Jesus to claim that he was the son of God. He accused Jesus of blasphemy. The Sanhedrin God. He accused Jesus of blasphemy. The Sanhedrin agreed and ordered Jesus to be put to death.agreed and ordered Jesus to be put to death.

2 PROBLEMS2 PROBLEMS: :

1. The Sanhedrin DID NOT have the authority to 1. The Sanhedrin DID NOT have the authority to executeexecute

2. Blasphemy against the God of the Jews WAS NOT a 2. Blasphemy against the God of the Jews WAS NOT a crime under Roman Law. crime under Roman Law.


• Caiaphas altered Jesus’s claim from being the son of God to Caiaphas altered Jesus’s claim from being the son of God to being the King of the Jews which was a crime of sedition being the King of the Jews which was a crime of sedition against Rome punishable by death.against Rome punishable by death.

• Jesus refused to respond to Pilate’s question of if he thought Jesus refused to respond to Pilate’s question of if he thought he was the King of the Jews.he was the King of the Jews.

• Pilate did not believe Jesus was guilty, a threat to Roman Pilate did not believe Jesus was guilty, a threat to Roman authority, or a revolutionary.authority, or a revolutionary.

• Pilate announced that Jesus was innocent. The mob that Pilate announced that Jesus was innocent. The mob that gathered outside called for Jesus’s crucifixion.gathered outside called for Jesus’s crucifixion.


• Pilate offered a choice allowed during the Pilate offered a choice allowed during the “Passover Amnesty”:“Passover Amnesty”:

- execute a convicted murderer Barabbas or Jesus- execute a convicted murderer Barabbas or Jesus

• The crowd chose Jesus.The crowd chose Jesus.

• Pilate was thought to have committed suicide in 37 Pilate was thought to have committed suicide in 37 CE – not long after Jesus was crucified.CE – not long after Jesus was crucified.

Jesus Questioned by Pontius Jesus Questioned by Pontius PilatePilate

Jesus: Crucifixion and ResurrectionJesus: Crucifixion and Resurrection

• New Testament account of Jesus trial and New Testament account of Jesus trial and crucifixion: John 18:1 - 19:24.crucifixion: John 18:1 - 19:24.

II. Persecution and StruggleII. Persecution and Struggle

• Roman persecution of Roman persecution of Christians:Christians:

- 64 CE - Nero- 64 CE - Nero

- 303 CE - Diocletian- 303 CE - Diocletian

III. The Spread of III. The Spread of ChristianityChristianity• 313 CE - Emperor Constantine converts to 313 CE - Emperor Constantine converts to


- Proclaims official tolerance of all religions- Proclaims official tolerance of all religions

• 391 CE - Emperor Theodosius makes Christianity 391 CE - Emperor Theodosius makes Christianity the official religion in Rome. the official religion in Rome.

III.III. Spread of ChristianitySpread of Christianity


• For the most part, Christianity spread through For the most part, Christianity spread through Europe peacefully.Europe peacefully.

- Exception: Charlemagne’s conquest of the - Exception: Charlemagne’s conquest of the Saxons. Saxons.

- The wars lasted from 772-804. They were - The wars lasted from 772-804. They were characterized by forced conversions, characterized by forced conversions, deportations, and massacres. deportations, and massacres.

- 4,500 Saxons were executed by - 4,500 Saxons were executed by Charlemagne in Charlemagne in Verden Verden


““If any one of the race of the If any one of the race of the Saxons hereafter concealed Saxons hereafter concealed among them shall have among them shall have wished to hide himself wished to hide himself unbaptized, and shall have unbaptized, and shall have scorned to come to baptism scorned to come to baptism and shall have wished to and shall have wished to remain a pagan, let him be remain a pagan, let him be

punished by death.”punished by death.”

- from Charlemagne’s - from Charlemagne’s “The Capitulary for Saxony” “The Capitulary for Saxony”


““If any one shall have formed a If any one shall have formed a conspiracy with the pagans conspiracy with the pagans against the Christians, or against the Christians, or shall have wished to join shall have wished to join with them in opposition to with them in opposition to the Christians, let him be the Christians, let him be punished by death; and punished by death; and whoever shall have whoever shall have consented to this same consented to this same fraudulently against the king fraudulently against the king and the Christian people, let and the Christian people, let him be punished by death.”him be punished by death.”

