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UNIT 13UNIT 13
WORLD WAR I“THE WAR TO END
ALL WARS”
What What causedcaused this war? this war?• There are four M.A.I.N.M.A.I.N. causes of World War I• MMilitarismilitarism• The belief that a nation needs a large military force.• Major build up of armies and navies led to threats
that caused tensions among neighbors• AAllianceslliances• Central Powers Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman
EmpireEmpire, and Bulgaria• Allied Powers- Great Britain, France, Russia, Serbia Great Britain, France, Russia, Serbia
and and othersothers• IImperialismmperialism• Competition over gaining colonies and resources!!!• NNationalismationalism• Placed countries’ interests above all other concerns• Some ethnic groups hoped to form their own
nations.
Nationalism Continued…Nationalism Continued…• NationalismNationalism can bring nations together but it
can also be a major source of conflict.• Russia – The largest Slavic country
encouraged Pan-SlavismPan-Slavism (tried to draw together all Slavic peoples)
• Serbia wanted to participate in Pan-Slavism. (Serbia declared in 1878 and wanted to ally with Russia.)
• Austria-Hungary opposed Slavic national movements.
• What is going on with the city of SarajevoSarajevo?• Thus intense animosity between Serbia and
Austria-Hungary• Thus setting the stage for the catalyst of
World War I.
Austria's Archduke Franz Archduke Franz FerdinandFerdinand, died wearing this uniform in Sarajevo
on June 28, 1914
“The Spark”• Archduke Franz
Ferdinand’s Assassination
• SarajevoSarajevo, (Bosnia) , (Bosnia) Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary
• Gavrilo Princip• The Black Hand• The Next Slide The Next Slide
will provide will provide detailsdetails
• It seemed like a bad idea for Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand to make a trip to Bosnian city of SarajevoSarajevo.
• After all, Austria had taken over Bosnia just six years earlier, and many Bosnians were still bitterly opposed to Austrian rule.
• Bosnia happened to be home to many Serbs (from Serbia…which is located just south of Austria Hungary)
• Furthermore, they chose the worst day to announce a visit, A Serbian festive holiday…
• Gavrilo PrincipGavrilo Princip, a member of a Serbian national group, (The Black Hand) will get a second opportunity at becoming the notorious figure who fires the “first bullet” of WWI.
Artstetten Castle, just outside of Artstetten Castle, just outside of ViennaVienna
The Ottoman Empire and The Ottoman Empire and The Balkan RegionThe Balkan Region
• The Ottoman Empire was on the decline
• Before it had a stronghold on the Balkan nations, but over time, control had weakened.
• Many of the territories in the Balkans wanted to declare their independence.
• Other nations wanted a piece of the crumbling empire like a buffet…
• The Armenian Genocide
• Nationalistic Feelings had caused periodic Nationalistic Feelings had caused periodic waves of violence against Armenians.waves of violence against Armenians.
Muslim Turks distrusted the Christian Armenians Muslim Turks distrusted the Christian Armenians for a couple of reasonsfor a couple of reasons
1)1)Turks believed they supported Russia against Turks believed they supported Russia against the Ottoman Empirethe Ottoman Empire
2)2)Many Armenians protested against oppressive Many Armenians protested against oppressive Ottoman policiesOttoman policies
The Result:The Result:• Turks unleash a massacre on the Armenians. Turks unleash a massacre on the Armenians.
