Unit 11-B The Civil War, 1861–1865. Political Positions Prior to the War Republicans -Supported Lincoln in 1860 election -Popular sovereignty should decide

Unit 11-B

The Civil War, 1861–1865

Political Positions Prior to the War• Republicans

-Supported Lincoln in 1860 election

-Popular sovereignty should decide the slavery issue

-Legislation needed to protect the rights of slaves

• Democrats

- Split over slavery; had two candidates in 1860

- Individual states should decide slavery

- Need to maintain current way of life 2

The Conflict Takes Shape

The first shots of the Civil War (War Between the States) were at Fort Sumter, S.C.

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The Conflict Takes Shape

• What issues divided the nation when the war began?

• What were the primary strengths and weaknesses of the North and the South at the beginning of the war?

• Who were the leaders of each side in the war?

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Issues That Divided the Nation

Southerners

Southerners believed that they had the right to leave the Union.

They called the conflict the War for Southern Independence.

Southerners wanted to keep their traditional way of life—including slavery.

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Northerners•Northerners believed that they had to fight to save the Union.

•Some northerners wanted to abolish slavery.

•Others approved of slavery.6

In both Lincoln’s first Inaugural Address of 1861 and the Gettysburg address of 1863, he argued that succession from the national government was illegal

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Border States

•Slave states that were still in the Union in 1861 had to decide what to do.

•Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas joined the Confederacy.

•Four slave states remained with the Union.

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Southern President Jefferson Davis considered states to have the right to freedom from oppressive government, while Lincoln believed individuals should be free from government oppression

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Border States

•These border states were Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware. •Some people who lived in the border states supported the South. •Pro-Confederate mobs attacked Union troops in Maryland. •President Lincoln declared martial law, or rule by the army instead of the elected government.

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Strengths and Weaknesses of the North and the South

Northern Strengths• The North had a large population to call

on for food production and military service.• The North had most of the nation’s

factories. Before the war, they produced more than 90 percent of the nation’s manufactured goods.

• The North had a strong navy and a large fleet of merchant ships.

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Southern Strengths• Defending their homeland and way of

life gave white southerners a strong reason to fight.

• Confederate soldiers knew the southern countryside.

• Southern civilians helped the Confederate forces

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Northern Weaknesses• Northern soldiers had to conquer a huge

area. Instead of defending their homes, they were invading unfamiliar land.

• Union supply lines had to stretch out much farther than Confederate ones.

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Southern Weaknesses

• The South had few factories to produce weapons and other supplies.

• The South had few railroads to move troops and supplies.

• Many rail lines did not connect to a railroad network.

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Southern Weaknesses

• The Confederate constitution favored states’ rights and limited the central government. Sometimes, this made it difficult to get things done.

• The South had a small population compared to the North. As a result, the South did not have enough people to support the war effort.

• The South had few ships.

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The War’s Leaders

North

- President, Abraham Lincoln

- Chief General, Ulysses S. Grant

South

- President, Jefferson Davis

- Chief General, Robert E. Lee17

Confederate President Jefferson Davis:

• attended the United States Military Academy at West Point

• was an officer in the Mexican War• was Secretary of War under President Franklin

Pierce• was respected for his honesty and courage

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Union President Abraham Lincoln:

• did not have much experience in national politics• did not have military experience• turned out to be a strong leader and fine war planner• had a sense of humor• could accept criticism• In his poem “To Abraham Lincoln”, John J. Loud

stated that Lincoln fought against injustice and acted to protect those who were mistreated .

• He also said he was a strong, but compassionate leader who many trusted

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Confederate Commander Robert E. Lee:

• Lincoln had asked him to command the Union army

• was loyal to his state of Virginia

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No Easy Victory

• What strategies did each side adopt to win the war?

• How did early encounters dispel hopes for a quick end to the war?

• What victories did the Confederates achieve?

• What victories did the Union achieve?

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Strategies for Winning the War

Union plans• Use the navy to blockade southern ports.• In the East, seize the Confederate capital —

Richmond, Virginia.• In the West, seize control of the Mississippi

River. This would keep the Confederates from using the river to supply troops, and it would also separate Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana from the rest of the Confederacy.

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Strategies for Winning the War

Confederate plans

• Fight a defensive war until northerners tired of fighting and gave up.