- from Charlemagne’s “The - from Charlemagne’s “The Capitulary for Saxony” Capitulary for Saxony”


IV. Holy War: Christians Against the IV. Holy War: Christians Against the “Others”“Others”

1.1. The CrusadesThe Crusades

2.2. The “Reconquista” – SpainThe “Reconquista” – Spain

3.3. The Conquistadors and Christianity The Conquistadors and Christianity

in South Americain South America

IV. Holy War: The CrusadesIV. Holy War: The Crusades

The Crusades were launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II at the Council of Claremont. Why…?

1. Retake the Holy Land and other Christian areas from the Muslims

2. Stop the spread of Islam, especially into Christian territory

3. Byzantine Emperor Alexis asked for the Pope’s help to fight against the growing Seljuk Turkish threat


Reason # 1: 1071 – Seljuk Turks defeated the Reason # 1: 1071 – Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantine Byzantine Army at Manzikert.Army at Manzikert.

* 1085 - Seljuk Turk conquests of Antioch, Syria.* 1085 - Seljuk Turk conquests of Antioch, Syria.

- Antioch was one of the most important - Antioch was one of the most important Christian Christian cities in the Eastern Orthodox cities in the Eastern Orthodox Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire


Reason # 1: Stories of Muslim persecution of Reason # 1: Stories of Muslim persecution of Christians Christians and of harassment of and of harassment of Christian pilgrims to Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem. Jerusalem.

- 1009-1010: Fatimid (Egyptian Shiite) - 1009-1010: Fatimid (Egyptian Shiite) caliph al-caliph al- Hakim’s destruction of the Church Hakim’s destruction of the Church of the Holy of the Holy Sepulcre in Jerusalem. Sepulcre in Jerusalem.


Reason #2: Approximately two-thirds of the ancient Christian Reason #2: Approximately two-thirds of the ancient Christian world had world had been conquered by Muslims by the been conquered by Muslims by the end of the 11th century:end of the 11th century:

- Palestine, Syria, Egypt, parts of Anatolia - Palestine, Syria, Egypt, parts of Anatolia (Turkey)(Turkey)


Reason #3: The growing military threat of the Seljuk Reason #3: The growing military threat of the Seljuk Turks to the Byzantine Empire.Turks to the Byzantine Empire.

* Problem for the Christians: in 1054 the * Problem for the Christians: in 1054 the Eastern Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Church’s split. Orthodox and Catholic Church’s split. No longer No longer one Christian Church. one Christian Church.

* Pope Urban II accepted the request from * Pope Urban II accepted the request from Alexis for Alexis for help. It was a way for him to be help. It was a way for him to be recognized as recognized as the main authority in the the main authority in the Christian world.Christian world.

Pope Urban II Speech at the Pope Urban II Speech at the Council of Claremont: The ProblemCouncil of Claremont: The Problem• ““For your brethren who live in For your brethren who live in

the east are in urgent need of the east are in urgent need of your help, and you must hasten your help, and you must hasten to give them the aid which has to give them the aid which has often been promised them. For, often been promised them. For, as the most of you have heard, as the most of you have heard, the Turks and Arabs have the Turks and Arabs have attacked them and have attacked them and have conquered the territory of conquered the territory of Romania [the Greek empire] as Romania [the Greek empire] as far west as the shore of the far west as the shore of the Mediterranean and the Mediterranean and the Hellespont, which is called the Hellespont, which is called the Arm of St. George. They have Arm of St. George. They have occupied more and more of the occupied more and more of the lands of those Christians, and lands of those Christians, and have overcome them in seven have overcome them in seven battles. They have killed and battles. They have killed and captured many, and have captured many, and have destroyed the churches and destroyed the churches and devastated the empire. If you devastated the empire. If you permit them to continue thus permit them to continue thus for awhile with impurity, the for awhile with impurity, the faithful of God will be much faithful of God will be much more widely attacked by more widely attacked by them.”them.”

