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Unit 2: History and Institutional Structures of Road Safety Management
22
Tracking your way through Road Safety 101
Unit 2: The History and Institutional Structures of Road Safety Management
Module 1: The Foundation for Road Safety Management Policy
Module 2: Safety Management Roles and Responsibilities
Module 3: Road Safety Education Opportunities
Module 4: Funding Sources, Requirements, and Opportunities
Unit 23
The Foundation for Road Safety Management Policy
LEARNING OBJECTIVE:
Identify the legislative initiatives, program development and delivery structures, research initiatives, and other factors that have shaped road safety management practices.
Unit 24
Major Topics
Key Events and Legislation
Federal Programs Established in the 70’s and 80’s
Current Structure and Priorities
Road Safety Research Initiatives
Unit 25
A History Lesson
Unit 26
Road Safety in the 1960s
“…Gravest problem before the nation.”
Unit 27
Key Events and Legislation
Unit 28
Road Safety Legislation – 1960s
1966 National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act• Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards
• Research and development
• National Driver Register
1966 Highway Safety Act• Highway safety grant program
• Uniform standards
• Road user behavior
• Governor’s Representatives
Federal/State Partnership
Unit 29
Road Safety -- ’70s and ’80s
1973 Highway Safety Act• Conduct a survey of all hazardous locations. • Study the causes of crashes at those locations. • Conduct a benefit/cost analysis of proposed mitigation
strategies at those locations. • Prioritize improvements based on the results of the benefit/cost
ratio analysis.
Categorical Funding• Highway-rail grade crossings; • High hazard locations; • Pavement marking demonstration programs; • Elimination of roadside obstacles; and• Federal-aid safer roads demonstration.
Unit 210
’70s and ’80s (cont.)
Commercial Motor Vehicles
Crash number and severity
Hazardous materials incidents
FMCSA
Unit 211
1990s Legislation
1991 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
1998 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century
Unit 212
TEA-21
Safety Conscious Planning
Unit 213
Where we are today
2005 Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act – A Legacy for Users
Highway Safety Improvement Program
Strategic Highway Safety Plan
Unit 214
Today (cont.)
High-Risk Rural Roads
Highway Rail Grade Crossing
Other Features of SAFETEA-LU• Safe Routes to School
• Traffic Records Systems Improvements (Section 408)
• Incentive Grants and Transfer Programs (continued from TEA-21)
Unit 215
Road Safety Research Initiatives
1972 – 1977 Indiana Tri-Level Study
Crash Factors
Human 93%
Environmental 34%
Vehicle 13%
Unit 216
Thinking about Human Factors
Chevrons
Flashing beacons
Rumble strips and stripes
Ambulance service
Trauma centers
Unit 217
Road Safety Research Initiatives
National Academies of Science
Transportation Research Board (TRB)
National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP)• AASHTO
• FHWA
• TRB
Unit 218
University Research
University Research
University of Michigan
University of North Carolina
Iowa State University
Texas A&M University
Unit 219
Private Sector Research
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety• vehicle
• road user
• roadway factors
Vehicle Research Center
Highway Loss Data Institute
Unit 220
Federal Research
FHWA
NHTSA
FMCSA
FTA
Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration
Unit 221
Review
Key Events and Legislation
Federal Programs Established in the 70’s and 80’s
Current Structure and Priorities
Road Safety Research Initiatives
Unit 222
Safety Management Roles and Responsibilities
Describe the institutional roles and responsibilities within which safety is managed by federal/state/local governments, private/nonprofit interest groups, professional associations, and research institutions.
Unit 223
Major Topics
Federal Agencies
State Agencies
Local Agencies
Private/Nonprofit Interest Groups and Professional Associations
Research Groups
Unit 224
Federal Agencies
Unit 226
Federal Agencies (cont.)
FMSCA
FRA
FTA
Unit 227
State Agencies
State DOTs• Design
• Construction
• Maintenance
• Operations
• Planning
Governor’s Highway Safety Representative• Behavioral safety initiatives
• State/local coordination
Unit 228
State Agencies (cont.)
Department of Motor Vehicles
State Police and Departments of Public Safety
Departments of Health and Education
Unit 229
Local Agencies
City and County DOTs or Public Works
City and County Law Enforcement Agencies
Safe Communities Coalitions
Unit 230
Local Agencies (cont.)