• Use European money and supplies to help fight the war. Southerners expected Europeans to recognize the Confederacy as an independent nation.

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Early Encounters End Hopes for A Quick End to War

• Date: July 21, 1861

• Battle: Battle of Bull Run

• What Happened: Union and Confederate troops clashed between Washington, D.C., and Richmond, Virginia.

• Results: Lincoln appointed a new commander of the Union army 24


• Date: March 1862

• Battle: McClellan’s troops moved toward Richmond

• What Happened: Robert E. Lee attacked McClellan’s troops. At the same time Stonewall Jackson’s troops went North to Washington

• Results: McClellan retreated25


• Date: March 1862

• Battle: Monitor and the Merrimack (Virginia)

• What happened: Confederates covered a Union warship, Merrimack, with iron plates. Union also built an ironclad, Monitor. The two vessels fought near Virginia

• Results: It was the first battle of Ironclads

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• Date: September 1862

• Battle: Battle of Antietam

• What Happened: Hoping for a southern victory on northern soil, Lee marched into Maryland

• Results: Both sides suffered great losses. 27

Confederate Victories in the East

• Date: December 1862

• Battle: Battle of Fredericksburg

• What Happened: Lee’s forces met Burnside’s army.

• Results: This was one of the Union’s worst defeats. 28

Confederate Victories in the East

• Date: May 1863

• Battle: Battle of Chancellorsville

• What Happened: Lee and Jackson defeated the Union troops in a three-day battle.

• Results: A southern sentry shot Stonewall Jackson by mistake. Jackson died soon after. 29

Union Victories in the West

• Date: February 1862

• Battle: Fort Henry and Fort Donelson

• What Happened: Union troops under Ulysses S. Grant captured the two Tennessee forts.

• Results: The Union gained control of two tributaries of the Mississippi. 30


• Date- April 6–7, 1862

• Battle: Battle of Shiloh

• What Happened: Confederate forces surprised Grant’s Union forces and drove them back toward the river. With the aid of fresh troops, Grant beat back the Confederates.

• Results: It was one of the bloodiest battles of the war. 31


• Date: April 1862

• Battle: New Orleans

• What Happened: Union gunboats captured New Orleans. Other ships captured Memphis, Tennessee.

• Results: The Union now controlled both ends of the Mississippi. 32

The Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg is considered the turning point of the war because it turned back the Confederate invasion of the North.

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A Promise of Freedom

• What was Lincoln’s primary goal in the war?

• What were the effects of the Emancipation Proclamation?

• How did African Americans contribute to the war effort both in the Union army and behind Confederate lines?

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Lincoln’s Goal in the War

“If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.”

—Abraham Lincoln, August 22, 1862,

quoted in Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln

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The Emancipation Proclamation

What was the Emancipation Proclamation?

• Abraham Lincoln decided to emancipate, or free, enslaved African Americans living in the Confederacy. On January 1, 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, the formal declaration that freed slaves in the Confederacy, but not in slave states that remained with the Union or in Confederate lands that had been captured by the Union.

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Why did Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation?

• Emancipation would weaken the Confederacy’s ability to carry on the war.

• He hoped to introduce the idea of emancipation slowly, by limiting it to territory controlled by the Confederacy. He expected to introduce the idea of emancipation in other areas later.

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What impact did the Emancipation Proclamation have?

• The declaration changed the purpose of the war. Now, Union troops were fighting to end slavery as well as to save the Union.

• Southerners were angered. They saw the declaration as a “fiend’s act” to destroy their property.

• Europeans were sympathetic to the proclamation. Now they were less likely to side with the South. 38

The Emancipation Proclamation has been discussed for years including Booker T. Washington’s “Up From Slavery: An Autobiography”, 1901

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African American Contributions in the War

• Free African Americans and escaped slaves enlisted in the Union army.

• At first black troops served only as laborers, building roads and guarding supplies.

• By 1863, African American troops were fighting in major battles. One of the most famous African American units was the 54th Massachusetts Regiment. In 1863, this regiment led an attack on Fort Wagner near Charleston, South Carolina. Under heavy fire, they fought their way into the fort before they were forced to retreat. The bravery of these soldiers helped win respect for African American soldiers. 40

African American Contributions in the War

• Behind Confederate lines, many enslaved African Americans slowed down work or refused to work at all.