Pope Urban II Speech at the Pope Urban II Speech at the Council of Claremont: The SolutionCouncil of Claremont: The Solution

• ““On this account I, or On this account I, or rather the Lord, beseech rather the Lord, beseech you as Christ's heralds to you as Christ's heralds to publish this everywhere publish this everywhere and to persuade all people and to persuade all people of whatever rank, foot-of whatever rank, foot-soldiers and knights, poor soldiers and knights, poor and rich, to carry aid and rich, to carry aid promptly to those promptly to those Christians and to destroy Christians and to destroy that vile race from the that vile race from the lands of our friends. I say lands of our friends. I say this to those who are this to those who are present, it meant also for present, it meant also for those who are absent. those who are absent. Moreover, Christ Moreover, Christ commands it.”commands it.”

Pope Urban II Speech at the Pope Urban II Speech at the Council of Claremont: The RewardCouncil of Claremont: The Reward

• "All who die by the way, "All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the or in battle against the pagans, shall have pagans, shall have immediate remission of immediate remission of sins. This I grant them sins. This I grant them through the power of God through the power of God with which I am invested. O with which I am invested. O what a disgrace if such a what a disgrace if such a despised and base race, despised and base race, which worships demons, which worships demons, should conquer a people should conquer a people which has the faith of which has the faith of omnipotent God and is omnipotent God and is made glorious with the made glorious with the name of Christ! With what name of Christ! With what reproaches will the Lord reproaches will the Lord overwhelm us if you do not overwhelm us if you do not aid those who, with us, aid those who, with us, profess the Christian profess the Christian religion!”religion!”


Crusade #1 (1095-1099) – Christians win.Crusade #1 (1095-1099) – Christians win.

• Pope Urban II was French. First Crusading army Pope Urban II was French. First Crusading army was made up mostly of French. was made up mostly of French.

- Muslims referred to Crusaders as “Franks”- Muslims referred to Crusaders as “Franks”

- Crusaders referred to Muslims as - Crusaders referred to Muslims as “Saracens”“Saracens”


• Crusader victories led to the creation of Crusader victories led to the creation of “Crusader States” in the Middle East:“Crusader States” in the Middle East:

- Jerusalem (Israel)- Jerusalem (Israel)

- Edessa (Turkey)- Edessa (Turkey)

- Antioch (Syria)- Antioch (Syria)

- Tripoli (Lebanon)- Tripoli (Lebanon)


• Reasons for Crusader victory:Reasons for Crusader victory:

1. Highly motivated, fanatical troops – believed they were 1. Highly motivated, fanatical troops – believed they were fighting for God.fighting for God.

2. Muslim disunity2. Muslim disunity

- Shiite Egyptian Fatimids caliphate disliked the Sunni - Shiite Egyptian Fatimids caliphate disliked the Sunni Abbasid Caliphate from Baghdad (Arabs). Abbasid Caliphate from Baghdad (Arabs).

- Arabs disliked the “barbarian” Turks who were later - Arabs disliked the “barbarian” Turks who were later converts to Islam. Seljuk Turks tended to get converts to Islam. Seljuk Turks tended to get

along along better with Sunni Arabs. better with Sunni Arabs.

- Lack of unity among the various Turkish tribes of - Lack of unity among the various Turkish tribes of Anatolia.Anatolia.

- At different times, various Muslim armies allied with - At different times, various Muslim armies allied with the the Crusaders to defeat their local rivals. Crusaders to defeat their local rivals.

The “Holiness” Of Holy WarThe “Holiness” Of Holy War

““As we advanced we As we advanced we had the most had the most generous and generous and merciful and most merciful and most victorious hand of victorious hand of the Almighty Father the Almighty Father with us.”with us.”

- Raymund of - Raymund of AguilesAguiles

The Crusaders as God’s The Crusaders as God’s “Chosen People”“Chosen People”

“ “ It is my belief that, pre-elected by God long before It is my belief that, pre-elected by God long before and tested in such a great disaster, they and tested in such a great disaster, they (Crusaders) were cleansed of their sins, just as (Crusaders) were cleansed of their sins, just as gold is proven three times and is purged by fire gold is proven three times and is purged by fire seven times.”seven times.”

