Unit 2 Civilization and Development

in the Neolithic Age

Section 3

Egypt

Key Terms

• shadoof = ___________________• pharaoh = ___________________• pyramids = ___________________• embalming = ___________________ • mummy = ___________________

• hieroglyphics• papyrus• Narmer• Ahmose• Thutmose III

• Hatshepsut• Amenhotep IV• Nile River• Punt• Thebes

The Nile

• The Nile River Valley is located in Northeast Africa.

• It is the ____________ river in the world.

• Its inhabitants borrowed many of their ideas from the ____________.

The Extent of the River

• The Nile flows 4,145 miles from the mountains of central Africa to the Mediterranean Sea.

• Shortly before it reaches the sea it branches into a fertile fan shaped area called a ____________.

• Most ancient Egyptians lived in the delta region.

• This area was protected from foreign invasions by the desert, the sea, and waterfalls called ____________.

Advantages of the Egyptians

• The Egyptians had a tremendous ____________ over other river valley civilizations.–The Nile flooded its banks every

year in the middle of July.

• When the flood water receded, the plains were left with ____________, which was extremely fertile soil good for growing crops.

• Egyptians planted when the soil was still wet.

• To water their fields they built a machine called a ____________, to lift water from the basin.

The Old Kingdom

• At first there were two __________ of Egypt.

• Upper Egypt = Southern Area

• Lower Egypt = The Delta Area

Lower Egypt

Upper Egypt

King Narmer

• Also known as ____________• From Upper Egypt• In c.3100 BC he led his armies

north to the Delta region, married one of its princesses, and united the country.

• He wore a double crown.–High white for the south–Shallow red for the north.

• Set up his capital in ____________, a city on the border of upper and lower Egypt.

• In c.2600 BC the _______________ began.

• Most Egyptians did not live in the cities at this time.

• They live on large estates along the banks of the Nile.

Egyptian Rulers

• The first Egyptian rulers were kings.

• Later they were called ___________, which meant “great house”–The pharaoh was a ruler, a priest,

and a god.

• Owned all of the land in Egypt.–Gave large amounts to ________

and rich Egyptians.• Made sure the land produced well.• Built dams and irrigation canals.

Duties of the Pharaoh

• Built granaries.• Chose all government officials.• Collected taxes.• Gathered building permits.• First to cut the ripe grain before

harvest.

The Pharaoh was ALL things!!!

Pyramids and Religious Beliefs

• The Pyramids were essentially built as great ____________.

• Designed to protect the pharaoh’s body from flood, wild animals, and robbers.

The Pyramids Giza, Egypt

• Most of the pharaoh’s valuable personal belongings were placed in the tombs to be carried into the afterlife with the pharaoh.

• It was originally believed that _____________ built the pyramids.–The builders were actually paid

_____________ who worked when their fields were flooded during the summer months.

Gods and Goddesses

• The Egyptians believed in many gods.

• The most important were:–__________ = River

god

–_________ = Sun god

–__________ = God of harvest and eternal life and weigher of the soul.

–__________ = Wife of Osirus

–__________ = Son of Osirus and Isis.

Isis

Osirus

The image to the right comes from the "Book of the Dead"(13th century B.C.) which was a collection of spells, hymns, and prayers intended to secure a safe passage to the underworld for the deceased. Horus is depicted as a man with the head of a falcon. Here, Horus is wearing the costume of a king and the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt. He leads the soul of the scribe Ani into the presence of Osiris.

www.windows.ucar.edu/. ../horus_sun.html

Horus

• The Egyptians used a process of _________________ to preserve dead bodies.

• First pharaohs were the only one embalmed, later it was used to preserve other prominent people.–The afterlife was the most

important value to all Egyptians.

• The wrapped body was known as a mummy.

• Some tools of the trade: linen, sawdust, lichen, beeswax, resin, natron, onion, Nile mud, linen pads,& frankincense.

Canopic Jars

One of Horus's four sons was represented on the lid of each jar. The human-headed Imsety looked after the liver; Hapy, a baboon, guarded the lungs; Duamutef, a jackal, protected the stomach; and Qebehsenuef, a falcon, cared for the intestines.

