EC201

FUNDAMENTAL

PROGRAMMIN

G UNIT 1 INTRODUCTORY TO

PROGRAMMING

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING

CONCEPT AND TERMINOLOGY

Definition of Programming Terms

PROGRAMME

A set of instructions that enables the

computer to perform a certain task.

OR

A sequence of instructions that a

computer can interpret and

execute. The program required

several hundred lines of code.

PROGRAMMER

A person writes a program so that data may

be processed by a computer.

OR

A person writes computer software.

Computer software is a collection of

computer programs and related data that

provides the instructions for telling a

computer what to do and how to do it.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

A programming language is an artificial

language designed to express computations

that can be performed by a machine,

particularly a computer.

Programming languages can be used to create

programs that control the behavior of a

machine, to express algorithms precisely, or as a

mode of human communication.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_(machine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm

THE VARIOUS TYPES OF POPULAR

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

BASIC

BASIC (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction

Code) is a family of high-level programming

languages to provide computer access to non-

science students.

Example:

main( )

{

printf(HELLO WORLD");

}

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_programming_language

QBasic

QBasic (QuickBASIC) is an IDE (integrated

development environment) and interpreter for a

variant of the BASIC programming language.

Like QuickBASIC, but unlike earlier versions of

Microsoft BASIC, QBasic is a structured

programming language, supporting constructs

such as subroutines and while loops.

Example: PRINT "Hello, World!"

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickBASIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreted_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC_programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subroutineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/While_loop

Visual Basic

Visual Basic (VB) is the third-generation event-

driven programming language and integrated

development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for

its COM programming model.

Because of its graphical development features

and BASIC heritage, VB is considered to be

relatively easy to learn and use.

Example:

Private Sub Form_Load()

' Execute a simple message box

that will say "Hello, World!"

MsgBox "Hello, World!"

End Sub

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event-driven_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event-driven_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event-driven_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component_Object_Modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC

C

C (pronounced /si/ see) is a designed for

implementing system software and used for

developing portable application software.

C is a computer programming language

developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell

Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix

operating system.

Example : #include

int main(void)

{

printf("hello, world\n");

return 0;

}

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pronunciation_respelling_keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Laboratorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Laboratorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system

C++

C++ (pronounced /si plas plas/ see plus plus) is a

statically typed, free-form, multi-paradigm,

compiled, general-purpose programming

language.

It is regarded as a "middle-level" language, as it

comprises a combination of both high-level and

low-level language features.

Example :

#include

int main()

{

std::cout

TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING

A technique for organizing and coding computer programs in which a hierarchy of modules is used, each having a single entry and a single exit point, and in which control is passed downward through the structure without unconditional branches to higher levels of the structure.

Three types of control flow are used: sequential, test, and iteration.

http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-007/_1049.htmhttp://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-008/_1184.htm

MODULAR PROGRAMMING

is a software design technique that increases the extent to which software is composed of separate, interchangeable components, called modules.

Conceptually, modules represent a separation of concerns, and improve maintainability by enforcing logical boundaries between components.

Modules are typically incorporated into the program through interfaces.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_concernshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_concernshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintainabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_(computer_science)

A module interface expresses the elements

that are provided and required by the

module.

The elements defined in the interface are

detectable by other modules.

The implementation contains the working

code that corresponds to the elements

declared in the interface.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implementation

Object-oriented programming (OOP)

is a programming paradigm that uses "objects" data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions to design applications and computer programs.

Programming techniques may include features such as data abstraction, encapsulation, modularity, polymorphism, and inheritance.

Many modern programming languages now support OOP.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_abstractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encapsulation_(object-oriented_programming)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module_(programming)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_in_object-oriented_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language

14

Phases of C Programs:

1. Edit

2. Preprocess

3. Compile

4. Link

5. Load

6. Execute

Loader

Primary

Memory

Program is created in

the editor and stored

on disk. Preprocessor program

processes the code.

Loader puts program

in memory.

CPU takes each

instruction and

executes it, possibly

storing new data

values as the program

executes.

Compiler

Compiler creates

object code and stores

it on disk. Linker links the

object code with the

libraries,creates a.out and stores it

on disk

Editor

Preprocessor

Linker

CPU

Primary

Memory

.

.

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.

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Disk

Disk

Disk

Disk

Disk

Basics of a Typical C

Environment

SUMMARY

Terms in programming :

Programme

Programmer

Programming

language

Various types of

programming language:

C language

C++ language

BASIC

QBASIC

Visual Studio

Pascal

Types of programming:

Structured programming

Modular programming

Object-oriented programming