Unit 2: Unit 2: From Exploration Through From Exploration Through

IndependenceIndependence

Georgia HistoryGeorgia History

Unit 2Unit 2

• Why were the native people in North Why were the native people in North America called “Indians?”America called “Indians?”

• How long have people lived in North How long have people lived in North America?America?

• Which European country colonized Which European country colonized Georgia?Georgia?

Chapter 3: Chapter 3: The Land and Its Early The Land and Its Early

PeoplePeople• Terms: archaeologist, artifact, shale, Terms: archaeologist, artifact, shale,

anthropologist, culture, horticulture, anthropologist, culture, horticulture, tribe, clantribe, clan

• People: Paleo Indians, Archaic Indians, People: Paleo Indians, Archaic Indians, Woodland Indians, Mississippian Indians, Woodland Indians, Mississippian Indians,

• Places: Bering Strait, Etowa Indian Places: Bering Strait, Etowa Indian Mounds, Kolomoki Indian Mounds, Mounds, Kolomoki Indian Mounds, Nacoochee MoundNacoochee Mound

The Last Ice AgeThe Last Ice Age• The last (Wisconsin) began about 70,000 years The last (Wisconsin) began about 70,000 years

ago, and ended 10,000 years ago. ago, and ended 10,000 years ago. • During the beginning of this ice age humans and During the beginning of this ice age humans and

many other animals only existed in Africa and many other animals only existed in Africa and Europe.Europe.

• During an ice age, much on the water on earth During an ice age, much on the water on earth becomes trapped in ice and ocean levels go down.becomes trapped in ice and ocean levels go down.

• When the world ocean level went down a land When the world ocean level went down a land bridge occurred between Russia and Alaska.bridge occurred between Russia and Alaska.

• Humans and animals began migrating across this Humans and animals began migrating across this enormous land bridge and did so for thousands of enormous land bridge and did so for thousands of years.years.

• This is how the first people came to North America. This is how the first people came to North America. The earth began to thaw about 10,000 years ago The earth began to thaw about 10,000 years ago and returned much of the water to the ocean – and returned much of the water to the ocean – covering the land bridge. covering the land bridge.

Animals in North AmericaAnimals in North America

• Beavers were as large Beavers were as large as bears. Giant Sloths as bears. Giant Sloths were as large as were as large as modern elephants. modern elephants. Some birds had wing Some birds had wing spans of over 15 feet.spans of over 15 feet.

• Other animals that Other animals that existed here in North existed here in North America after the sea America after the sea levels returned levels returned included Wooly included Wooly Mammoths, Saber Mammoths, Saber tooth Tigers, Lions, tooth Tigers, Lions, Camels, Zebras – Yes – Camels, Zebras – Yes – in North America. in North America.

• These fossils were foundThese fossils were found

off the coast of Georgia.off the coast of Georgia.

They are currently at UGA. They are currently at UGA.

Section 1: How Did We Section 1: How Did We Learn About the Earliest Learn About the Earliest

People?People?• Until only 6,000 year ago humans Until only 6,000 year ago humans

depended on oral tradition to report depended on oral tradition to report what had happened in years past.what had happened in years past.

• Later civilizations used cave walls, Later civilizations used cave walls, animal hides, or tree bark to record animal hides, or tree bark to record stories of past events, first in crude stories of past events, first in crude drawings, then pictographs, and then drawings, then pictographs, and then in symbols representing sounds.in symbols representing sounds.

ArchaeologistArchaeologist

• Dig into the earth to find artifacts Dig into the earth to find artifacts that tell us something about early that tell us something about early inhabitants.inhabitants.

Artifacts & ShaleArtifacts & Shale

• Artifacts: pottery shards, Artifacts: pottery shards, weapons, tools, jewelry, or weapons, tools, jewelry, or any items that were made any items that were made by people. Artifacts also by people. Artifacts also include fossils.include fossils.

• Shale: a type of rock that Shale: a type of rock that is formed in successive is formed in successive layers. Two pieces of shale layers. Two pieces of shale can encase the total body can encase the total body of a bird or a prehistoric of a bird or a prehistoric animal.animal.

Carbon 14 DatingCarbon 14 Dating

• Radioactive carbon is in all living Radioactive carbon is in all living things.things.

• When something dies it begins to When something dies it begins to lose carbon at a specific rate.lose carbon at a specific rate.

• By learning how much carbon is left By learning how much carbon is left in the remains of a plant or animal, in the remains of a plant or animal, scientists can calculate within about scientists can calculate within about 200 years when it lived.200 years when it lived.

AnthropologistsAnthropologists

• Use artifacts, along Use artifacts, along with cave drawings, with cave drawings, well-traveled well-traveled pathways, and oral pathways, and oral history to study the history to study the culture of a group.culture of a group.