City and County Emergency Management Agencies
City and County Health Departments
City and County Public School Systems
Unit 2
Interest Groups
Associations of Individuals or Organizations
Promote Common Interests
May be Restricted on Lobbying Activities
Can Communicate Effectively with Decision Makers
Need to be Educated and Informed about Road Safety
Unit 2
Public Interest Groups
Shared Interest
Member Services
Advocacy Tools• Mobilize citizens
• Change opinions
• Disseminate policy reports
• Arrange meetings
Unit 2
AAA
Traffic Safety Focus Areas:• Building safer roads
• Reducing high-risk driving
• Improving safety data collection
Advocacy Work at National and State Level
Example Campaign: “Slow Down and Move Over”
Unit 2
MADD
Federal and State policy
Grassroots approaches: PI&E campaigns
• Administrative License Revocation
• Federal 21 Minimum Drinking Age Law
• .08 BAC laws
Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving
National Commission Against Drunk Driving
National Drunk and Drugged Driving Awareness Month
Unit 2
Interest Group Policy Influence
Unit 2
Private Sector Associations
Represent Industry Interests
Advocacy Tools:
• Meetings with legislators
• Campaign contributions
• Publication of policy reports
• Industry advertising
Unit 2
American Insurance Association (AIA)
Represents Property-casualty Insurers
Interested in Reducing Crashes
Advocate for Safety Belt Laws, Impaired Driving Penalties, Automated Enforcement, etc.
Supports Safety Research (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety)
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More Examples
American Traffic Safety Services Association
American Road Transportation Builders Association
National Safety Council
Unit 2
Professional Associations
Maximize Public Funding
Reduce Regulatory Burden
Protect Public Interest
Provide Member Services
Unit 2
AASHTO
The American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials
Represents state departments of transportation (DOTs)
Advises governments on all aspects of transportation policy
Safety interests• Traffic safety is a focus area (SCOHTS)
• Example: Model SHSP
Unit 2
GHSA
The Governors Highway Safety Association
Represents Governors’ Highway Safety Representatives
Focus on Behavioral Safety Solutions• Occupant protection
• Impaired driving
• Traffic records
• Speeding and aggressive driving
Conducts Legislative Advocacy
Provides Member Services
Unit 2
Research Institutions
Advocacy role• Expert testimony
• Testing new and existing safety solutions
• Analytical support
Institutions• Academic
• Public
• Private
Unit 2
Highway Safety Research Center
Formed by state legislature
Ongoing safety research on a variety of topics
Example of influence:• Developed and evaluated graduated driver licensing
system• Results solidified support for the program
Funding• Federal, state, and local governments• Private organizations• University of North Carolina
Unit 2
Texas Transportation Institute
Created to Serve the Texas Highway Department
Both a State Agency and Part of Texas A&M
Receives State, Federal, and Private Funds
Researches Broad Range of Transportation Subjects
Includes a Center for Transportation Safety
Unit 2
TTI Research Results: Safer Guardrail
Unit 2
Interest group conflict and collaboration
Types of conflict:
Public vs. private interests
Public vs. public interests
Benefits
Success Stories
Unit 2
Summary on Interest Groups
Public interest groups
Private sector interest groups
Professional associations
Research institutions
Conflict and collaboration
Unit 248
Review
Federal Agencies
State and Local Agencies
Private/Nonprofit Interest Groups
Professional Associations
Research Groups
Unit 2
Exercise #3 Internet Research
49
Unit 250
Road Safety Education Opportunities
Describe road safety education and training opportunities available in the U.S.
Unit 251
Major Topics
Federal Education and Training Institutes
Federal Training Programs
University-based Education
Private Industry Education and Training Opportunities
Science-based Road Safety Education
Unit 252
The Need for Education and Training
Aging Safety Workforce
Lack of Experience among Young Professionals
Lack of Core Safety Knowledge
Unit 253
Federal Institutions
http://www.nhi.fhwa.dot.gov
http://www.tsi.dot.gov/Catalog/Default.aspx?value=DTI-70
Unit 254
Institutions (cont.)
http://www.ntionline.com/Courses.asp
http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/about/outreach/outreach.htm
Unit 255
FHWA Training Programs
Road Safety Professional Capacity Building Program• http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/training/index.htm
LTAP/TTAP• http://www.ltapt2.org/
Focused Training• RSAs
• SCR
• Media Training
Unit 256
Results of a University-Based Education Scan
Limited Opportunities• Engineering
• Public Health
Limited Science-based Educational Opportunities
Unit 257
University-State Partnerships
Pennsylvania State University
Old Dominion University
Texas Transportation Institute
University of Michigan Transportation Research Center
Iowa State University
Highway Safety Research Center (UNC)
Unit 258
Public Health Training and Education
Johns Hopkins University
• http://www.jhsph.edu/injurycenter/Education_and_Training/index.html
University of Pittsburgh
• http://www.circl.pitt.edu/
• http://www.circl.pitt.edu/html/seminars.htm
University of California – Berkeley
• http://www.tsc.berkeley.edu/
Unit 259
Law Enforcement Training and Education
Local and State Training Academies• http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/slleta02.htm
IPTM • http://www.iptm.org/
Northwestern University Center for Public Safety• http://nucps.northwestern.edu/
Unit 260
Other Education and Training Opportunities AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety
American Traffic Safety Services Association
Governors Highway Safety Association
Institute for Transportation Engineers
Unit 261
Science-Based Road Safety Education
Pragmatic vs. Science-Based Safety• Standards, warrants, and guidelines
• Science-Based tools and references
University Education
Training Courses
Unit 262
Review
Federal Education and Training Institutes
Federal Training Programs
University-based Education
Private Industry Education and Training Opportunities
Science-based Road Safety Education
Unit 263
Funding Sources, Requirements, and Opportunities
Identify, access, and share funding to support road safety initiatives.