- - Fulcher of ChartresFulcher of Chartres


Crusader Massacres – First Crusade:Crusader Massacres – First Crusade:

1.1. Ma’arrat al Nu’man (Syria) 1098Ma’arrat al Nu’man (Syria) 1098

- Crusaders promised security for the - Crusaders promised security for the population if population if they surrendered. Muslim they surrendered. Muslim population rejected the population rejected the terms. terms.

- Over the course of three days, between - Over the course of three days, between 20,000 20,000 and 100,000 people were killed. and 100,000 people were killed.


““They (the Franks) killed a They (the Franks) killed a great number under great number under torture. They extorted torture. They extorted people’s treasures. people’s treasures. They prevented people They prevented people from getting water, and from getting water, and sold it to them. Most sold it to them. Most people died of thirst…people died of thirst…They destroyed the They destroyed the walls of the town, walls of the town, burned its mosques and burned its mosques and houses and broke the houses and broke the minbars.”minbars.” - - Ibn al-Adin Ibn al-Adin


• ""In Ma'arra our troops boiled pagan adults in cooking-pots; In Ma'arra our troops boiled pagan adults in cooking-pots; they impaled children on spits and devoured them grilled."they impaled children on spits and devoured them grilled." – – Radulph of Caen, Christian soldierRadulph of Caen, Christian soldier

• "Not only did our troops not shrink from eating dead Turks "Not only did our troops not shrink from eating dead Turks and Saracens; they also ate dogs!"and Saracens; they also ate dogs!" - Albert of Aix, Christian soldier

• The poorer soldiers The poorer soldiers "roasted the bruised body of a Turk over "roasted the bruised body of a Turk over a fire as if it were meat for eating, in full view of the Turkish a fire as if it were meat for eating, in full view of the Turkish forces." - forces." - From the Historia Hierosolymitana, compiled by

Guibert of Nogent.


""I shudder to say that many of I shudder to say that many of our men, terribly tormented our men, terribly tormented by the madness of by the madness of starvation, cut pieces of starvation, cut pieces of flesh from the buttocks of flesh from the buttocks of Saracens lying there dead. Saracens lying there dead. These pieces they cooked These pieces they cooked and ate, savagely and ate, savagely devouring the flesh while it devouring the flesh while it was insufficiently roasted."was insufficiently roasted."

- Fulcher of Chartres, Bishop - Fulcher of Chartres, Bishop and author of and author of A History of A History of the Expedition to Jerusalemthe Expedition to Jerusalem


Crusader Massacres – First Crusade:Crusader Massacres – First Crusade:

2. Jerusalem (July, 1099)2. Jerusalem (July, 1099)

- “The Franks killed more than 70,000 people in the Aqsa mosque, among them a large group of

Muslim imams, religious scholars, devout men and ascetics from amongst those who had left their homelands and lived in the vicinity of that Holy Place.”

- Ibn al-Athir


- “They collected the Jews in the “church” and burnt it down with them in it. They destroyed shrines and the tomb of Abraham.”

- Ibn Taghribirdi


““Many fled to the roof of the Many fled to the roof of the temple of Solomon, and temple of Solomon, and were shot with arrows, so were shot with arrows, so that they fell to the ground that they fell to the ground dead. In this temple almost dead. In this temple almost ten thousand were killed. ten thousand were killed. Indeed, if you had been Indeed, if you had been there you would have seen there you would have seen our feet colored to our our feet colored to our ankles with the blood of the ankles with the blood of the slain. But what more shall I slain. But what more shall I relate? None of them were relate? None of them were left alive; neither women left alive; neither women nor children were spared.”nor children were spared.”

- Fulcher of Chartres, “The Siege - Fulcher of Chartres, “The Siege of the City of Jerusalem”of the City of Jerusalem”


““Some of our men cut off the Some of our men cut off the heads of our enemies; others heads of our enemies; others shot them with arrows, so shot them with arrows, so that they fell from the that they fell from the towers; others tortured them towers; others tortured them longer by casting them into longer by casting them into the flames. Piles of heads, the flames. Piles of heads, hands and feet were to be hands and feet were to be seen in the streets of the seen in the streets of the city. It was necessary to pick city. It was necessary to pick one’s way over the bodies of one’s way over the bodies of men and horses.”men and horses.”

