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Unit 11—Chapter 18 A Crisis of Confidence
CSS 11.8, 11.9, 11.10, 11.11
Daily Start 1
• Under what circumstances should we impeach the president?
• The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.
—Article II, Section 4
Are these examples of high Crimes and Misdemeanors?
• tax evasion• mismanagement of political donations• perjury• drug use• reckless driving• speeding (30 miles over limit)• car jacking• vandalism• trespassing• conspiracy to commit murder• drug trafficking• using the FBI to search enemies• drunk driving• using the IRS to harass enemies• accepting money for favors• assault• renting natural resources to businesses• sexual harassment• using the CIA to eliminate enemies• keeping information from Congress
Part OneNixon and the Watergate Scandal 11.10.2, 11.11.4
EQ 1: What events led to Richard Nixon’s resignation as President in 1974?
New Federalism
• Silent Majority• Nixon made his
comeback in 1968• 1947 – 1951 House• 1951 - 1953 US senator• 1953 – 1961 Vice President• 1960 lost to JFK• 1962 lost governor’s race in CA
• the Silent Majority voted for Nixon
1968
R Richard M. Nixon 31,785,480 301
D Hubert Humphrey 31,275,166 191
AI George Wallace 9,906,473 46
New Federalism
• New Federalism• shift power back to the
states• the federal government
gave $ to the states for social programs• welfare
• the states decided how to spend it
New Federalism
• New Federalism• Nixon added more
power to the national government• OSHA• EPA• DEA
• Medicare and public housing increased under Nixon• Philadelphia Plan
New Federalism
• Stagflation• a combination of recession
and inflation in the late 60s and early 70s
• cost of Vietnam• foreign competition in steel and
cars• rise of cost of oil• lack of modernization• many unskilled workers• entire 1970s sees less economic
growth than any single year of 1950s or 1960s
• Nixon froze wages and prices for 90 days in 1971 to fight stagflation
1972 Election
• Southern Strategy• Nixon opposed civil
rights to win the support of union workers and southerners
• appointed conservative judges• criticized court-ordered busing
• this “southern strategy” got Nixon 61% of the vote in 1972
R Richard M. Nixon 47,169,911 520
D George S. McGovern 29,170,383 17
Watergate
• Watergate Overview• the nation’s worst political
scandal forced Nixon to resign• more than 30 officials were
convicted• many went to jail
• bugging of Watergate Hotel, 1972
• burglary of Daniel Ellsberg's psychiatrist's office, 1971
• misuse of FBI and CIA• firing special prosecutor Cox• smoking gun--evidence Nixon
discussed a week after Watergate
Watergate
• The Plumbers• five men broke into the
Watergate Hotel and bugged the offices of the Democratic National Convention• these “plumbers”
included one ex-CIA agent and two Cubans
James McCord, Jr., Roman Gonzalez, Frank Sturgis, Eugenio Martinez, and Bernard Baker
June 17, 1972, 2:30 a.m.
Watergate
• Woodward and Bernstein • Washington Post reporters
who investigated the break in
• someone seemed to be blocking their investigation
• a secret source verified their investigation
• implicated higher authorities involved in Watergate cover-up including possibly Nixon himself
FBI Associate Director
Mark Felt
AKA “Deep Throat”
Watergate
• Committee to Re-Elect the President• C.R.E.E.P. raised money
for Nixon’s 1972 campaign
• the FBI found that C.R.E.E.P. paid the plumbers $250,000• one deposits check into
bank account
• James McCord claimed Nixon’s people hired him John Mitchell
Watergate
• Congressional Investigation• the Senate began
televised hearings under Sen. Sam Erwin• Nixon’s lawyer, John Dean,
testified Nixon kept an enemies list
• Joe Namath, Barbara Streisand, Paul Newman
Sam Erwin
John Dean
Watergate
• Watergate Tapes• Butterfield testified Nixon
taped all conversions in the oval office• the tapes were
subpoenaed• Nixon sent 1200 pages of edited
transcripts instead
• Cox and Congress insisted that the tapes must be turned over
• Nixon tried to fire Cox
Justice John Sirica
Butterfield
Watergate
• United States v. Nixon, 1974• executive privilege: Nixon claimed he
had the rights as president to keep secrets
• the Supreme Court order Nixon to turn over the original tape recordings
• White House can’t explain an 18 1/2 -minute gap in one of the subpoenaed tapes
• Congress started the impeachment process
• blocking the Watergate investigation• not complying with the Senate’s
subpoena for tapes
Watergate
• 25th Amendment 1967• VP Agnew resigned
because of tax evasion in 1973
• fined $10,000 and three years’ probation
• he denied accepting over $100,000 in bribes
• Ford appointed VP in 1974
• Ford pardoned Nixon in 1974
• the public was outraged
“Our long national nightmare is over.”
Watergate
• Watergate’s Legacy• Americans lost trust in
the government• checks and balances
works
• a 1997 CNN Poll asked about Nixon and Watergate
• 44% -- deserved impeachment• 38% -- no different than other
presidents
Watergate
• Federal Election Campaign Act, 1974 • put limit on campaign
donations• set individual donation
limit
• requires records of funds
“I am not a Crook!”
EQ 1:
• What events led to Richard Nixon’s resignation as President in 1974?
Time Period Crisis President
Civil War
Great Depression
Cold War
Oil Embargo
9-11
Hurricane Katrina
Great Recession