• What is the What is the difference between difference between an anthropologist an anthropologist and an and an archaeologist?archaeologist?

CultureCulture

• Culture is a term that Culture is a term that describes the beliefs, describes the beliefs, traditions, music, art, traditions, music, art, and social and social institutions of a institutions of a group of people who group of people who share common share common experiences.experiences.

• Anthropologists may Anthropologists may also study artifacts also study artifacts and fossils to find out and fossils to find out how groups of people how groups of people lived.lived.

Did You Know?Did You Know?

• B.C. stands for “Before Christ” and B.C. stands for “Before Christ” and means the number of years before means the number of years before the birth of Jesus Christ. the birth of Jesus Christ.

• A.D. means “Anno Domini” which is A.D. means “Anno Domini” which is Latin for “in the year of our Lord.”Latin for “in the year of our Lord.”

Prehistoric PeoplePrehistoric People• Early people are identified by cultural Early people are identified by cultural

periods. No two cultures were exactly alike periods. No two cultures were exactly alike and changes took place slowly. and changes took place slowly. Archaeologists have grouped people into Archaeologists have grouped people into the following cultures:the following cultures:

• PaleoPaleo

• ArchaicArchaic

• WoodlandWoodland

• MississippianMississippian

Paleo IndiansPaleo Indians(30,000 B.C. – 8,000 B.C.) (30,000 B.C. – 8,000 B.C.)

we thinkwe think

• The earliest known culture is that of the The earliest known culture is that of the Paleo Indians, whose culture began when Paleo Indians, whose culture began when the first human beings migrated into North the first human beings migrated into North America (around 30,000 B.C. ) and lasted America (around 30,000 B.C. ) and lasted until about 10,000 years ago.until about 10,000 years ago.

• The word Paleo comes from Greek and The word Paleo comes from Greek and means very old or long ago.means very old or long ago.

• Because most tools and spear points used Because most tools and spear points used by the people of this culture were made of by the people of this culture were made of stone, this period is referred to as the stone, this period is referred to as the Paleolithic (old stone) age.Paleolithic (old stone) age.

What defines the What defines the Paleo Indian PeriodPaleo Indian Period

• ClovisClovis

• AtlatlAtlatl

• Nomadic bands of 25-50 peopleNomadic bands of 25-50 people

• Short lifespan males 25; females a little Short lifespan males 25; females a little olderolder

ClovisClovis

• Clovis points were made by Paleo Indian Clovis points were made by Paleo Indian hunters. These hunters stalked game with these hunters. These hunters stalked game with these points and often times surrounded mammoths, points and often times surrounded mammoths, mastodons, and other large game forcing them mastodons, and other large game forcing them to jump off cliffs in order to kill them. to jump off cliffs in order to kill them.

• Archaeologists believe the points were hafted Archaeologists believe the points were hafted to short shafts, which in turn were mounted into to short shafts, which in turn were mounted into sockets on heavier spear shafts. This provided sockets on heavier spear shafts. This provided for "reloadable" spears! The spear could be for "reloadable" spears! The spear could be thrown by hand or with the aid of the atlatl. thrown by hand or with the aid of the atlatl.

AtlatlAtlatl• Atlatl- A smooth stone sling-like Atlatl- A smooth stone sling-like

implement that threw darts far more implement that threw darts far more accurately than if they were thrown accurately than if they were thrown by hand.by hand.

• It enabled the Paleo hunters to kill It enabled the Paleo hunters to kill animals for food from far away rather animals for food from far away rather than forcing them to get too close to than forcing them to get too close to their prey. (which may kill them)their prey. (which may kill them)

Difficult Nomadic LifeDifficult Nomadic Life• Because Paleo Indians were nomads and Because Paleo Indians were nomads and

moved around a lot it has been hard to find moved around a lot it has been hard to find a lot of artifacts that give us a lot of a lot of artifacts that give us a lot of information on them.information on them.

• However, from what we know these folks However, from what we know these folks had very difficult lives, only living to the age had very difficult lives, only living to the age of around 25 for males and a little longer for of around 25 for males and a little longer for females.females.

• The animals that they had to kill and live off The animals that they had to kill and live off of were very big (mammoths, mastodons, of were very big (mammoths, mastodons, giant sloths, etc…) and were dangerous to giant sloths, etc…) and were dangerous to hunt. Also, these people were not at the top hunt. Also, these people were not at the top of the food chain and were often eaten of the food chain and were often eaten themselves. Food could be scarce and tribal themselves. Food could be scarce and tribal conflicts were a daily issue. Humans were conflicts were a daily issue. Humans were very violent towards each other.very violent towards each other.

