Unit 1IUnit 1I

Directional terminologyDirectional terminology

SuperiorSuperior: above ex heart is superior to toe: above ex heart is superior to toe InferiorInferior: below: below Anterior:Anterior: front chest side ex the naval is front chest side ex the naval is

anterior to the spinal cordanterior to the spinal cord PosteriorPosterior: back or butt side: back or butt side Medial:Medial: toward the midline toward the midline Lateral:Lateral: away from the midline ex the away from the midline ex the

arms are lateral to the navalarms are lateral to the naval Intermediate:Intermediate: between between

DorsalDorsal: backside: backside VentralVentral: belly side: belly side ProximalProximal: nearest the point of attachment: nearest the point of attachment DistalDistal: further from the point of : further from the point of

attachmentattachment Superficial:Superficial: toward the surface toward the surface DeepDeep: away from the surface ex. The : away from the surface ex. The

lungs are deep to the sternumlungs are deep to the sternum

Body Planes:Body Planes:

Sagittal:Sagittal: perpendicular to the ground perpendicular to the ground MidsagittalMidsagittal: cuts body into 2 equal : cuts body into 2 equal

planes (halves0planes (halves0 Frontal (coronal):Frontal (coronal): divides body into divides body into

anterior and posterioranterior and posterior Transverse ( horizontal, or cross Transverse ( horizontal, or cross

section):section): divdies body into superior divdies body into superior and inferiorand inferior

http://district.bluegrass.kctcs.edu/rmccane0001/shared_files/bio137website/BIO137/137Lab1/Lab1.html

Anatomic terms vary depending on if you Anatomic terms vary depending on if you are referring to bipedal or Quadra pedal are referring to bipedal or Quadra pedal organisms : remember you are using the organisms : remember you are using the

terms as they relate to humans not 4 legged terms as they relate to humans not 4 legged animalsanimals

Regional TermsRegional Terms

½ of your test will come from these½ of your test will come from these Refer to your textbook for the illustrated Refer to your textbook for the illustrated

page and termspage and terms

Human A&P 7Human A&P 7thth edition page 14 edition page 14

Note: Diagrams similar to those used in Note: Diagrams similar to those used in this power point can be found in chapter 1 this power point can be found in chapter 1 of you’re A&P book of you’re A&P book

$ body quadrants $ body quadrants

http://united23kppuk.blogspot.com/2011/03/body-region.html

Body cavitiesBody cavities

Prefixes and suffixesPrefixes and suffixes

Refer to the handout for a list of Refer to the handout for a list of prefixes and suffixes that will be prefixes and suffixes that will be useful in anatomy classuseful in anatomy class

These will also be on test 1These will also be on test 1

AnatomyAnatomy: the study of the structure : the study of the structure or shapes of body parts and the or shapes of body parts and the interrelationships among the interrelationships among the structuresstructures

AristotleAristotle(400 BC): Father of anatomy(400 BC): Father of anatomy Physiology:Physiology: the study of the function the study of the function

of body partsof body parts William HarveyWilliam Harvey : (17 : (17thth century) century)

considered the father of physiologyconsidered the father of physiology

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Chemical levelChemical level: simplest level, includes : simplest level, includes atoms and combination of atomsatoms and combination of atoms

CellularCellular: cells are the basic structural and : cells are the basic structural and functional units of an organism functional units of an organism

Tissue:Tissue: group of similar cells and their group of similar cells and their intercellular material which work together intercellular material which work together to carry out a specific function (ex skin)to carry out a specific function (ex skin)

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Organ levelOrgan level: structure with definite : structure with definite form and function, composed of 2 or form and function, composed of 2 or more tissue types which work more tissue types which work together to perform a function ( ex together to perform a function ( ex heart , eyes)heart , eyes)

System levelSystem level: an association of : an association of organs which work together to organs which work together to accomplish some common purposeaccomplish some common purpose

http://www.sleepingdogstudios.com/Network/Biology/Bio_37.1_files/frame.htm

There are 12 principal systems There are 12 principal systems of the human body: of the human body:

1.1. Integumentary system: skin, hair Integumentary system: skin, hair nailsnails

2.2. Skeletal system: bonesSkeletal system: bones

3.3. Muscular systemMuscular system

4.4. Nervous system: brain, nerves, spinal Nervous system: brain, nerves, spinal cordcord

5.5. Endocrine system: most glands of Endocrine system: most glands of bodybody

6.6. Cardiovascular system: heart blood, blood Cardiovascular system: heart blood, blood vesselsvessels

7.7. Digestive systemDigestive system8.8. Urinary systemUrinary system9.9. Respiratory systemRespiratory system10.10. Reproductive systemReproductive system11.11. Immune system: lymph nodes, bone Immune system: lymph nodes, bone

marrow, thymusmarrow, thymus12.12. Lymphatic system: lymph nodes and Lymphatic system: lymph nodes and

vesselsvessels

6.6. Organ system: the living organismOrgan system: the living organism

Characteristics which distinguish Characteristics which distinguish the living from the nonlivingthe living from the nonliving

1. 1. metabolismmetabolism: sum of all chemical : sum of all chemical processes in the bodyprocesses in the body

2 types2 types:: A. A. catabolism:catabolism: reaction s that break reaction s that break

down large molecules releasing down large molecules releasing energyenergy

B. B. Anabolism:Anabolism: reactions that build up reactions that build up large molecules form smaller by large molecules form smaller by consuming energyconsuming energy

2.2. Responsiveness (Responsiveness ( irritability): irritability): ability to sense and adjust to ability to sense and adjust to environmental changesenvironmental changes

3.3. Movement:Movement:

4.4. Growth:Growth: in size/ number of cells in size/ number of cells

5.5. ReproductionReproduction: of new cells or new : of new cells or new individuals ( sexual or asexual)individuals ( sexual or asexual)

6.6. Maintenance of boundaries: Maintenance of boundaries: Internal environment is different Internal environment is different

from the external onefrom the external one Homeostasis:Homeostasis: ( Walter Cannon ( Walter Cannon

1934): maintenance of a constant 1934): maintenance of a constant internal environment, even if internal environment, even if external environment changes ( ex external environment changes ( ex temp = 37C blood pH = 7.4)temp = 37C blood pH = 7.4)

Homeostatic mechanismsHomeostatic mechanisms Self regulating mechanisms which maintain Self regulating mechanisms which maintain

homeostasishomeostasis 2 Types;2 Types;1.1. Positive feedbackPositive feedback: change in one direction, : change in one direction,

rarely found, ex blood clotting, labor rarely found, ex blood clotting, labor contractionscontractions

2.2. Negative feedbackNegative feedback: causes changes in : causes changes in direction followed by a mechanism of direction followed by a mechanism of adjustment ex blood sugar increase, adjustment ex blood sugar increase, pancreas secretes insulinpancreas secretes insulin

This is how most homeostatic mechanism This is how most homeostatic mechanism are are