UNIT 2

ADDITION & SUBTRACTION OF SIGNED NUMBERS

xi Yi carry ci sum si carry-out ci+1

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 0

0 1 0 1 0

0 1 1 0 1

1 0 0 1 0

1 0 1 0 1

1 1 0 0 1

1 1 1 1 1

Logic for single stage

Logic for single stage

n-bit ripple carry adder

• A cascaded connection of n full adder blocks can be used to add n-bit numbers .since carry propagate or ripple through the adder it is called an n-bit ripple carry adder.

n-bit ripple carry adder

DESIGN OF FAST ADDERS

DESIGN OF FAST ADDERS

• Two approaches to reduce delay in adders– 1st approach-Fastest possible electronic

technology in implementing ripple carry logic design

– 2nd approach-Use an augmented logic gate network structure that is larger

MULTIPLICATION OF POSITIVE NUMBERS

• Product of n digit numbers can be accommodated in 2n digits

• Product of 4bit numbers will fit into 8bits• Refer pg-378 4th para alone for register

configuration diagram

Manual multiplication

1 1 0 1 x multiplicand M 1 0 1 1 multiplier Q 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1

1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 Product P

REGISTER CONFIGURATION

SIGNED OPERAND MULTIPLICATIONBOOTH ALGORITHM

BOOTH MULTIPLIER TABLE

FAST MULTIPLICATION1.BIT PAIR RECODING OF

MULTIPLIER

2.CARRY SAVE ADDITION OF SUMMANDS

• 1.BIT PAIR RECODING OF MULTIPLIER

2.CARRY SAVE ADDITION OF SUMMANDS

Have been used in various ways by the high performance processor to reduce the time needed to perform multiplication

BIT PAIR RECODING OF MULTIPLIER

• A technique called Bit pair recoding halves the maximum number of summands

• It is derived directly from booth algorithm

CARRY SAVE ADDITION OF SUMMANDS

• Multiplication requires the addition of several summands

• A technique called carry save addition(CSA) speeds up the addition process

• Instead of letting the carries ripples along the rows, they can be saved and introduced into the next row ,at the correct weighted position

• Delay through carry save array is somewhat less than delay through ripple carry array

• A more significant reduction in delay can be achieved as follows– Consider addition of many summands,as required

in multiplication of longer operand– Group the summands in three and perform carry

save addition on each of these group

• In parallel to generate a set of S and C– Next we group all of the S and C vectors into three

and perform carry save addition on them,generate further set of S and C

- We continue this process until there are only two vectors remaining

INTEGER DIVISION1.Restoring Division

2.Non Restoring Division1.

Restoring Division

Non Restoring Division