- - Raymund of AguilesRaymund of Aguiles


““In the Temple and porch of In the Temple and porch of Solomon, men rode in blood Solomon, men rode in blood up to their knees and bridle up to their knees and bridle reins. Indeed it was a just reins. Indeed it was a just and splendid judgement of and splendid judgement of God that this place should God that this place should be filled with the blood of be filled with the blood of the unbelievers since it had the unbelievers since it had suffered so long from their suffered so long from their blasphemies.”blasphemies.”

- Raymund of Aguiles- Raymund of Aguiles


Crusader views of the Muslims:Crusader views of the Muslims:

““They are a vial and abominable race, absolutely They are a vial and abominable race, absolutely alien to God and meet only for extermination.”alien to God and meet only for extermination.”

- Armstrong, pg. 183.- Armstrong, pg. 183.


Crusade #2 – (1147-1149) – Muslims win. Crusade #2 – (1147-1149) – Muslims win.

• Triggered by the Muslim reconquest of Edessa – Triggered by the Muslim reconquest of Edessa – 1144.1144.

• The next Crusade was not just an act of charity The next Crusade was not just an act of charity and war to win back holy places, it was an act of and war to win back holy places, it was an act of redemption. – Bernard, Abbey of Clairvaux.redemption. – Bernard, Abbey of Clairvaux.

• Some Crusaders went to Spain to fight the Some Crusaders went to Spain to fight the Muslims there.Muslims there.


• Muslims were more unified in the face of the Muslims were more unified in the face of the existing Crusader threat and occupation.existing Crusader threat and occupation.

• Nur al-Din – His defeat of the Crusaders led to the Nur al-Din – His defeat of the Crusaders led to the unification of Syria.unification of Syria.


Crusade #3 (1183-1192) – Muslims winCrusade #3 (1183-1192) – Muslims win

• Under Saladin, the united Muslim armies defeated the Crusaders Under Saladin, the united Muslim armies defeated the Crusaders and brought Jerusalem under Muslim rule once again (Oct. 1187)and brought Jerusalem under Muslim rule once again (Oct. 1187)

• Jerusalem was to remain under Muslim rule until 1918.Jerusalem was to remain under Muslim rule until 1918.

• Crusader attempts under King Richard (the Lionhearted) to win Crusader attempts under King Richard (the Lionhearted) to win back Jerusalem failed.back Jerusalem failed.

• Richard was able to secure the right for Christians to pray in Richard was able to secure the right for Christians to pray in Jerusalem. Jerusalem.

Salah al-Din ibn Ayyub – Salah al-Din ibn Ayyub – Saladin Saladin

(1138-1193)(1138-1193)• Kurdish Muslim from Syria.Kurdish Muslim from Syria.

• Conquered and united the Conquered and united the various Muslim group into an various Muslim group into an effective fighting force.effective fighting force.

• Introduced the concept of “jihad” Introduced the concept of “jihad” into the Muslim war effortinto the Muslim war effort

• Unlike the Crusaders, when Unlike the Crusaders, when Saladin conquered Jerusalem, he Saladin conquered Jerusalem, he did not harm the Christian and did not harm the Christian and Jewish population there.Jewish population there.

• Rejected an offer by King Richard Rejected an offer by King Richard to have joint Muslim-Christian to have joint Muslim-Christian rule of Jerusalem by having rule of Jerusalem by having Richard’s sister marry Saladin’s Richard’s sister marry Saladin’s brother.brother.

King Richard I of England King Richard I of England (Lionheart) – (1157-199)(Lionheart) – (1157-199)

• English ruler that led troops to English ruler that led troops to regain Jerusalem from Saladin’s regain Jerusalem from Saladin’s forces.forces.

• Did not view Muslims or Jews as Did not view Muslims or Jews as “barbarians” or “animals”“barbarians” or “animals”

• After his proposal to rule Jerusalem After his proposal to rule Jerusalem jointly through marriage was jointly through marriage was rejected, he asked Saladin’s brother rejected, he asked Saladin’s brother to convert to Christianity. He to convert to Christianity. He refused.refused.