How bad?How bad?Over 1 million Armenians would be murdered Over 1 million Armenians would be murdered
(1915-1923)(1915-1923)
8 Steps to War8 Steps to WarNot to be confused with the 8
Fold Path 1.1. Ferdinand assassinatedFerdinand assassinated – (This became the final straw between Austria-Hungary and Serbia)
2.2. Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary declares war on SerbiaSerbia3.3. RussiaRussia (Serbia’s Ally) mobilizes its troops for
war4.4. GermanyGermany (Austria-Hungary’s Ally) declares war
on Russia5.5. GermanyGermany declares war on FranceFrance (Russia’s Ally)
and prepares to invade Belgium6.6. BritainBritain, who pledged to protect Belgium,
declares war against GermanyGermany7.7. Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary declares war against RussiaRussia8.8. FranceFrance and BritainBritain declares war on Austria-Austria-
HungaryHungary
Time to “Show Off” our Time to “Show Off” our Industrialized “Stuff” Industrialized “Stuff”
New technologies changed warfare forever. New technologies changed warfare forever. Many of the recent inventionsMany of the recent inventions
1)1) Internal combustion engineInternal combustion engine2)2) AirplaneAirplane3)3) Communications devicesCommunications devices4)4) Automatic machine guns Automatic machine guns 5)5) Poison gasPoison gas6)6) Advancements in submarine warfareAdvancements in submarine warfare7)7) The tank (though the tank appears in The tank (though the tank appears in
World War I, it doesn’t play the significant World War I, it doesn’t play the significant role it will in WWII)role it will in WWII)
The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen PlanOverview•In 1914, Germany believed war with Russia was extremely likely. If war broke out, Germany assumed France would also attack as she was both an ally of Russia and keen for revenge for her defeat in the Franco-Prussian war.•If this happened, Germany would face a war on two fronts. Germany wanted to avoid this at all costs.•Germany planned to defeat France rapidly and then turn to the eastern front for a major offensive on Russia. This was the basis for the Schlieffen Plan.
•The Germany Army Chief of Staff, Alfred von Schlieffen was asked to plan a way of preventing a war on two fronts. His initial plan was produced late in 1905. He believed that it was a priority to defeat France quickly, forcing them to surrender before Russia had a chance to mobilize her armed forces.
• Trenches were dug where troops Trenches were dug where troops huddled at the bottom. huddled at the bottom.
• For more than three years, the battle For more than three years, the battle lines almost remained unchangedlines almost remained unchanged
• When soldiers did leave the trenches When soldiers did leave the trenches they were subjected to heavy artillery they were subjected to heavy artillery and clouds of poisonous gasand clouds of poisonous gas
Trench Trench WarfareWarfare
Key Battles on the “Western Key Battles on the “Western Front”Front”
Battle of VerdunBattle of Verdun• The longest battle of the The longest battle of the
war war • 10 months long!10 months long!• Germans wanted to lead Germans wanted to lead
an assault on the French an assault on the French fortress of Verdun.fortress of Verdun.
• The goal was to cripple The goal was to cripple the morale of the French the morale of the French by taking the famed by taking the famed fortress (history dates all fortress (history dates all the way back Roman the way back Roman times)times)
• Nearly 1 million casualties Nearly 1 million casualties between thembetween them
• However, not much was However, not much was accomplished in terms of accomplished in terms of advancement.advancement.““BLOODY VERDUN”BLOODY VERDUN”
Key Battles on the “Western Key Battles on the “Western Front”Front”
Battle of the SommeBattle of the Somme• WWI’s WWI’s deadliestdeadliest Battle Battle• Over 1.2 million casualtiesOver 1.2 million casualties• Despite the losses, the allies only gained approximately 7 Despite the losses, the allies only gained approximately 7
miles!miles!• British launch their own attack with the intentions of British launch their own attack with the intentions of
pulling the Germans from Verdunpulling the Germans from Verdun
Knights of the SkyKnights of the Sky• The New Knights - The ACE • A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator
credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft, during aerial combat.
• Oswald Boelcke• Over 40 kills for Germany… Appeared in every
major publication• Despite the success of Boelcke, his protégé was
the one man you did NOT WANT to see in the skies…
• Manfred Von Richtoffen (The Red Baron) had over 80 kills
• France’s top pilot was Rene’ Fonck with 75• Eddie Rickenbacher finished with 26
Red Baron PizzaRed Baron Pizza• In 1915, Richthofen was assigned to the flying service by his In 1915, Richthofen was assigned to the flying service by his
request. Throughout his career, Richthofen would often wake up request. Throughout his career, Richthofen would often wake up minutes before he was to take flight – too late for a pre-flight meal.minutes before he was to take flight – too late for a pre-flight meal.
• Engineers eventually fastened an aluminum plate to the plane, just Engineers eventually fastened an aluminum plate to the plane, just inches above the engine to create a cooking surface. The cooks at inches above the engine to create a cooking surface. The cooks at the airfield prepared pizzas and froze them for him. When the airfield prepared pizzas and froze them for him. When Richthofen woke up, he would dress, grab a frozen pizza, and then Richthofen woke up, he would dress, grab a frozen pizza, and then rush out to his plane.rush out to his plane.