Unit 264
Main Topics
Federal Transportation Funding Structure and Resources
Sources of State and Local Revenue
Alternative Funding Opportunities
Best Practices and Barriers in Accessing and Sharing Resources
A Case Study in Resource Sharing
Unit 265
Federal Funding Structure
Federal Highway Trust Fund (1956)
Fuel Taxes (90%)
Truck Sales Tax
Tire Tax
Heavy Vehicle Use Tax
Unit 266
Federal Funding Structure
FHWA Core programs• Interstate Maintenance
• National Highway System
• Surface Transportation Program
• Highway Bridge and Bridge Maintenance
• Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality
• Highway Safety Improvement Program
• Equity Bonus
Other Federal Agencies
Unit 267
Federal Resources – FHWA
Highway Safety Improvement Program
Core Funding Program
$5.1 Billion over 4 Years
High Crash Location Focus
Set Asides• Highway Rail Grade Crossings• High Risk Rural Roads• Safe Routes to School
Flex Program
Unit 268
Federal Resources – NHTSA
State & Community Highway Safety Program
Nearly $900 million for Fiscal Years 2006-2009
Safety problems related to human factors and the roadway environment
States plan for distribution of funds annually – Highway Safety Performance Plans
Certification – funds support national highway safety goals• National mobilizations• Sustained enforcement of impaired driving, occupant
protection, and speed• Annual safety belt observation surveys• Statewide data systems
Unit 269
NHTSA – Section 408
Purpose • Accuracy
• Accessibility
• Completeness
• Integration
• Timeliness
• Uniformity
Grant Requirements
Unit 270
Other NHTSA Grant Funds
Safety Belt Incentive Grants
Grants to Prevent Racial Profiling
Impaired Driving Grants
Motorcycle Safety Grants
Penalty Transfer Funds
Unit 271
Federal Resources – FMCSA
Motor Carrier Safety Assistance Program
Reduce number and severity of CMV crashes and hazardous materials incidents
Promotes adoption and uniform enforcement of safety rules, regulations, and standards by interstate and intrastate motor carriers
Allocation of funds to states by categories
Portion of funds can be used for data collection and analysis and improvements to existing systems
Unit 272
Challenges to Future Financing
End of FY2009, Highway Account – Negative $4.3B
To Maintain Highway and Transit Systems – $50B Annual Gap
To Improve the Systems – $100B Annual Gap
Unit 273
Sources of State Revenue
Fuel Taxes
Vehicle Registration Fees
Motor Carrier Taxes
Tolls
General Fund Appropriations
Other Taxes and Fees
Bond Sales
Unit 274
Sources of Local Revenue
Motor Fuel and Motor Vehicle Taxes
Tolls
Property Taxes
Other Special Taxes
Bonds
General Fund Appropriations
Unit 275
Alternative Funding Opportunities
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety
Insurance industry
Auto clubs, such as AAA
In-kind Support
Unit 276
Funding Opportunities on the Web
Grants.Gov www.grants.gov http://www.grants.gov/aboutgrants/about_grants_gov.jsp
CDC Grant Funding Opportunity Announcements http://www.cdc.gov/od/pgo/funding/FOAs.htm
State Agency Websites – State Procurement, DOTs, Highway Safety Offices, Departments of Public Safety and Public Health
Unit 277
Best Practices for Accessing Funding
Identify Needed Resources
Identify Funding Sources
"Pitch" the Project
Make Your Case
Maintain Relationships
Professionally Appropriate Proposals
Unit 278
Opportunities to Share/Leverage Resources
Scan the environment • Similar or related programs/initiatives
• Similar target or focus audiences
Cross-jurisdictional Initiatives• State support for local and regional efforts
• Multi-jurisdictional enforcement teams
• Data sharing
Unit 279
Barriers to Sharing Resources
Lack of Knowledge of Available Resources
Inadequate Communication
Lack of Respect or Trust
Institutional “Cultural” Differences
Different Missions and Priorities
Confidentiality/Legal Issues
Different Planning Cycles
Rigid Funding Criteria
Unit 280
Overcoming Barriers
Cross-train Stakeholders
Develop Information Sharing Strategies
Document Funding Arrangements
Ask Agencies to Adopt New Policies
Consider Non-traditional Resources
Unit 281
A Case Study in Resource Sharing
The South Carolina Department of Transportation Work Zone Initiative
• Department of Transportation
• Department of Public Safety
• Emergency Medical Services
• Counties
• Cities
• Law Enforcement
• Federal Highway Administration
Unit 282
The South Carolina Partnership
Marketing
Partnerships
Resources
All It Takes Is Everyone!
Unit 283
Review
Federal Transportation Funding Structure and Resources
Sources of State and Local Revenue
Alternative Funding Opportunities
Best Practices and Barriers in Accessing and Sharing Resources
A Case Study in Resource Sharing
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