Archaic IndiansArchaic Indians(8,000 B.C. – 1,000 B.C.)(8,000 B.C. – 1,000 B.C.)

• The Archaic The Archaic period (from period (from the word the word archaic, archaic, meaning “old” meaning “old” included three included three distinct time distinct time spans: early, spans: early, middle and middle and late.late.

What defines the What defines the Archaic Indian PeriodArchaic Indian Period

• Large animals become extinctLarge animals become extinct

• Nomadic life endsNomadic life ends

• Primitive to sophisticated toolsPrimitive to sophisticated tools

• HorticultureHorticulture

• Pottery and cooking/storing foodPottery and cooking/storing food

Early Archaic PeriodEarly Archaic Period

• During the early Archaic period, from During the early Archaic period, from about 8,000 BC to about 5,000 BC, about 8,000 BC to about 5,000 BC, the people still hunted large game.the people still hunted large game.

• The problem was that these animals The problem was that these animals were becoming extinct because of were becoming extinct because of over-hunting.over-hunting.

• Archaic Indians began hunting Archaic Indians began hunting smaller animals, such as deer, bear, smaller animals, such as deer, bear, turkey and rabbit.turkey and rabbit.

Dealing with ChangeDealing with Change• Hunters made their spears and points smaller for Hunters made their spears and points smaller for

the new game. the new game.

• They also began to eat reptile, game birds, and fish.They also began to eat reptile, game birds, and fish.

• Early Archaic began inventing primitive tools from Early Archaic began inventing primitive tools from stone and bones and trading with each other.stone and bones and trading with each other.

• Archaic people during this period continued to Archaic people during this period continued to move but mostly seasonally to where the best food move but mostly seasonally to where the best food could be found during that season.could be found during that season.

Middle Archaic PeriodMiddle Archaic Period• Geographers tell us that by 5000 BC, when the Geographers tell us that by 5000 BC, when the

middle Archaic period began, the area grew middle Archaic period began, the area grew warm and dry.warm and dry.

• Water levels along rivers and coastal areas Water levels along rivers and coastal areas receded, and the people began to eat receded, and the people began to eat shellfish, such as mussels and clams.shellfish, such as mussels and clams.

• Scientists have found hooks made from animal Scientists have found hooks made from animal bones.bones.

• Hunting became easier, getting food became Hunting became easier, getting food became easier and people didn’t have to move so easier and people didn’t have to move so much during this period.much during this period.

Late Archaic PeriodLate Archaic Period• A common artifact from the late Archaic A common artifact from the late Archaic

period (4000 BC to 1000 BC) is the grooved period (4000 BC to 1000 BC) is the grooved axe. axe.

• Indians made this tool by putting a stone Indians made this tool by putting a stone axe head on a wooden handle.axe head on a wooden handle.

• They used the axes to clear trees and brush They used the axes to clear trees and brush to make camps.to make camps.

• People figured out how to cultivate plants People figured out how to cultivate plants and trees and grow gardens.and trees and grow gardens.

• They also figured out to how to domesticate They also figured out to how to domesticate animals and keep them around so that they animals and keep them around so that they didn’t have to chase them around to kill didn’t have to chase them around to kill them.them.

• This means that people began setting up This means that people began setting up permanent villages.permanent villages.

• The discovery of Horticulture, the The discovery of Horticulture, the science of cultivating plants, was one science of cultivating plants, was one of the most important discoveries of of the most important discoveries of all time!!!all time!!!

An Important EventAn Important Event

• By 2500 BC, By 2500 BC, the climate the climate had become had become cooler and cooler and

wetter, much wetter, much like the like the

climate of GA climate of GA today. Water today. Water filled rivers, filled rivers,

streams, and streams, and lakes.lakes.

MiddensMiddens• Shell fish became Shell fish became

such a popular thing such a popular thing to eat that large to eat that large groups of Late groups of Late Archaic Indians would Archaic Indians would gather at different gather at different location along the location along the coast of Georgia. coast of Georgia. These big eating These big eating parties resulted in parties resulted in HUGE piles of HUGE piles of discarded shells. discarded shells. These large mounds, These large mounds, called middens, still called middens, still exist today.exist today.

A New Way to CookA New Way to Cook

• The way food was The way food was prepared also changed. prepared also changed. Pottery shards dating Pottery shards dating from this period indicate from this period indicate that clay containers that clay containers were used for storing, were used for storing, cooking and serving cooking and serving food.food.

• Pottery was one of the Pottery was one of the greatest contributions greatest contributions the Archaic Indians the Archaic Indians made to Native made to Native American culture.American culture.

Woodland IndiansWoodland Indians(1,000 B.C. – 1,000 A.D.)(1,000 B.C. – 1,000 A.D.)