• Once he was at the plane, Richthofen would place the frozen pizza Once he was at the plane, Richthofen would place the frozen pizza on the aluminum plate and take off for his mission. Four and a half on the aluminum plate and take off for his mission. Four and a half minutes later, Richthofen would enjoy a crisp supreme pizza.minutes later, Richthofen would enjoy a crisp supreme pizza.
• Although Richthofen enjoyed the supreme pizza, it was Meat-Trio Although Richthofen enjoyed the supreme pizza, it was Meat-Trio that was his favorite.that was his favorite.
• During the 1970s, the Schwan Food Company learned of During the 1970s, the Schwan Food Company learned of Richthofen’s routine and became enamored with the story. They Richthofen’s routine and became enamored with the story. They began selling pizza to schools under the name of Red Baron began selling pizza to schools under the name of Red Baron pizza.pizza.
America’s Path to WarAmerica’s Path to War• Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson• “He kept us out of war”• U-boats and submarine warfare by the Germans• The LusitaniaThe Lusitania 1,198 people dead (128
Americans)• Why?• Final Blow…• Zimmerman TelegramZimmerman Telegram• Proposal to Mexico to ally with Germany• Incentive for Mexico?• To get back territory it had lost earlier to the US
• Why Neutral?Why Neutral?• U.S. wasn’t ready for war. Needed a draft. (U.S. wasn’t ready for war. Needed a draft. (The The
Selective Service ActSelective Service Act))• Women served in the military for the 1Women served in the military for the 1stst time in time in
American historyAmerican history• Fate-Destiny? Russian’s will be bowing out of the war?Fate-Destiny? Russian’s will be bowing out of the war?• Why?Why?• Revolution?Revolution?• Had it not been for the United States, the outcome of Had it not been for the United States, the outcome of
the War may have been drastically different.the War may have been drastically different.
U.S. Entry in WWIU.S. Entry in WWI
The Russian The Russian RevolutionRevolution
• Leader of Russia in 1914 is Leader of Russia in 1914 is the the Czar, Nicholas IICzar, Nicholas II
• Russia is in economic chaosRussia is in economic chaos• Food Shortages, riots, soaring Food Shortages, riots, soaring
inflation added to the inflation added to the hostilityhostility
• People were beginning to People were beginning to blame Nicholas II.blame Nicholas II.
• Nicholas II thought the war Nicholas II thought the war would rally the citizens would rally the citizens behind their governmentbehind their government
• As Nicholas II anticipated, As Nicholas II anticipated, people did line up to join the people did line up to join the military…military…
• However numerous problems However numerous problems would arise setting the stage would arise setting the stage for a recipe for revolution… for a recipe for revolution…
The The RecipeRecipe
• The military was ill equipped The military was ill equipped • The factories could not produce the The factories could not produce the
ammunition fast enoughammunition fast enough• Russian army sustaining heavy losses Russian army sustaining heavy losses
despite fighting a smaller German armydespite fighting a smaller German army• This led to the Czar wanting to take This led to the Czar wanting to take
control of the military. control of the military. • The problem is the Czar “The problem is the Czar “understood understood
literally nothing about military mattersliterally nothing about military matters””• So Nicholas II set off to advise the military So Nicholas II set off to advise the military
in person. in person. • Problem: He leaves his unpopular wife, Problem: He leaves his unpopular wife,
Czarina AlexandraCzarina Alexandra in control of the in control of the countrycountry
• She would rely on the advice of She would rely on the advice of Grigory Grigory RasputinRasputin… A self proclaimed holy man … A self proclaimed holy man and healer whom the Russians viewed as and healer whom the Russians viewed as corrupt and immoral.corrupt and immoral.
• Eventually by the end of 1916, a new Eventually by the end of 1916, a new regime will rise to take over regime will rise to take over
He particularly influenced the czarina, and when Nicholas departed to lead Russian forces in World War I, Rasputin effectively ruled Russia through her. In the early hours of December 30, 1916, a group of nobles lured Rasputin to Yusupovsky Palace, where they attempted to poison him. Seemingly unaffected by the large doses of poison placed in his wine and food, he was finally shot at close range and collapsed. A minute later he rose, beat one of his assailants, and attempted to escape from the palace grounds, where he was shot again. Rasputin, still alive, was then bound and tossed into a freezing river. A few months later, the imperial regime was overthrown by the Russian Revolution.
