Unit 11: Therapies & TreatmentsDay 5: Therapies

• Essential Question– How do psychologists

diagnose and treat different types of disorders?

• Objectives (write this down!):– I can: match theraputic

methods to the disorders they would work with

• DAILY COMMENTARY (in a spiral notebook!):– How willing are you /

would you be to see a therapist?

Unit 11: Abnormal PsychologyDay 4: Therapies

• Today:– DC– PsychSim5

• Mystery Client

– Project Work– Guest Speaker

• Turn In: – RJ 11.6

• For Tonight:– Read pages 700-– Do RJ 11.7 & RJ 11.8

(these may be combined)

– Monday: Presentations• 5 minute limit

– Tuesday: Quiz

Take notes from PsychSim 5

• Therapies– Mystery Client Module– Mystery Therapist

• Then move on – check out some of the disorder modules

• Then work on your Presentations – Due Monday

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Therapy

The Psychological Therapies Psychoanalysis Humanistic Therapies Behavior Therapies Cognitive Therapies Group and Family Therapies

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Therapy

Evaluating Psychotherapies The Effectiveness of

Psychotherapy The Relative Effectiveness of

Different Therapies Alternative Therapies Evaluated Commonalities Among

Psychotherapies Culture and Values in

Psychotherapies

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Therapy

The Biomedical Therapies Drug Therapies Brain Stimulation

Psychosurgery

Preventing Psychological Disorders

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History of Insane Treatment

Maltreatment of the insane throughout the ages was the result of irrational views. Many patients were subjected to strange, debilitating, and downright dangerous treatments.

The Granger Collection

The Granger Collection

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History of Insane TreatmentPhilippe Pinel in France and Dorthea Dix in America founded humane movements to care for the mentally sick.

http://wwwihm

.nlm.nih.gov

Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) Dorthea Dix (1745-1826)

Culver Pictures

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Therapies

Psychotherapy involves an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and a mental patient.

Biomedical therapy uses drugs or other procedures that act on the patient’s nervous system, curing him or her of psychological disorders.

An eclectic approach uses various forms of healing techniques depending upon the client’s unique problems.

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Psychological Therapies

We will look at four major forms of psychotherapies based on different

theories of human nature:

1. Psychoanalytical theory2. Humanistic theory3. Behavioral theory4. Cognitive theory

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Psychoanalysis

The first formal psychotherapy to emerge was psychoanalysis, developed by

Sigmund Freud.

Sigmund Freud's famous couch

Edmund Englem

an

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Psychoanalysis: Aims

Since psychological problems originate from childhood repressed impulses and conflicts, the aim of psychoanalysis is to bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness where the patient can deal

with them.

When energy devoted to id-ego-superego conflicts is released, the patient’s anxiety lessens.

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Psychoanalysis: Methods

Dissatisfied with hypnosis, Freud developed the method of free association to unravel the unconscious mind and its

conflicts.The patient lies on a couch and speaks about whatever comes to his or her mind.

http://w

ww.english

.upenn.edu

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Psychoanalysis: Methods

During free association, the patient edits his thoughts, resisting his or her feelings

to express emotions. Such resistance becomes important in the analysis of

conflict-driven anxiety.

Eventually the patient opens up and reveals his or her innermost private thoughts, developing positive or negative feelings (transference) towards the therapist.

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Psychoanalysis: Criticisms

1. Psychoanalysis is hard to refute because it cannot be proven or disproven.

2. Psychoanalysis takes a long time and is very expensive.

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Psychodynamic Therapies

Influenced by Freud, in a face-to-face setting, psychodynamic therapists

understand symptoms and themes across important relationships in a patient’s life.

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Psychodynamic Therapies

Interpersonal psychotherapy, a variation of psychodynamic therapy, is effective in

treating depression. It focuses on symptom relief here and now, not an

overall personality change.

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Humanistic Therapies

Humanistic therapists aim to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-

awareness and self-acceptance.

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Person-Centered Therapy

Developed by Carl Rogers, person-centered therapy is a form of humanistic

therapy.

The therapist listens to the needs of the patient in an accepting and non-judgmental way, addressing problems in a productive way and building his or her self-esteem.

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Humanistic Therapy

The therapist engages in active listening and echoes, restates, and clarifies the

patient’s thinking, acknowledging expressed feelings.

Michael Rougier/ Life M

agazine © Tim

e Warner, Inc.

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Behavior Therapy

Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.

To treat phobias or sexual disorders, behavior therapists do not delve deeply below the surface looking for inner causes.

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Classical Conditioning Techniques

Counterconditioning is a procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that

trigger unwanted behaviors.

It is based on classical conditioning and includes exposure therapy and aversive conditioning.

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Exposure Therapy

Expose patients to things they fear and avoid.

Through repeated

exposures, anxiety lessens because they

habituate to the things feared.

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ORKS. Reprinted w

ith Permission. All Rights Reserved.

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Systematic Desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli commonly used to treat phobias.

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Aversive Conditioning

A type of counterconditioning that associates an

unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior. With this

technique, temporary

conditioned aversion to alcohol has been reported.

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Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning procedures enable therapists to use behavior modification,

in which desired behaviors are rewarded and undesired behaviors are either

unrewarded or punished.

A number of withdrawn, uncommunicative 3-year-old autistic children have been successfully trained by giving and withdrawing reinforcements for desired and undesired behaviors.

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Token Economy

In institutional settings therapists may create a token economy in which patients

exchange a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for

various privileges or treats.

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Cognitive Therapy

Teaches people adaptive ways of thinking and acting based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and

our emotional reactions.

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Cognitive Therapy for Depression

Aaron Beck (1979) suggests that depressed patients believe that they can

never be happy (thinking) and thus associate minor failings (e.g. failing a test [event]) in life as major causes for their

depression.Beck believes that cognitions such as “I can never be happy” need to change in order for depressed patients to recover. This change is brought about by gently questioning patients.

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Cognitive Therapy for Depression

Rabin et al., (1986) trained depressed patients to record positive events each day, and relate how they contributed to these events. Compared to other depressed patients, trained patients showed lower depression scores.

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Stress Inoculation Training

Meichenbaum (1977, 1985) trained people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations.

“Relax, the exam may be hard, but it will be hard for everyone else too. I studied harder than most people. Besides, I don’t need a perfect score to get a good grade.”

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Cognitive-Behavior Therapy

Cognitive therapists often combine the reversal of self-defeated thinking with

efforts to modify behavior.

Cognitive-behavior therapy aims to alter the way people act (behavior therapy) and alter the way they think (cognitive therapy).

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Group Therapy

Group therapy normally consists of 6-9 people attending a 90-minute session that can help more people and costs less. Clients benefit from knowing others have similar problems.

© M

ary Kate Denny/ PhotoEdit, Inc.

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Family Therapy

Family therapy treats the family as a system. Therapy guides family members toward positive relationships and improved communication.