• Wherever a Union army appeared, slaves from all over the area would cross the Union lines to freedom. By the end of the war, about one fourth of the South’s enslaved population had escaped.

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First African American to receive the Congressional Medal of Honor for bravery at Fort Wagner, S.C. for actions on July 18,1863.

Sgt. William H. Carney- Company C, 54th Massachusetts Colored Infantry

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Hardships of War

• What was life like for Confederate and Union soldiers?

• What problems did each side face at home?

• How did the war affect the economy of the North and the South?

• What role did women play in the war?

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The Hard Life of Soldiers

• Most soldiers were under the age of 21. As the death toll rose, the South drafted boys as young as 17 and men as old as 50.

• New technology added to the horror of war. In most battles, one fourth or more of the soldiers were killed or wounded.

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The Hard Life of Soldiers

• Medical care on the battlefield was crude. Surgeons routinely amputated injured arms and legs. Sanitary conditions were poor, and nothing was known about germs or how wounds became infected.

• Diseases like pneumonia and malaria killed more men than guns or cannons.

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Problems at Home in the North

• Some northerners opposed using force to keep the South in the Union. Supporters of the war called these people Copperheads, after the poisonous snake.

• There was a shortage of volunteers to serve in the army. Some men took money to enlist in the army, then deserted.

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Problems at Home in the North

• In 1863, Congress passed a draft law, a law requiring all able-bodied males between ages 20 and 45 to serve in the military if they were called. Opposition to the draft law led to riots.

• President Lincoln moved to stop the riots and other “disloyal practices.” Several times, he suspended habeas corpus, the right to be charged or have a hearing before being jailed. The President also said that those arrested could be tried under the stricter rules of a military court.

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Problems at Home in the South

• Many southerners firmly believed in states’ rights. They resisted paying taxes to a central government, so the government could not collect enough money to pay for the war.

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• Like the North, the South was forced to pass a draft law to fill its army.

• Near the end of the war, the South no longer had enough white men to fill the ranks.

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• The Confederate congress reluctantly agrees to let enslaved African Americans serve. The war ends before this can take place.

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How the War Affected the Economy- Union

• Income tax —To pay for the war, Congress established the nation’s first income tax, or tax on people’s earnings, in 1861. A new agency, the Internal Revenue Bureau, oversaw the collection of taxes.

• Inflation —The Union issued millions of dollars worth of bonds. When taxes and bonds did not raise enough money, the North printed more than $400 million in paper money. As the money supply increased, each dollar became worth less. In response, businesses raised their prices. The North experienced inflation, a rise in prices and a decrease in the value of money. 51

How the War Affected the Economy-Union

• Increased farm production —With so many farmers going off to war, the demand rose for farm machines to plant and harvest crops. Farm production actually went up.

• Increased industrial profits —Wartime demand for clothing, shoes, guns, and other goods helped many northern industries. Some manufacturers made fortunes by profiteering. Profiteers charged excessive prices for desperately needed war goods.

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How the War Affected the Economy-Confederacy

• Income tax —To raise money, the Confederacy imposed an income tax and a tax-in-kind. The tax-in-kind required farmers to turn over one tenth of their crops to the government.

• Inflation —The South printed so much paper money that wild inflation set in.

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How the War Affected the Economy- Confederacy

• Loss of the cotton trade —The war damaged the cotton trade. President Davis stopped the South’s cotton trade with Britain. He was hoping to force Britain to side with the South in return for cotton. Britain, however, just bought its cotton from Egypt and India instead.

• Severe shortages —The Union blockade created severe shortages of goods from overseas. The South began to build and run its own factories. The blockade also brought food shortages. Many plantations switched from growing cotton to raising grain and livestock.

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Women in the War• With so many men gone to war, women took

jobs in industry and on farms.• Women’s aid societies helped supply the troops

with food, bedding, clothing, and medicine. Women held fundraisers to pay for war supplies.

• Women worked as nurses. Dorothea Dix and Clara Barton became nurses for the Union army. Sojourner Truth worked in Union hospitals. Sally Tompkins set up a Confederate hospital.

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The War Ends

• Why were the Union victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg important?

• What plan did Grant have for ending the war with the South?