Middle Kingdom

• In about 2300 BC government officials, jealous of the pharaoh’s power, took control of Egypt.–200 years of turmoil and

confusion followed.

• Pharaohs had __________ power in the middle kingdom.

• Pharaohs were no longer buried in tombs.

• The Middle Kingdom came to an end in 1786 BC when Egypt was taken over by the ___________, a people from western Asia.

• The Hyksos crossed the desert in horse drawn chariots and used weapons made of __________ and __________.

• The Egyptians used weapons of copper and stone. Therefore, the Egyptians were defeated by a __________ military force.

• The Hyksos ruled Egypt for about 150 years.

• Around 1500 BC an Egyptian prince named __________ , using Hyksos weapons, led an uprising and drove out the Hyksos.

New Kingdom

• The expulsion of the Hyksos brought about the _____________.

• Ahmose began yet another line of pharaohs.

• Most of the pharaohs that we know a great deal about reigned in the New Kingdom.–Tutmose I, II, III, IV–Hatshepsut–Amenhotep IV (wife Nefertiri)–Tutankhamen–Ramses II

• It was a very ______________ time for Egypt.

New Kingdom Rulers

• Tutmose I was the father of Tutmose II.

• Tutmose II was Hatshepsut’s husband. –Hatshepsut was

the first female

_____________.

–She was one of the most powerful pharaohs in Egyptian history.•She traded goods with the land of Punt, which was located in East Africa. This was the _____________ trading expedition in Egyptian history.

• Tutmose III was the son of Tutmose II and stepson to Hatshepsut.–He was extremely angry with

Hatshepsut for taking over his thrown.

–He ghd her name erased from all Egyptian monuments and texts.

–Archaeologists pieced together artifacts and rediscovered her.

Religion

• Religion in the New Kingdom changed.

• They began to worship a new god:–_____________________ (god of

Thebes combined with the god of the sun)

–Became the most powerful god in Egypt.

• Temples became ________ centers, not just houses of worship.–Scribes were taught here.–Gave work to sculptors and

artisans.–Treasuries.

Writing

• Egyptian scribes wrote in ancient pictographs called _________________.

• _________________ was the paper used for writing hieroglyphics.

Decline

• Over time, ___________ of Amon-Re gained power and wealth.

• The pharaoh’s power began to decline.

• 1350 BC Amenhotep IV came to the thrown.

• He wanted to restore power to the pharaohs.

• He closed the temples of Amon-Re.• Fired all temple workers.• Set up a new religion where only

______ god was worshipped.

• The new god was __________. • Amenhotep changed his name to

Akhenaton, or “son of Aton.”• Only his family and close advisors

accepted his new religion.• His religion failed miserably, as did

his reign. He was probably murdered.

Tut and Ramesses I

• In 1360 BC Amenhotep dies.• His son-in-law takes over.

– Tutankhamen– He returned to the old religion, but died early

at age 19.

• Tut ended the 18th dynasty.• Ramses I came to power and began

the 19th and final __________ of an independent Egypt.

• __________ (grandson of Ramses I) was the last wealthy and powerful ruler of Egypt.

Ramses IIc.1278-1212 BC

Seti I c.1291-1278 BC

• Ramses II was also known as “Ramses the Great.”

• He was a Great builder, but spent much of Egypt’s treasury.

• He died without an __________, which left Egypt in a state of turmoil.

• By 1150 BC, Egypt’s empire was gone.

End of the Empire

• Egypt became increasingly weak until 671 BC when the __________ took control.

• All other pharaohs were puppets of another empire.

• This included the last pharaoh, __________ , who was a puppet to the Roman Empire.

Contributions

• Invented paper known as papyrus.• Used a number system based on

the number 10.• Made huge achievements in

mathematics.–Used fractions, whole numbers,

and __________.

• The Egyptians made huge contributions in medicine.–First to operate.–First to set broken bones.–First specialized medicine:

•Dentists, brain surgeons, veterinarians, & eye doctors.