• The Woodland Indian period lasted The Woodland Indian period lasted only 2,000 years; however, the only 2,000 years; however, the natives alive during this time made natives alive during this time made some major accomplishments.some major accomplishments.

What defines the What defines the Woodland Indian PeriodWoodland Indian Period

• Tribes develop villagesTribes develop villages

• Pottery becomes durable and usefulPottery becomes durable and useful

• Religious ceremonies beginReligious ceremonies begin

• Effigies and burial mounds are builtEffigies and burial mounds are built

Woodland Indian PeriodWoodland Indian Period• The first tribes The first tribes

begin to developbegin to develop• Tribe: A group of Tribe: A group of

people that share a people that share a common ancestry, common ancestry, name and way of name and way of life.life.

• Because of Because of archaeological archaeological finds called post finds called post molds we know molds we know that the Woodland that the Woodland people lived in people lived in dome-shaper dome-shaper homes and homes and established established villages.villages.

Woodland Way of LifeWoodland Way of Life

• Fishing, hunting, picking Fishing, hunting, picking berries and growing some berries and growing some vegetables made food very vegetables made food very easy to have.easy to have.

• The Woodland people also The Woodland people also figured out how to make figured out how to make pottery last longer by pottery last longer by using clay and by baking using clay and by baking the pottery in a fire (first the pottery in a fire (first kilns) making it hard kilns) making it hard enough to cook withenough to cook with

Woodland ReligionWoodland Religion

• Religious ceremonies Religious ceremonies began and became began and became very elaborate as very elaborate as ideas spread through ideas spread through tradetrade

• Woodland people built Woodland people built burial mounds and burial mounds and adorned their dead adorned their dead with riches – with riches – indicating that they indicating that they believed in an after believed in an after life.life.

• Woodland Indians also Woodland Indians also created effigies like created effigies like Rock Eagle.Rock Eagle.

Mississippian PeriodMississippian Period(700 A.D. – 1540 A.D.)(700 A.D. – 1540 A.D.)

• Known to be the highest prehistoric Known to be the highest prehistoric civilization in Georgia (the most civilization in Georgia (the most complex and functional civilization complex and functional civilization before written records).before written records).

What defines the What defines the Mississippian Indian PeriodMississippian Indian Period

• Sophisticated gardens, crop rotation and Sophisticated gardens, crop rotation and store-housesstore-houses

• Elaborate villages with palisades, motes and Elaborate villages with palisades, motes and religious templesreligious temples

• Complex religious, political and government Complex religious, political and government organization within the villages (chiefdoms)organization within the villages (chiefdoms)

Mississippian Way of LifeMississippian Way of Life

• The Mississippian The Mississippian Indians grew most Indians grew most of their food from of their food from gardens (pumpkins, gardens (pumpkins, maize or corn, maize or corn, squash, beans, squash, beans, etc…) and etc…) and supplemented their supplemented their diets with meats.diets with meats.

• They had figured They had figured out the complex out the complex idea and invention idea and invention of crop rotation.of crop rotation.

Crop RotationCrop Rotation

Mississippian StyleMississippian Style

• These Indians dressed These Indians dressed up, fixed their hair in up, fixed their hair in different ways and different ways and wore beads and other wore beads and other jewelry.jewelry.

• They typically had They typically had body art and tattoos.body art and tattoos.

Mississippian CommunitiesMississippian Communities• Mississippian Indians lived in massive villages with Mississippian Indians lived in massive villages with

sometimes thousands of families.sometimes thousands of families.• They were very religious and built large religious They were very religious and built large religious

temples on flat top mounds that their priest/chief usually temples on flat top mounds that their priest/chief usually lived in.lived in.

• They developed governments, political and social They developed governments, political and social organizations called chiefdoms – where the priest/chief organizations called chiefdoms – where the priest/chief was ruler.was ruler.

• A chiefdom may include several villages.A chiefdom may include several villages.

Mississippian WarMississippian War• Mississippian Mississippian

villages were often villages were often surrounded by surrounded by motes and palisades motes and palisades (wooden fences).(wooden fences).

• They usually had They usually had guard towers.guard towers.

• What does this tell What does this tell you about what was you about what was probably taking probably taking place during this place during this time?time?

The End of Prehistoric AmericaThe End of Prehistoric America

• Hernando de Soto began exploring in Hernando de Soto began exploring in this region around 1540.this region around 1540.

• The Native Americans here vanished The Native Americans here vanished within 60 years of his explorations.within 60 years of his explorations.

• Because this was a prehistoric period Because this was a prehistoric period we may never know why.we may never know why.

• Why do you think these Native Why do you think these Native Americans disappeared?Americans disappeared?