1916: Rasputin murderedGrigory Rasputin, a self-fashioned Russian holy man, is murdered by Russian nobles eager to end his sway over the royal family. Rasputin won the favor of Czar Nicholas II and Czarina Alexandra through his ability to stop the bleeding of their hemophiliac son, Alexei. Although the Siberian-born peasant was widely criticized for his lechery and drunkenness, he exerted a powerful influence on the ruling family of Russia.
• The Czar would be overthrown by a The Czar would be overthrown by a provisionalprovisional government (emergency/temporary government.)government (emergency/temporary government.)
• Then that government will be overthrown… Wait Then that government will be overthrown… Wait a minute say that again?... a minute say that again?...
• Yes. A 2Yes. A 2ndnd Overthrow. This time by a group Overthrow. This time by a group called the called the BolsheviksBolsheviks..
• The Bolshevik RevolutionThe Bolshevik Revolution• But First… The Background…But First… The Background…
Marxist Marxist SocialismSocialismThe Roots The Roots
of of CommunisCommunis
mm
• 1848- Karl MarxKarl Marx and Friedrich Friedrich EngelsEngels write ““The Communist The Communist ManifestoManifesto””
• History was a class struggle between wealthy capitalist and the working class (proletariatproletariat)
• In order to make profits, the capitalist took advantage of the proletariat
• The proletariat would eventually rise up and overthrow the capitalist system, creating their own society
• The proletariat society would take control of the means of production and establish a classless, communist society, in which wealth and power would be equally shared
• Thus the ideas behind The The Communist ManifestoCommunist Manifesto, would become the backbone of the Bolshevik RevolutionBolshevik Revolution
The Bolshevik RevolutionThe Bolshevik Revolution• Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky will lead the
Revolution• They both adopted Marx’s thoughts but adapted them
to fit Russia.• The Difference between Socialism and Communism…• Promises – “Peace, Land, and Bread” & the end to war• The Bolsheviks will be later called communists.• Communism - a political system in which the
government owns key parts of the economy and there is no private property (China, Korea, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam)
• Lenin withdraws Russia from the war• Signs the Brest-Litovsk Treaty giving a large amount
of Western Russia to Germany• Lenin is able to stay in power with the assistance of
“The Cheka”• Why would Russia being out of the war create a major
concern for the allied powers?
•Socialism and communism are both economic systems (the production, distribution, and use of wealth) that require that goods be owned in common, instead of privately. •The difference between the two systems is in the fact that socialism covers a wide range of political systems, including communism, whereas communism is a strict interpretation of socialism. •While socialism advocates communal ownership of industry, it does so in two ways: either in the form of state ownership or else in the form of ownership by the workers themselves. •Communism, on the other hand, allows for only one form of the communal endeavor: state ownership through a small group of political elite. •Communism also goes one step further than socialism in that the Communist state not only controls the economy, but all areas of society. The former Soviet Union is an example of...
Communism Communism SocialismSocialismCapitalismCapitalism
Costs of the WarCosts of the War• World War I became a World War I became a
war of attritionwar of attrition, or a war , or a war based on wearing the based on wearing the other side down by other side down by constant attacks and constant attacks and heavy losses.heavy losses.
• Germany is forced to Germany is forced to sign an sign an armistice (cease-armistice (cease-fire)fire)
• About 8.5 million About 8.5 million soldiers died in this warsoldiers died in this war
• Nearly 21 million were Nearly 21 million were woundedwounded
• 13 million civilians died13 million civilians died• War cost nations about War cost nations about
332 billion dollars!332 billion dollars!
• World War One ended at 11am on 11th November 1918.
• In 1919 “The Big Four” met• David Lloyd GeorgeDavid Lloyd George of England• Vittorio Orlando of Italy • George ClemenceauGeorge Clemenceau of France • Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson from the US • Met to discuss how Germany was to be
made to pay for the damage world war one had caused.