• After his reelection, what hopes did Lincoln have for the Union?

• Why was the Civil War a major turning point in American history?

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The Union Victory at Vicksburg

May 22 to July 4, 1863

What Happened

Again and again, Grant’s forces tried to seize Vicksburg, a city on a cliff above the Mississippi River. Finally, Grant marched inland and attacked Vicksburg from the rear. Grant’s forces lay siege to the city, encircling it and blockading or bombarding it, in order to force it to surrender.

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The Union Victory at Vicksburg

May 22 to July 4, 1863

Results

Finally, the Confederates surrendered the city, giving the Union forces complete control of the Mississippi River.

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The Union Victory at GettysburgJune 30 to July 2, 1863

What HappenedLee surprised Union forces at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. On the first day of battle, the Confederates drove the Union forces out of Gettysburg. On the second day, Lee’s forces attacked the ends of the Union line, but the line held. On the third day, Lee ordered General George Pickett to lead 15,000 men in a daring charge against the center of the Union line. The last attack led by Pickett is known as Pickett’s Charge. Row after row of Confederate soldiers were shot down. 59

The Union Victory at GettysburgJune 30 to July 2, 1863

ResultsLee’s forces had to retreat. The Confederates would never invade the North again.

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The Gettysburg Address

“We here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”

—Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 19, 1863

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Grant’s Plan for Ending the War

• Destroy the South’s ability to fight by waging total war, a kind of warfare in which an army destroys everything that might be useful to the enemy, such as food and equipment.

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• Grant sent General Philip Sheridan and his cavalry into the rich farmland of Virginia’s Shenandoah Valley. Sheridan destroyed farms, livestock, and barns filled with grain.

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• Grant ordered General William Tecumseh Sherman to capture Atlanta, Georgia, then march to the Atlantic coast. Sherman burned a large part of Atlanta. Then, Sherman’s army began its “march to the sea,” destroying everything in its path—railroad tracks, livestock, fields, barns, homes, bridges, and factories.

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Lincoln’s Hopes for the Union

With malice toward none, with charity for all . . . let us strive . . . to bind up the nation’s wounds . . . to do all which may achieve a just and a lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”

—Abraham Lincoln,

Second Inaugural Address

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The Civil War Ends

Lee and his army were trapped by Union troops at the small Virginia town of Appomattox Court House. He knew his troops would be slaughtered if he kept fighting. On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant.

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The Civil War Ends

Grant offered generous terms of surrender.– Soldiers were required to turn over their rifles,

but officers were allowed to keep their pistols.– Soldiers who had horses could keep them.– Grant ordered that “each officer and man will

be allowed to return to his home, not to be disturbed by the United States authorities.”

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The Civil War—A Turning Point in American History

• The toll of the Civil War was immense. To this day no war has resulted in more American deaths. The economic cost of the Civil War was huge—more than 11 times the entire amount spent by the federal government between 1789 and 1861.

• The balance of power was changed. The Democratic party lost its influence. The Republican party grew stronger.

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The Civil War—A Turning Point in American History

• No longer would Americans speak of the nation as a confederation of states. People began to think of the United States as one nation, instead of many states.

• The power of the federal government grew.• The war put an end to slavery in the United

States. Millions of African Americans gained their freedom.

• Other Americans began to think about what it meant to be free and equal.

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President Lincoln’s assassination by John Wilkes Booth affected the nation because of his leadership made overcoming the challenges the nation faced more difficult.

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The Civil WarCauses

• Issues of slavery in territories divides the North and South

• Abolitionists want slavery to end

• South fears it will lose power in the national government

• Southern states secede after Lincoln’s election

• Confederates bombard Fort Sumter

Effects• Lincoln issues the

Emancipation Proclamation

• Northern economy booms• South loses its cotton

trade with Britain• Total war destroys the

South’s economy• Hundreds of thousands of

Americans killed

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The Civil WarEffects Today

-Disagreements over states’ rights persist-African Americans have equal protection under the Constitution-Millions of Americans visit Civil War battlefields each year

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• Congress finally responded to the Dred Scott decision by passing the 13th amendment that states, “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.”

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Documents

Unit 11-B The Civil War, 1861–1865. Political Positions Prior to the War Republicans -Supported Lincoln in 1860 election -Popular sovereignty should decide