• Saladin & Richard’s forces fought Saladin & Richard’s forces fought each other but they respected each each other but they respected each other greatly.other greatly.

IV. Holy War: The Crusades IV. Holy War: The Crusades - - ResultsResults1. Christian Crusaders were unsuccessful in taking control of

the Holy Land

- eventually it came under the control of the Ottoman Empire until 1918.

2. By the 1400’s, Ottoman Turks conquered southeastern Europe (the Balkans)

- most Albanians and many Bosnians converted to Islam

3. By 1492, the Catholics regained Spain from the Muslims.

IV. Holy War: The Spanish IV. Holy War: The Spanish ReconquistaReconquista

• Christian Spain was originally conquered by Arab and Berber Christian Spain was originally conquered by Arab and Berber armies from North Africa in the early 8armies from North Africa in the early 8thth century (711). century (711).

• Ummayad Spain was the focal point for the transmission of Ummayad Spain was the focal point for the transmission of Greek and Arabic achievements to Europe.Greek and Arabic achievements to Europe.

• Achieved impressive level of economic prosperity in the 9-Achieved impressive level of economic prosperity in the 9-1010thth centuries. centuries.

• Christians were not forced to convert to Islam. They did Christians were not forced to convert to Islam. They did learn Arabic language, customs, and manners. learn Arabic language, customs, and manners.

• Major Muslim centers in Spain: Cordova & Seville.Major Muslim centers in Spain: Cordova & Seville.


• The Catholic re-conquest of Spain happened when Muslim The Catholic re-conquest of Spain happened when Muslim unity broke down and civil wars broke out between them.unity broke down and civil wars broke out between them.

• Centers of Catholic resistance:Centers of Catholic resistance:

- Castile, Leon, Catalonia, Aragon, Navarre- Castile, Leon, Catalonia, Aragon, Navarre

• Aragon and Castile emerged as the leaders of the re-Aragon and Castile emerged as the leaders of the re-conquest and Spanish unification under Catholic ruleconquest and Spanish unification under Catholic rule

- Isabella of Castile- Isabella of Castile- Ferdinand of Aragon- Ferdinand of Aragon


• Spanish InquisitionSpanish Inquisition – begun in 1478 by Ferdinand & Isabella to – begun in 1478 by Ferdinand & Isabella to “safeguard the Catholic faith” by forcing Jews and Muslims to “safeguard the Catholic faith” by forcing Jews and Muslims to convert or leave Spain.convert or leave Spain.

- Out of a population of 200,000 Jews, about 150,000 left.- Out of a population of 200,000 Jews, about 150,000 left.

• Around the time of the Catholic liberation of Grenada, the last Around the time of the Catholic liberation of Grenada, the last Muslim stronghold in Spain, Ferdinand & Isabella financed the Muslim stronghold in Spain, Ferdinand & Isabella financed the journey of Christopher Columbus.journey of Christopher Columbus.

• Columbus and the Spanish conquistadors that came to Latin Columbus and the Spanish conquistadors that came to Latin America violently imposed Catholicism on the native population.America violently imposed Catholicism on the native population.

IV. The Conquistadors and IV. The Conquistadors and Christianity in South AmericaChristianity in South America• After liberating the Iberian peninsula, the Spaniards and After liberating the Iberian peninsula, the Spaniards and

Portuguese wanted to carry on the Crusade to Muslim North Portuguese wanted to carry on the Crusade to Muslim North Africa to convert them to Christianity.Africa to convert them to Christianity.

- Realizing it would be too costly to undertake such a - Realizing it would be too costly to undertake such a Crusade, they turned to converting the pagans of Crusade, they turned to converting the pagans of

Central and Central and South America. South America.

• The “Age of Exploration,” led by Portugal and Spain, also had a The “Age of Exploration,” led by Portugal and Spain, also had a large religious component to it: convert the pagans to large religious component to it: convert the pagans to Christianity.Christianity.

• Today, well over 90% of the population in Latin America and Today, well over 90% of the population in Latin America and the Caribbean are Christian.the Caribbean are Christian.

Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus (1451-(1451-1506)1506)

““Your Highness decided to Your Highness decided to send me, Christopher send me, Christopher Columbus, to see these Columbus, to see these parts of India and the parts of India and the princes and peoples of princes and peoples of those lands and consider those lands and consider the best means for their the best means for their conversion.”conversion.”

- Columbus to Ferdinand & - Columbus to Ferdinand & Isabella from his Isabella from his JournalJournal

Bartolome De Las Casas Bartolome De Las Casas (1474-1566)(1474-1566)

• Spanish Catholic priest of the Dominican order.Spanish Catholic priest of the Dominican order.

• Became a defender of the rights of the Became a defender of the rights of the indigenous people in response to Spanishindigenous people in response to Spanish atrocities committed against them.atrocities committed against them.

* Originally believed Columbus was ordained by God* Originally believed Columbus was ordained by God to bring Christianity to the New World:to bring Christianity to the New World:

- “Christum ferens” – carrier of Christ- “Christum ferens” – carrier of Christ

• By the time he wrote his By the time he wrote his Short Account of the Destruction Short Account of the Destruction of the Indiesof the Indies (1542, published 1875), he estimated that (1542, published 1875), he estimated that between 12-15 million natives were killed by the Spaniards.between 12-15 million natives were killed by the Spaniards.

IV. Holy War: Christians Against IV. Holy War: Christians Against ChristiansChristians

1.1. The Crusades and the The Crusades and the Sack of ConstantinopleSack of Constantinople

2.2. The Protestant The Protestant Reformation and the Reformation and the Religious WarsReligious Wars

IV. Holy War: Christians IV. Holy War: Christians Against Against ChristiansChristians1. Fourth Crusade (1202-1204): Catholics attack Eastern 1. Fourth Crusade (1202-1204): Catholics attack Eastern

Christians and sack ConstantinopleChristians and sack Constantinople

• The Western Christians (Crusaders) were amazed by and envious of the more economically and culturally advanced Byzantine Empire.

• Almost immediately upon their arrival on Byzantine territory during the First Crusade, tensions between the Catholics and Orthodox arose.

• The Crusader attack on and occupation of Constantinople weakened the Byzantine Empire and contributed to its defeat by the Ottoman Turks in 1453.

• Relations between the Eastern and Western Christian Churches, which split in 1054, became much worse as a result of the 4th Crusade.

IV. Holy War: Christians IV. Holy War: Christians Against Against ChristiansChristians

2. The Protestant Reformation and the 2. The Protestant Reformation and the Wars of Religion (1517-1648)Wars of Religion (1517-1648)

IV. Holy War: Christians Against IV. Holy War: Christians Against Christians – Factors That Led to the Christians – Factors That Led to the Protestant Protestant ReformationReformation1.1. Corruption, opulence, moral degradation of the Catholic ChurchCorruption, opulence, moral degradation of the Catholic Church

2.2. Renaissance – emphasis on secular achievements of the individualRenaissance – emphasis on secular achievements of the individual

3.3. Scientific Revolution – Scientific discoveries challenge the long-Scientific Revolution – Scientific discoveries challenge the long-standing teachings of the Church.standing teachings of the Church.

4. Rise of the nation-state and strong central governments in Europe4. Rise of the nation-state and strong central governments in Europe

- Rise of the monarchies- Rise of the monarchies

5. 5. Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation

- Luther taught that people don’t need the help of - Luther taught that people don’t need the help of clergy or clergy or the Church for salvation. Salvation the Church for salvation. Salvation comes from thecomes from the Bible.Bible.

IV. Holy War: Christians IV. Holy War: Christians Against Against ChristiansChristians• Efforts to reform the Catholic Church went Efforts to reform the Catholic Church went

back as far as the 11back as far as the 11thth century. century.

• In the 14-15In the 14-15thth centuries, reformers like John centuries, reformers like John Wycliffe (England) and Jan Hus (Bohemia / Wycliffe (England) and Jan Hus (Bohemia / Czech) – predated Martin Luther.Czech) – predated Martin Luther.

• 1517 – Luther posts 95 Theses. Eventually 1517 – Luther posts 95 Theses. Eventually excommunicated from the Catholic Church excommunicated from the Catholic Church by Pope Leo X (Medici).by Pope Leo X (Medici).