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles““One harsh punishment”One harsh punishment”
Military ClausesMilitary Clauses • ArmyArmy - was to be reduced to 100,000 men and no - was to be reduced to 100,000 men and no
tanks were allowed tanks were allowed • NavyNavy - Germany was only allowed 6 ships and no - Germany was only allowed 6 ships and no
submarines submarines • Air ForceAir Force - Germany was not allowed an air force - Germany was not allowed an air force • Rhineland - The Rhineland area was to be kept free of Rhineland - The Rhineland area was to be kept free of
German military personnel and weapons German military personnel and weapons Territorial ClausesTerritorial Clauses
• AnschlussAnschluss - Germany was not allowed to unite with - Germany was not allowed to unite with Austria.Austria.
• Colonies would be controlled by the League of NationsColonies would be controlled by the League of NationsEconomic ClausesEconomic Clauses
• Germany will be forced to make Germany will be forced to make reparationsreparations, or , or payments to the nations that won the warpayments to the nations that won the war
1. Open Diplomacy - There should be no secret treaties between powers
2. Freedom of Navigation - Seas should be free in both peace and war
3. Free Trade - The barriers to trade between countries such as custom duties should be removed
4. Multilateral Disarmament - All countries should reduce their armed forces to the lowest possible levels
5. Colonies - People in European colonies should have a say in their future
6. Russia - Russia should be allowed to operate whatever government it wanted and that government should be accepted, supported and welcomed.
7. Belgium - Belgium should be evacuated and restored to the situation before the war.
Wilson’s 14 PointsWilson’s 14 Points (The First (The First Seven)Seven)
Wilson’s 14 PointsWilson’s 14 Points (The (The Second Seven)Second Seven)
8. France - should have Alsace-Lorraine and any lands taken away during the war restored.
9. Italy - The Italian border should be readjusted according to nationality
10. National Self -Determination - The national groups in Europe should, wherever possible, be given their independence.
11. Romania, Montenegro and Serbia - Should be evacuated and Serbia should have an outlet to the sea
12. Turkey - The people of Turkey should have a say in their future
13. Poland - Poland should become an independent state with an outlet to the sea.
14. League of Nations - An assembly of all nations should be formed to protect world peace in the future.
Versailles NuggetsVersailles Nuggets• Germany expected a treaty based on these Germany expected a treaty based on these
fourteen points. fourteen points. • However, negotiations between the 'big four' However, negotiations between the 'big four'
did not go smoothly. did not go smoothly. • Wilson believed that his fourteen points was Wilson believed that his fourteen points was
the only way to secure everlasting peace. the only way to secure everlasting peace. • The French however, wanted the defeated The French however, wanted the defeated
nations to be punished severely and believed nations to be punished severely and believed Wilson's plan too lenient. Wilson's plan too lenient.
• Privately Lloyd George sided with WilsonPrivately Lloyd George sided with Wilson• However, the British public, like Clemenceau, However, the British public, like Clemenceau,
wanted Germany punished severely. wanted Germany punished severely. • Lloyd George knew that if he sided with Lloyd George knew that if he sided with
Wilson he would lose the next election. Wilson he would lose the next election.
The Aftermath or WWIThe Aftermath or WWI• In the aftermath of World War I, the political order of Europe
came crashing to the ground. • The German, Austro-Hungarian, and Russian empires
ceased to exist, and the Ottoman Empire soon followed them into oblivion.
• New nations emerged, borders were radically shifted, and ethnic conflicts erupted.
• Victors and vanquished alike faced an enormous recovery challenge after four years of financial loss, economic deprivation, and material destruction.
• Amid this chaotic situation, the leaders of the victorious coalition assembled in Paris to forge a new international system that would replace the old order.
• The decisions they made would determine the future of Europe, and much of the rest of the world, for decades to come.
Modern WarfareModern Warfare
New Nations EmergeNew Nations Emerge
AftAfter er WWWIWI
END NUGGETSEND NUGGETS• When Marshal Foch of France learned of the Versailles
Treaty's contents, he reportedly complained, “This is not peace. It is an armistice for twenty years.”
• As it turned out, he was uncannily accurate in his prediction of when humanity would be plunged into a second world war.
• World War IIWorld War II was a conflict that would surpass its predecessor in the number of deaths and injuries, the extent of physical destruction, and the geographical area affected.
• The terrible experiences of World War II have tended to overshadow the memory of the war that broke out in the summer of 1914.
• But World War IBut World War I unquestionably represented a major turning point in history, and its consequences are still felt throughout the world.