IV. Holy War: Protestant Reformation IV. Holy War: Protestant Reformation and the Wars of Religionand the Wars of Religion

Who joined Luther?Who joined Luther?

1.1. Disillusioned CatholicsDisillusioned Catholics

2.2. Middle class Germans unhappy paying tithe to Middle class Germans unhappy paying tithe to Catholic Church in RomeCatholic Church in Rome

3.3. German princes that wanted to gain land at German princes that wanted to gain land at Catholic Church expense and independence Catholic Church expense and independence from Holy Roman Emperorfrom Holy Roman Emperor

IssueIssue CatholicisCatholicismm

LutheranisLutheranismm

CalvinismCalvinism

SalvationSalvation Achieved through Achieved through faith and good faith and good worksworks

Achieved through Achieved through faithfaith

God God predetermines predetermines who will be who will be saved.saved.

SacramentsSacraments Priests perform 7 Priests perform 7 sacramentssacraments

Accept 2 Accept 2 sacraments but sacraments but reject others – reject others – rituals cannot erase rituals cannot erase sin, only God cansin, only God can

Accept 2 Accept 2 sacraments but sacraments but reject others – reject others – rituals cannot rituals cannot erase sin, only erase sin, only God canGod can

Head of the Head of the ChurchChurch

PopePope Elected CouncilsElected Councils Council of EldersCouncil of Elders

Importance of the Importance of the BibleBible

Bible is one Bible is one source of truth / source of truth / Church tradition is Church tradition is anotheranother

Bible alone is the Bible alone is the source of truthsource of truth

Bible alone is Bible alone is the source of the source of truthtruth

How Faith is How Faith is RevealedRevealed

Priests interpret Priests interpret the Bible and the Bible and Church teachings Church teachings for the peoplefor the people

People read and People read and interpret the Bible interpret the Bible for themselvesfor themselves

People read and People read and interpret the interpret the Bible for Bible for themselvesthemselves

IV. Holy War: Protestant IV. Holy War: Protestant Reformation and the Wars of Reformation and the Wars of ReligionReligion• Religious wars in the Holy Roman Empire between Catholics and Religious wars in the Holy Roman Empire between Catholics and

Protestants: 1) 1530-1555 2) 1618-1648.Protestants: 1) 1530-1555 2) 1618-1648.

- War breaks out in Holy Roman Empire in 1530.- War breaks out in Holy Roman Empire in 1530.- - 1555: Peace of Augsburg1555: Peace of Augsburg – declares all princes in the HRE – declares all princes in the HRE had the right to choose the religion of their realm had the right to choose the religion of their realm- victory for Lutherans- victory for Lutherans

-Thirty Years War (1618-1648)-Thirty Years War (1618-1648)- Catholics vs. Lutherans / Catholics & Lutherans vs. - Catholics vs. Lutherans / Catholics & Lutherans vs.

CalvinistsCalvinists- Holy Roman Empire devastated – no longer a European - Holy Roman Empire devastated – no longer a European

powerpower- - 1648: Treaty of Westphalia1648: Treaty of Westphalia – confirms Peace of Augsburg – confirms Peace of Augsburg and includes Calvinists – another victory for the and includes Calvinists – another victory for the

ProtestantsProtestants

IV. Holy War: Protestant IV. Holy War: Protestant Reformation and the Wars of Reformation and the Wars of ReligionReligion• Religious war in France: Catholics vs. Huguenots Religious war in France: Catholics vs. Huguenots

(Protestants) 1562-1598(Protestants) 1562-1598

- - 1598: Edict of Nantes1598: Edict of Nantes – Catholic Henry IV – Catholic Henry IV grants grants religious toleration for Huguenots. religious toleration for Huguenots.

• 1527-15341527-1534: English “Reformation” begins with : English “Reformation” begins with Henry VIII rejecting Papal authority and beginning Henry VIII rejecting Papal authority and beginning his own Church – the Anglican Church.his own Church – the Anglican Church.

- Religious and political strife erupts in- Religious and political strife erupts in 1640 – 1640 – English Civil WarEnglish Civil War..

Documents

Unit 2: Religion: Consensus and Conflict Christianity